Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-04-25T18:42:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação final mesmo.pdf: 1320713 bytes, checksum: a227bba826e923f0c9c0c4ebdccd14e6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-10T18:32:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação final mesmo.pdf: 1320713 bytes, checksum: a227bba826e923f0c9c0c4ebdccd14e6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T18:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação final mesmo.pdf: 1320713 bytes, checksum: a227bba826e923f0c9c0c4ebdccd14e6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a situação do ensino de línguas adicionais nas escolas públicas brasileiras, principalmente, no que tange a língua inglesa. Também discutiremos sobre as políticas vigentes para o ensino de língua no Brasil, a saber, por meio de documentos como a LDB (Leis de Diretrizes e Bases), os PCNs (Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais) e OCEMs (Orientações Curriculares para o Ensino Médio). Além disso, busca-se refletir sobre o "discurso do fracasso", que permeia grande parte do aparato ideológico referente ao ensino de línguas em escolas regulares no Brasil, e como o mesmo é reforçado por alunos e professores nas práticas de ensino/aprendizagem e por questões mercadológicas como a necessidade dos cursos livres de idiomas. Por fim, destacamos os benefícios da Educação Bilíngue e sua abordagem CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) como uma sugestão de mudança dessa realidade educacional. A abordagem aqui defendida se mostra de acordo com as necessidades do mundo moderno e suas fronteiras fluidas, contribuindo para que a aquisição da língua-alvo ocorra de uma maneira natural e bastante motivadora. Embasam este trabalho os conceitos sobre políticas linguísticas de Calvet (2007) e Cooper (1989), também as análises de crenças a respeito da língua adicional na escola pública, realizadas,por exemplo, por Lima (2011) e Leffa (2011); as reflexões sobre a expansão da língua inglesa por Kachru (2009) e Graddol (2006), além das discussões sobre a Educação bilíngue e CLIL de Garcia ( 2009 ), Mehisto (2008), entre outros / This research aims to analyze the situation of additional language teaching (mainly concerning to English) in the public Brazilian schools. We also discuss about the current Brazilian language teaching policy through documents such as LDB (Bases and Directions Law), PCNs (National Curriculum Parameters) and OCEMs (High School Curriculum Orientations). Besides, we intend to reflect about the "failure speech", which is present in most part of ideological system about language teaching in common Brazilian schools and how it is reinforced by teachers and students through teaching and learning practices and market issues as the need of private language courses. Finally, we highlight the benefits of Bilingual Education and its approach CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) as a suggestion of change of this educational reality. This approach seems to be in agreement with the needs of the modern world and its flexible borders contributing to a natural and really motivating way to acquire the target language. This paper is based on the concepts about linguistic policy studied by Calvet (2007) and Cooper (1989), also the analysis about public school additional language belief by Lima (2011) and Leffa (2011); the reflexions about English language expansion worldwide by Kachru (2009) and Graddol (2006). In addition to those, there are the discussions about Bilingual Education and CLIL by Garcia ( 2009 ), Mehisto (2008), and others

Magister Educationis - MEd / The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) both in the General Education and Training (GET) and Further Education and Training (FET) bands is viewed as an innovative tool in enhancing a learner-centered approach to teaching and learning. As a result, a number of schools in rural and urban environments in South Africa have been provided with computers and other digital resources to facilitate teaching and learning. This study investigated the use of ICT in the teaching and learning of English First Additional Language (FAL) at Grade 10 level. It set out to discover digital resources and literacies to which teachers and learners were exposed in the English (FAL) classroom, and how these resources were used to enhance learners’ reading and writing skills. Following a qualitative research design, this study made use of classroom observations and interviews to collect data from teachers and Grade 10 learners. The collected evidence was from a single school which uses Khanya Project ICT materials. The school is located in one of the disadvantaged black townships in Cape Town. The study made use of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theory and the constructivist theoretical framework to make sense of classroom interaction and the extent to which ICT and other teaching strategies were used to facilitate acquisition of English language skills, particularly reading and writing. The findings of the study show that there are a number of factors influencing ICT integration in Grade 10 English (FAL). These factors include teachers’ and learners’ limited access to ICT and digital literacy. Other factors relate to pedagogy and support in the use of ICT in teaching and learning. All the identified factors indicate that there are a number of barriers to ICT integration in English teaching and learning. The study concludes that ICT use has great potential in providing creativity and innovativeness to facilitate language teaching and learning. Given the lack of adequate ICT resources and under-utilization of ICT resources in disadvantaged schools, there is a need to improve teacher and learner access to ICT, especially in disadvantaged schools. This could be done through monitored support and adequate teacher training and active involvement of higher education institutions through teacher training programmes which should prioritize ICT integration in their curricula.

