A oxidação do resíduo de cisteína 56 (ANT-cys56) do transportador de nucleotídeos de adenina (ANT) é descrita como evento crítico da Transição de Permeabilidade Mitocondrial (TPM), fenômeno caracterizado pela sensibilidade ao fármaco imunossupressor ciclosporina A (CsA), responsável pela ligação e inibição do componente promotor da abertura do Poro de Transição de Permeabilidade (PTP), a enzima peptidil-prolil-cis trans isomerase (cyp D). Aspectos bioquímico-estruturais do ANT, das cardiolipinas (CDL) que envolvem o transportador e da cyp D na TPM foram avaliados por meio de ensaios turbidimétricos de inchamento mitocondrial e estado conformacional do ANT em mitocôndrias isoladas de fígado de rato, associados a abordagens de química computacional para análises de campos de interação molecular (MIF) e dinâmica molecular (MD), visando a predição de eventos envolvidos na abertura do PTP. As análises computacionais revelaram aumento da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56, como resultado da interação preferencial do Ca2+ com a molécula de CDL ligada à hélice 4 do transportador, enquanto que a inversão da configuração do resíduo de prolina do ANT (ANT-pro61) potencializou o efeito induzido por Ca2+. A presença de ADP no interior do ANT preveniu o aumento da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56 promovida pelo Ca2+, enquanto que a inversão da configuração do ANT-pro61, de trans para cis, potencializou o efeito promovido pelo Ca2+ na mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56, de forma insensível ao nucleotídeo. Os ensaios com mitocôndrias isoladas demonstraram que o Ca2+ induz a conformação c do ANT e promove abertura do PTP, de forma sensível à CsA e ADP. A presença de cyp D estabilizou a conformação c do ANT induzida por Ca2+, sendo que Atractilosídeo (ATR) tornou o efeito parcialmente insensível aos inibidores da TPM. Os resultados sugerem que a abertura do PTP induzida por Ca2+ envolve a mudança conformacional do ANT para o estado c, cuja estabilização é obtida pela cyp D na função de inversão do ANT-pro61, com base na avaliação da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56 parcialmente sensível ao ADP. / Oxidation of the Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (ANT) cysteine residue 56 (ANT-cys56) is potentially involved in Ca2+-induced Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT), a process which is prevented by cyclosporine A (CsA), due to its inhibition of Permeability Transition Pore (PTP) opener component, the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase cyclophylin D (cyp D). The main aspects of ANT, cardiolipins (CDL) and cyp D on Ca2+-induced PTP opening were addressed by employing light scattering techniques in isolated rat liver mitochondria to assess both ANT conformational change and mitochondrial swelling in association with computational chemistry analysis of Molecular Interaction Fields (MIF) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) for PTP events predictions. Computational analysis revealed that Ca2+ interacts preferentially with the ANT surrounding CDL bound to the H4 helix of the carrier and weakens the CDL/ANT interactions accounting for the ADP-sensitive increase of ANT-cys56 relative mobility while ANT-pro61 cis to trans configuration inversion intensified the Ca2+ effect in a ADP-insensitive way. The ANT conformation and mitochondrial swelling analyses demonstrated that Ca2+ induces conformation c of ANT and opens PTP in a CsA- and ADP-sensitive way. Cyp D stabilizes Ca2+-induced ANT conformation c, whereas ATR renders a PTP opening less sensitive to the inhibition by CsA or ADP. The results suggest that Ca2+-induced PTP opening involves ANT conformation c change supported by a cyp D-induced trans to cys ANT-pro61 configuration inversion based on the relative mobility of ANT-cys56, in a ADP-sensitive manner.

