The aim of the study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Adolescent- Risk of Addiction to Social Networks and Internet Scale (ERA-RSI) in Peruvian students. The sample was composed by 755 students (52.2% women), whose ages ranged from 13 to 24 years (M = 17, SD = 2.93) and attended private schools (62.2%) or universities (33.8%). The internal structure of the ERA-RSI, the invariance according to the level of instruction and sex, its relationship with other variables, and the reliability by internal consistency were analyzed. The results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicate a four-dimensional structure with adequate fit indices (χ2 / gl = 3.81, CFI = .91, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .061 [.058, .065], SRMR = .061) and which is invariant according to the level of instruction (school and university) and sex (men and women). In addition, good reliability is shown by internal consistency (ω = .74 to .83). For its part, convergent validity was performed with the Social Media Addiction Questionnaire (ARS) a positive, moderate to strong statistically significant correlation were found between the dimensions of both tests. In conclusion, the present adaptation of the ERA-RSI has, in general, adequate empirical evidence of validity and reliability and can be used in future research. / El objetivo fue analizar las evidencias de validez y confiabilidad de la Escala de Riesgo de Adicción-adolescente a las Redes Sociales e Internet (ERARSI) en estudiantes peruanos. Participaron 755 estudiantes (52.2% mujeres), con edades comprendidas entre los 13 a 24 años (M = 17, DE = 2.93) pertenecientes a escuelas (62.2%) o universidades privadas (33.8%). Se analizó la estructura interna de la ERA-RSI, la invarianza según nivel educativo y sexo, su relación con otras variables y la confiabilidad por consistencia interna. Los resultados del Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) indican una estructura de cuatro dimensiones con adecuados índices de ajuste (χ2 / gl = 3.81, CFI = .91, TLI = .90, RMSEA = .061 [.058, .065], SRMR = .061) y que es invariante según el nivel educativo (escolares y universitarios) y el sexo (hombres y mujeres). Además, se evidencia una buena confiabilidad por consistencia interna (ω = .74 a .83). Por su parte, la validez convergente se realizó con el Cuestionario de Adicción a las Redes Sociales (ARS) y se encontró, entre las dimensiones de ambas pruebas, correlaciones positivas, estadísticamente significativas y de magnitud entre moderadas y fuertes. En conclusión, la presente adaptación de la ERA-RSI cuenta, en general, con adecuadas evidencias empíricas de validez y fiabilidad y puede ser usada en futuras investigaciones.

Research supports that social connection is important in both humans and animals. In humans, having a cohesive support/social network system and healthy attachments in childhood predict low risk of later addiction (i.e. substance use disorder), as does perceived support from a religious or other cohesive community. Moreover, personal characteristics such as identifying as religious or spiritual can predict low risk for addiction, but little is known about the intersection of neuroscience and religion/spirituality in this regard. Conversely, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have repeatedly been shown to predict later addiction. However, the role of the body’s neuro-hormonal responses, such as the endogenous opioid and oxytocin systems in this process merits further exploration, such as how the production or deprivation of endogenous opioids impact later substance use patterns. Existing research also provides evidence that individuals decrease pursuit of interpersonal connections and social bonds when they use substances that activate opioid receptors. This has been found with both substances of abuse and medications used to treat addiction (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone). Research has also demonstrated that addiction often results in situations of social isolation. However, it remains to be elucidated whether the substances of abuse physiologically meet that need for connection. Importantly, research across numerous fields indicates that intentionally increasing interpersonal connection may be an effective treatment for addiction. However, less is known about how specific characteristics of communities impact the quantity, quality, or effectiveness of care and support for a person with addiction [...] / https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1292/thumbnail.jpg