The current movement towards multilingualism and multiculturalism in South Africa has placed language at the centre of all educational activity. With the implementation of the outcomes-based Curriculum 2005, the emphasis is on appropriate learning support material, and the learning programmes are seen as guides that allow teachers to be innovative and creative in designing instructional and learning material. The fact that Afrikaans was one of three compulsory language subjects at a school in the Soweto area motivated researchers of Technikon South Africa to embark upon an outreach project. The latter entailed a remedial programme to address the lack of Afrikaans language proficiency of the Grade 12 learners at this school. My role as the remedial teacher and my subsequent responsibility for the development of appropriate and relevant learning material for the intervention provided the impetus and motivation for this research. The aim of the study was to determine the criteria for developing materials, in order to develop the proficiency in Afrikaans of Grade 12 additional language learners. The intervention took the form of an ongoing action research cycle. The magnitude of the proficiency dilemma in this study was revealed by a pre-intervention assessment. Apart from the learners’ poor functional Afrikaans literacy, it also became apparent that the influence of affective variables in additional language learning should be considered. The literature survey undertaken to articulate the relevant information about Communicative Language teaching (CLT) emphasised the kind of teaching necessary to develop proficiency in an additional language. In addition, the exploration of the influence of affective factors on additional language teaching and learning allowed a better understanding of the learners’ needs and ensured a learning-centered approach. In the process of materials selection, adaptation and development, it was necessary to relate learning principles and procedure to theory, research methods and classroom practice. Reviewing the literature on issues such as designing and developing materials contributed to a pragmatic approach to materials development, and assisted in establishing the criteria for the development of appropriate materials. The study has attempted to show how to design appropriate and relevant teaching materials guided by a set of criteria. The implementation of the materials in the classroom integrated theory and practice. Thus in practice, through different action research cycles, the developed materials were shown to comply with the theoretical criteria to establish their effectiveness, and refined to suit the proficiency level of the particular learners. Finally, critical reflection resulted in a redesigned set of materials for Afrikaans as an additional language. The post-intervention assessment showed that there was indeed an improvement in the learners’ proficiency levels and that the average grade of their proficiency levels improved. Other findings suggested the probability of a positive attitude change in the learners. Thus, it can be concluded that the intervention may be judged as having been relatively successful. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Unit for Academic Literacy / DPhil / Unrestricted

Thesis (M. Ed.(Language Education)) -- University of Limpopo, 2016 / Learners in rural areas are disadvantaged in terms of exposure to English First Additional Language (EFAL).They require more basic attention in reading and writing skills. For this reason, the study analyses why Intermediate Phase learners in schools in rural areas are struggling to read and write in EFAL. In view of this, Darara (2012:4) argues that reading and writing is not an educational hurdle affecting only learners at Intermediate Phase in schools. The purpose of this study is to bring to light learners’ challenges in reading and writing in EFAL at Intermediate Phase. The study thus employs how to eliminate learners’ reading and writing challenges emanating at this phase. The method used in this study is qualitative and it is used in order for teachers to bring out their experiences on EFAL teaching. Data collection was done through structured interviews and non-participant observation. Nine teachers were sampled from three primary schools in the Mankweng Circuit. Each school forwarded three teachers, this means one from each intermediate grades. The research results from both interviews and observations are jointly presented in order to avoid repetitions. The researcher presents profiles of schools and teachers together with the way reading and writing are conducted in schools. The study, in its presentation, highlights the way teachers are moved around the province through the government programme Rationalisation and Redeployment. Amongst the findings revealed by the study, most of the teachers do not take English as their major subject in their teaching career. This is one reason why reading and writing at Intermediate Phase in rural schools is almost unachievable. The study recommends that EFAL teachers conduct workshops and training with fellow teachers in ex-model C and private schools to learn from each other in order to overcome challenges emanating from the two skills.