A oxidação do resíduo de cisteína 56 (ANT-cys56) do transportador de nucleotídeos de adenina (ANT) é descrita como evento crítico da Transição de Permeabilidade Mitocondrial (TPM), fenômeno caracterizado pela sensibilidade ao fármaco imunossupressor ciclosporina A (CsA), responsável pela ligação e inibição do componente promotor da abertura do Poro de Transição de Permeabilidade (PTP), a enzima peptidil-prolil-cis trans isomerase (cyp D). Aspectos bioquímico-estruturais do ANT, das cardiolipinas (CDL) que envolvem o transportador e da cyp D na TPM foram avaliados por meio de ensaios turbidimétricos de inchamento mitocondrial e estado conformacional do ANT em mitocôndrias isoladas de fígado de rato, associados a abordagens de química computacional para análises de campos de interação molecular (MIF) e dinâmica molecular (MD), visando a predição de eventos envolvidos na abertura do PTP. As análises computacionais revelaram aumento da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56, como resultado da interação preferencial do Ca2+ com a molécula de CDL ligada à hélice 4 do transportador, enquanto que a inversão da configuração do resíduo de prolina do ANT (ANT-pro61) potencializou o efeito induzido por Ca2+. A presença de ADP no interior do ANT preveniu o aumento da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56 promovida pelo Ca2+, enquanto que a inversão da configuração do ANT-pro61, de trans para cis, potencializou o efeito promovido pelo Ca2+ na mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56, de forma insensível ao nucleotídeo. Os ensaios com mitocôndrias isoladas demonstraram que o Ca2+ induz a conformação c do ANT e promove abertura do PTP, de forma sensível à CsA e ADP. A presença de cyp D estabilizou a conformação c do ANT induzida por Ca2+, sendo que Atractilosídeo (ATR) tornou o efeito parcialmente insensível aos inibidores da TPM. Os resultados sugerem que a abertura do PTP induzida por Ca2+ envolve a mudança conformacional do ANT para o estado c, cuja estabilização é obtida pela cyp D na função de inversão do ANT-pro61, com base na avaliação da mobilidade relativa do ANT-cys56 parcialmente sensível ao ADP. / Oxidation of the Adenine Nucleotide Translocase (ANT) cysteine residue 56 (ANT-cys56) is potentially involved in Ca2+-induced Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT), a process which is prevented by cyclosporine A (CsA), due to its inhibition of Permeability Transition Pore (PTP) opener component, the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase cyclophylin D (cyp D). The main aspects of ANT, cardiolipins (CDL) and cyp D on Ca2+-induced PTP opening were addressed by employing light scattering techniques in isolated rat liver mitochondria to assess both ANT conformational change and mitochondrial swelling in association with computational chemistry analysis of Molecular Interaction Fields (MIF) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) for PTP events predictions. Computational analysis revealed that Ca2+ interacts preferentially with the ANT surrounding CDL bound to the H4 helix of the carrier and weakens the CDL/ANT interactions accounting for the ADP-sensitive increase of ANT-cys56 relative mobility while ANT-pro61 cis to trans configuration inversion intensified the Ca2+ effect in a ADP-insensitive way. The ANT conformation and mitochondrial swelling analyses demonstrated that Ca2+ induces conformation c of ANT and opens PTP in a CsA- and ADP-sensitive way. Cyp D stabilizes Ca2+-induced ANT conformation c, whereas ATR renders a PTP opening less sensitive to the inhibition by CsA or ADP. The results suggest that Ca2+-induced PTP opening involves ANT conformation c change supported by a cyp D-induced trans to cys ANT-pro61 configuration inversion based on the relative mobility of ANT-cys56, in a ADP-sensitive manner.