This thesis is a continuation of research and scholarly writing that the author completed for a published article that appeared in Volume 5 of the University of Central Florida Undergraduate Law Journal, Spring 2022. The rising rate of attorneys with a self-reported substance abuse disorder, chemical or alcohol dependency, as the data reveals, is the highest in our country’s history. Although the notion of attorney addictions and dependency issues may come as a surprise to those outside of the legal community, these issues are not breaking news. Rather, the data has been slowly emerging due to the increasing number of law students utilizing performance-enhancing substances and attorneys’ pleas for addiction assistance and support from the legal community. But where does the foundation for dependency lie? How did it begin and what fuels that continuum? Are addicted attorneys merely victims of circumstance? Are the consequences more or less severe than those for non-attorney civilians? Are the current resources available adequate to provide proper assistance for attorneys in need? The cornerstone here is access to the resources prior to making precarious decisions of deceit and wrongdoing, coupled with proper support and rehabilitative systems. This thesis will explore addiction and dependency issues of law students and lawyers alike by providing analyses of the triggers, aggravating factors, and consequences whilst contemporaneously evaluating currently available resources. Perhaps a current exploration of this data will result in a reimagining of the protocols surrounding publicized disciplinary actions against lawyers stemming from a dependency or addiction. Alternatively, the research results may lead to an expansion of the existing Lawyer Assistance Programs (LAP) to include mandatory therapy, specialized group sessions, monitored sponsorships and additional Continuing Legal Education (CLE) courses. Additionally, the research explores how disciplinary proceedings are handled in an arguably unfair forum, such as inconsistencies involving judicial discretion. Further, arguments will be made to bolster reasons as to why returning to the practice of confidential disciplinary proceedings would benefit those in need, including an analysis of current substance abuse confidentiality regulations seen in California and Louisiana.

Syftet med studien var att belysa professionellas uppfattning om och  erfarenhetav multipelt substansbrukssyndrom samt deras tankar om hur problematiken s hanteras och åtgärdas för att skapa positiv förändring hos klienter. Till studi användes kvalitativ metod med utgångspunkt från hermeneutike Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem respondenter från två oli verksamheter. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är West’s (2006) motivationsteo PRIME. Studiens andra teoretiska utgångspunkt är Von Wright’s (201 pedagogiska rekonstruktion av G.H. Meads teori om  människo intersubjektivitet. Resultatet visade att respondenterna kände till diagnossystem DSM-5. De definierade multipelt substansbrukssyndrom som blandmissbru Resultatet visade också att de professionella ser varje klient som unik. Bå motivations- och behandlingsarbetet var individanpassat och såg liknande ut v  ett enskilt missbruk eller beroende. Dock var problematiken mer komple eftersom det har fört med sig allvarligare konsekvenser. Respondentern erfarenhet var att de ofta möter klienter med multipelt substansbrukssyndrom.

Scientists have long wondered why some individuals are more sensitive to pain than others. While individual differences in pain have traditionally been discounted due to neuroticism, research has shown that individuals who are more sensitive to pain demonstrate real biological differences in pain perception (Coghill, McHaffie & Yen, 2003). However, individual differences in pain sensitivity remain under-explored in research and clinical settings that can provide further insights into clinical disorders such as addiction. The current research review is interested in examining the link between pain sensitivity and alcohol dependence. Investigating the relationship between pain sensitivity and alcohol addiction prompts many important peripheral questions such as whether increased pain sensitivity can serve as a useful biomarker for alcohol addiction, and how addiction to alcohol can cause changes in sensitivity to pain. Addiction potential or risk for addiction is a research area that is extremely important given that the high rate of addiction in this country is alarmingly high. The literature is sparse on the relationship between hyperalgesia or pain sensitization and risk for alcohol addiction. This literature review synthesizes current relevant research on pain and addiction, as well as addressing possible links between them. / text