Thesis (M.Ed. (Language Education)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / It is well known that essay writing is one of the lengthy assessment activities in the teaching and learning of English First Additional Language (FAL). This study focused on exploring the challenges faced by learners in English essay writing at Sekgosese West Circuit. The motive behind this research emanates from noticeable poor writing of English essays and related longer transactional writing by learners. This was accompanied by a rapid complain arising from teachers about the same writing incapacities which they find themselves confronted with daily. In view of this, the researcher saw it fit and academically worthy and investigated the causal causes of this challenge with a view to help the stakeholders in education in addressing this challenge going onward. The data for this study was collected from English FAL teachers and learners. The research is projected within phenomenological design under the interpretive paradigm. In view of this, the study was specifically qualitative where principal devices used to collect data were: semi-structured interviews, focus groups and document analysis. The findings of the study reveal that learners are experiencing challenges in spelling, diction, punctuation, paragraphing, syntax, lack of topical understanding, creativity, and coherence. When looking at the teachers, there is a limited time teach writing, they teach other skills more (literature) than writing because of personal preference. Teachers do not teach writing and there is no feedback given to learners upon completion of writing assessments. Some of these challenges are materializing because the learners do not engage in writing for leisure and teachers are not employing effective methods.

There is a need for information regarding the relationship of phonological awareness to reading and spelling in the multilingual learner in South Africa. The speech-language therapist has a role to play as part of the collaborative team assessing and treating the learner with reading and spelling difficulties. The aim of the study was to examine the relationships that exist between phonological awareness, written spelling and oral reading abilities in four groups of school-aged learners. A quantitative research design was employed in the form of a descriptive survey. Twenty test subjects were selected randomly from Grade 2 classes at an English-medium inclusive school in Pretoria, South Africa. Their class teachers on their final school report of the year had rated the learners as having good or poor literacy ability. They were organized into four research groups which differed with respect to their home language (English or English as Additional Language) and with respect to their literacy ability as judged by their teachers (Good or Poor literacy ability). A questionnaire was designed to ascertain parental perspectives pertaining to the learners’ case history and literacy development. A test battery composed of the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation (Goldman&Fristoe, 1986), the Phonological Assessment Battery (Frederickson, Reason&Frith, 1997), the ESSI Reading and the ESSI Spelling Test (Esterhuyse&Beukes, 1997), and the TOLD-P: 2 (Newcomer&Hammill, 1991), as well as a Class Spelling List and a Reading Comprehension Task developed by the researcher, was administered to all test subjects. Findings of subjects’ performance in this study supported international findings regarding the strong relationship between phonological awareness ability and performance on reading and spelling measures. In addition, multilingual learners in this study were found to have delays in language development that negatively impacted on their literacy rating. The language development of the English-speakers with poor literacy ability in this study also negatively affected their reading and spelling performance. The test battery used in this study, with the exception of the Reading Comprehension Task, proved useful in differentiating subjects with good and poor literacy abilities and appears to be applicable for use in the South African situation. The results provide useful insights for the assessment and treatment of these learners. Furthermore, relevant research topics in the field of literacy development in an inclusive education setting were presented. / Dissertation (M (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted

Rationale: The importance of well developed phonological awareness and the effect of poor phonological awareness skills on reading and spelling have long been recognised. However, a dearth of research exists regarding populations in multi-cultural, multi-lingual contexts both nationally and internationally. This issue is of particular importance in the South African context where many Black learners in the school setting have no other choice than English as the Language of Learning and Teaching (ELoLT). Aim: The purpose of the study was to explore the effect of a multi-cultural, multi-lingual context on the English phonological awareness skills of a group of Black Grade 4 learners in a primary school setting in South Africa. Method: An exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design was implemented, which incorporated both quantitative and qualitative paradigms. An assessment battery consisting of formal and informal assessments was used to determine levels of development. The researcher endeavoured to find statistical correlations between the participants' phonological awareness skills on the one hand, and their phonological abilities, their expressive and receptive language abilities, and their reading and spelling abilities in ELoLT on the other. Participants: Fifteen Black Grade 4 learners, each with a Black language as mother tongue, who attended a mainstream school where English was the language of learning and teaching (ELoLT), participated in the study. The participants' ages ranged between 9 years 11 months, and 10 years 11 months. Results: The participants’ phonological abilities in English as LoLT showed that 47% of the participants produced the target consonants with a consonant approximation, and vowel approximations were produced by all of the participants in single words. All fifteen the participants’ expressive and receptive language abilities in English as their LoLT, were on a below-average level and their expressive language abilities were more advanced than their receptive language abilities. All the participants evidenced problems in terms of their phonological awareness skills. Based on the results obtained for reading decoding abilities, only one third of the participants could be considered to be readers of an average standard. The reading comprehension abilities of all the participants were on a lower level than those of first language speakers of Standard South African English. Furthermore, the participants’ spelling abilities in English as LoLT were not age-appropriate. Even though no significant correlation could be determined between the participants’ reading comprehension and phonological awareness skills (due to the fact that memory probably played a role in their reading comprehension), it was statistically determined that their poor phonological awareness skills could be associated with their below-average phonological, receptive and expressive language, reading decoding, and spelling abilities. Conclusions: The results of this research have implications for the role of speech-language therapists in terms of collaboration, prevention, assessment, and intervention where the development of these learners' phonological awareness skills is concerned. Clinical implications focus on the dissemination of information, therapy planning, and EAL learner support. The need for further research in this field is emphasised. / Dissertation (M (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / M (Communication Pathology) / Unrestricted