Le vieillissement musculaire est caractérisé par des pertes progressives de masse et de fonction. Des altérations de l’énergétique mitochondriale pourraient être impliquées dans ce processus. Dans cette thèse, l’analyse modulaire du contrôle métabolique a été appliquée chez le rat à différents niveaux d’intégration pour caractériser les effets du vieillissement sur la fonction mitochondriale. Combinée à la spectroscopie RMN du 31P, cette approche a permis de montrer in vivo dans le muscle gastrocnemius une diminution de la réponse de phosphorylation oxydative mitochondriale face à des variations de concentration des intermédiaires énergétiques chez les rats âgés (21 mois vs. 6 mois). Suivant les principes de l’analyse Top-Down, les propriétés de la phosphorylation oxydative ont été étudiées sur des mitochondries isolées à partir du muscle gastrocnemius. La capacité maximale de production d’ATP est réduite chez les rats âgés, alors que le rendement maximal (rapport ATP/O) de la phosphorylation oxydative reste inchangé. L’application de l’analyse modulaire in vitro a révélé chez les rats âgés une augmentation de la réponse (élasticité) du module phosphorylation face à des variations du potentiel de membrane. Cette élasticité plus élevée explique la modification du schéma de contrôle de la phosphorylation oxydative pour des activités de phosphorylation compatibles avec celles étudiées in vivo. Elle explique également le plus faible potentiel de membrane généré par les mitochondries de rats âgés pour un même niveau d’activité de phosphorylation. De nombreux processus pourraient de fait être affectés : production de radicaux libres, homéostasie calcique, voies de signalisation impliquées dans le contrôle de la masse musculaire. Les modifications des propriétés fonctionnelles de l’ANT démontrées dans cette thèse sont en mesure d’expliquer, au moins en partie, les modifications de l’énergétique mitochondriale révélées à la fois in vitro et in vivo chez les rats âgés. / Skeletal muscle aging is characterized by a progressive loss of muscle mass and function. Involvement in this process of an impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics was proposed but is still extensively debated. The aim of this thesis was to take adventage of the capabilities of modular control analysis approach to get better insights in the effects of aging on mitochondrial function. We first studied the integrated muscle energetics in adult (6 months) and aged (21 months) rats using the modular control analysis approach combined with non-invasive 31P NMR spectroscopy measurements of energetic intermediates. The in vivo activation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in response to an increase in ATP demand was markedly decreased in the gastrocnemius muscle of aged rats. To further define the effects of aging on mitochondrial energetics, we thus studied the oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from the gastrocnemius muscle. Maximal oxidative phosphorylation capacity is clearly reduced in aged rats, while mitochondrial efficiency is unaffected. Application of modular control analysis to the study of oxidative phosphorylation revealed an increased sensitivity (elasticity) of the phosphorylation module in response to changes in membrane potential in aged rats. This increased elasticity is responsible for a modified control pattern of oxidative phosphorylation under low phosphorylation activities. Interestingly these low activities certainly correspond to those we studied in vivo. This increased elasticity of the phosphorylation module is responsible for a modified mitochondrial response toward changes in cellular ATP demand, leading to a decreased membrane potential, which may in turn affect many cellular processes such as ROS production, calcium homeostasis and some signaling pathways involved in the control of muscle mass. The modified ANT properties evidenced in this thesis certainly explain, at least in part, the modified mitochondrial energetics reaveled both in vitro and in vivo in aged rats.

No / Biarylpyrimidines are characterized as selective ligands for higher-order nucleic acid structures. A concise and efficient synthesis has been devised incorporating Suzuki biaryl cross-coupling of dihalopyrimidines. Two ligand series are described based on the parent thioether 4,6-bis[4-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]mercapto]-phenyl]pyrimidine (la) and amide 4,6-bis(4[(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)carboxamido]phenyl)pyrimidine (2a) compounds. In UV thermal denaturation studies with the poly(dA)·[poly(dT)]2 triplex structure, thioethers showed stabilization of the triplex form (¿Tm ¿ 20 °C). In contrast, amides showed duplex stabilization (¿Tm ¿ 15 °C) and either negligible stabilization or specific destabilization (¿Tm = -5 °C) of the triplex structure. Full spectra of nucleic acid binding preferences were determined by competition dialysis. The strongest interacting thioether bound preferentially to the poly(dA)·[poly(dT)]2 triplex, Kapp = 1.6 x 105 M-1 (40 x Kapp for CT DNA duplex). In contrast, the strongest binding amide selected the (T2G20T2)4 quadruplex structure, Kapp = 0.31 x 105 M-1 (6.5 x Kapp for CT DNA duplex).