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), as its name implies, was initially identified as an upregulated transcript in response to psychostimulant administration. Consequently, it has been posited to play a role in psychostimulant abuse and dependence. Spurred on by the finding that a polymorphism in the CART gene was associated with alcoholism, we initiated studies designed to elucidate the role of CART peptide in alcohol dependence. We first investigated the functional significance of CART peptide in alcohol dependence in vivo using a CART KO mouse. We found that CART KO mice had a significant decrease in ethanol consumption that could not be attributed to differences in total intake, taste perception, metabolism, or sensitivity to ethanol. In vitro we found that CART peptide facilitated NMDA receptor-mediated currents in central amygdala neurons. Given the emerging role of CART peptide in anxiety and stress, we decided to examine basal and stress-induced anxiety behaviors in CART KO mice. Under basal and acute stress conditions, CART KO mice did not differ in anxiety-like behaviors from WT mice; however, in response to a stressor, CART KO mice exhibited a potentiated corticosterone response. Using chronic intermittent ethanol exposure (CIE), we tested CART KO and WT mice for common signs of ethanol dependence including an escalation of volitional consumption and the presence of withdrawal-induced anxiety. We further investigated glutamatergic neuroadaptations within the central amygdala of CART KO and WT mice following CIE exposure and early withdrawal. CIE increased ethanol consumption and anxiety-like behaviors in mice of both genotypes but to a lower extent in CART KO mice. Electrophysiologically, CIE enhanced spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in both genotypes and decreased the probability of presynaptic release in WT mice only. We believe that these electrophysiological neuroadaptations contribute to the development of ethanol dependence and may mediate withdrawal-induced anxiety behaviors. Overall, these studies indicate a role for CART peptide in alcohol dependence and specifically in modulating ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety. / text

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Obesity is an increasing public health issue in many parts of the world. Lifestyle treatment is the recommended first-line treatment although the weight reduction over time is limited. Food addiction (FA) is an upcoming perspective viewing some individual’s eating behaviors as similar to substance abuse described in DSM-IV-TR. What impact FA might have in lifestyle treatment is unclear. Self-efficacy for physical activity (SEPA) is a well-known predictor for physical activity and a variable in lifestyle treatment. The purpose of this explorative cross-sectional study was to investigate how FA and SEPA separately and together relate to days in lifestyle treatment for obesity. The study had 41 participants in different stages of lifestyle treatment. Instruments used to measure FA and SEPA were Yale Food Addiction Scale – Swedish (YFAS-S) and Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale – Swedish (ESES-S). FA and SEPA did not relate to each other or to number of days in treatment, indicating that the two factors are unaffected by lifestyle treatment. Future studies investigating if FA affects weight regain after treatment are suggested. / Fetma är ett växande folkhälsoproblem i många delar av världen. Livsstilsbehandling är den rekommenderade första behandlingsåtgärden trots att viktminskningen på längre sikt för de flesta är låg. Matberoende (FA) är ett relativt nytt perspektiv som förklarar vissa individers förhållande till mat som likvärdigt andra missbruk beskrivna i DSM-IV-TR. Vilken påverkan FA har i en livsstilsbehandling mot övervikt är ännu inte klarlagt. Self-efficacy för fysisk aktivitet (SEPA) är en välkänd prediktor för fysisk aktivitet och en variabel i livsstilsbehandling. Den här tvärsnittsstudien ämnar undersöka hur FA och SEPA enskilt och tillsammans relaterar till antalet dagar i en livsstilsbehandling. Mätningar av FA och SEPA gjordes med Yale Food Addiction Scale – Swedish (YFAS-S) och Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale – Swedish (ESES-S). FA och SEPA korrelerade inte med varandra eller med dagar i behandling vilket indikerar att de två faktorerna inte påverkas av livsstilsbehandling. Framtida studier som undersöker FA:s eventuella påverkan på återgång i vikt efter behandling föreslås.

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology, Homoeopathy, Technikon Natal, 1996. / The aim acupuncture of this study was to compare the treatment and homoeopathic treatment smoking cessation. The study was a clinical trial, in which an acupuncture treatment group group. Thirty was compared with a homoeopathic treatment volunteers who were anxious to stop smoking participated in the trial and were randomly divided into two groups. One group received acupuncture treatment (n=l5), while the other group received homoeopathic treatment (n=l5) in the form of isotherapy. The study took place over a period of 9 months and each participant completed a 3-month trial period. Prior to the trial period each sUbject completed a set of questionnaires. These ~ncluded the Fagerstrom Tolerance Test which determined their dependence on nicotine; a questionnaire to determine if the subject smoked predominantly for reduction of negative affect, for positive affect or as an habitualaddiction; and a questionnaire to determine the subject's estimation of the health risks of smoking. / M