This research aimed at exploring the quality assurance and assessment models used for English First Additional language (EFAL) in the Further Education and Training (FET) band especially in Grade 10. It examined various quality assurance models used by grade 10 educators in designing the assessment tasks, with specific reference to EFAL. This study adopted the industry based SABS ISO 9004-2 conceptual framework. This conceptual framework ensures that the task to be performed and the objectives to be achieved are clearly spelt out, including how they affect quality. A qualitative research approach was used, specifically a case study. Convenient sampling was used to select the three participant of this study, namely; two EFAL educators and one Head of Department (HoD). Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, document analysis and research journal, and triangulated to support the conclusion and to make the findings more reliable. The main research question of the study was: To what extent do English First Additional Language (EFAL) educators employ quality assurance measures in their assessment. In order to fully explore the quality assurance measures employed in EFAL assessment tasks, four sub- research questions were envisaged in this study. The following themes emerged from the data collected: assessment of EFAL, quality of the assessment tasks, assessment challenges as well as internal moderation. With regard to assessment of EFAL the results of the study indicated that educators have minimal level of skill to construct high quality assessment tasks due to poor understanding of OBA and the terminology associated with OBA. As a result, they resorted to prescribed portfolio assessment tasks as dominant form of assessment. The study also found that the quality of such assessment tasks is below the expected standard as Learning Outcomes and Assessment Standards are the major quality assurance measures utilized. Furthermore the study revealed that challenges such as overcrowding and shortage of learner support material are the inhibiting factors towards development and implementation of quality assessment tasks. The study further revealed that moderation of those Grade 10 portfolio assessment tasks which occur at school level by the HoD, focused mainly on the accuracy of mark transfer from the learner’s script to the mark sheets rather than on the quality of the assessment task. The study further revealed a corroboration of concepts used in the conceptual framework based on the SABS ISO 9004-2, as educators do not have acceptable level of establishing quality structure or measures for effective control, evaluation and improvement of service quality throughout all stages of learning and assessment. The difficulty was attributed to educator’s lack of knowledge with regard quality assurance mechanisms, assessment and the terminology associated with Outcomes Based Assessment. Copyright / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / unrestricted

In South Africa, the topic of reading has been of great interest on the development of language since it has been estimated that 12 million learners will go through the education system per year. A key concern for all these learners is language. The majority of South African learners do not speak English as their home language, yet the dominant language of learning and teaching (LoLT) is English. It is important for these learners to become fluent in the LoLT as the future of education is dependent upon it. South Africa has been struggling since 2001 to implement a programme in schools that will improve the Literacy abilities of learners. An in-depth study was undertaken to determine whether the THRASS methodology would possibly improve the reading and spelling abilities of Grade 2 English second learners at an inner city school in Pretoria. The research explored the reading and spelling difficulties encountered by these learners. A profile of the Grade 2 English second language learner was compiled. An understanding of how the THRASS programme works has been included. The results from the research indicated that the reading abilities of the Grade 2 learners had improved, however, there was not a significant difference in their spelling abilities. / Inclusive Education / M. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

Thesis (M. A. (English Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The study explored essay writing errors of English First Additional Language (EFAL) FET rural learners. The aim of the study was to analyse essay writing errors of the EFAL FET learners in rural schools. EFAL Grade 11 learners together with their educators from 4 circuits in Mopani West District of Limpopo Province (LP), South Africa (SA), participated in the study. The learners’ 40 essays were analysed. Additionally, the learners and educators were interviewed and the data generated were analysed. A qualitative Content Analysis (CA) research method was used to collect data. The sample was made up of 3 instruments; an essay checklist for the 40 essays, EFAL learners’ group interviews that consisted of 4 equal groups made up of 10 learners per school, and interviews with 4 educators from each of the school represented. N – Vivo was used for data transcription, storage and analysis. Errors populated in the checklist were arranged into smaller units, identified, analysed, described and reported. Data obtained through semi-structured interviews with EFAL learners and educators were transcribed and analysed thematically. The analysis of the EFAL FET rural learners’ essay writing errors revealed weaknesses pertaining to choice of essay topics, proofreading, spelling, punctuation and grammar.