Genetically based Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders remain a largely unresolved issue in the world today. Our genome is the source of our greatest strengths and weaknesses. For this reason, intelligent modification of the genome's DNA is a profoundly beneficial goal in the maximization of the overall health of the human race. Potential benefit in this field is currently limited in both effectiveness and safety in regards to the delivery of therapeutic genes into the nucleus, which is protected by many evolution-based barriers. Evolution has also favored the development of highly specialized and infectiously effective viruses capable of overcoming such boundaries. By neutering the naturally occurring and pathologically benign Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) we have transformed what was once a virus, into a "pure" vector, taking full advantage of evolution's diligent enhancement of these genetic hijackers without introducing unacceptable danger to patients. We utilized the logically engineered, castrated form of AAV serotype 9 (recombinant AAV9/rAAV9) to act as a vehicle for two reporter genes, Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) and Firefly Luciferase (Fluc) with the goal of assessing and improving the efficiency of vector transduction in murine CNS. We found that rAAV9, when infused into the intrathecal space of mice is capable of extensive and intensive transduction of both neurons and astrocytes throughout the entire length of the SC as well as the hind regions of the brain (brainstem and cerebellum). We also found that efficiency of transduction was best in our highest dose groups, 1E+12 genome copies (GC) in Experiment 1 and 2E+12 GC in Experiment 2, both of which received rAAV9 particles via the two commercially available (100μL and the 200μL) ALZET® Osmotic Pump designs. Administering dosage higher than this directly into the intrathecal space was limited by the size of the pump reservoir and rAAV9 production titer. We are currently attempting to achieve a more complete CNS transduction by performing another experiment in which we place the pump cannula directly into the intracerebroventricular (ICV) space of the lateral ventricles. Our findings reveal that infusion of rAAV9 by intrathecal placed pump cannula is more effective than any other method tested in this study int the transduction of neurons and glial cells of adult&ndashmouse CNS. By elucidating a mode of delivery that maximizes the robustness of transduction efficiency, our results are a critical building block in designing a cure for the array of genetic-based diseases of the CNS, which are currently untreatable

Orientador: Francisco Benedito Teixeira Pessine / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T17:10:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Baldim_Victor_M.pdf: 1808226 bytes, checksum: 7d81445a4d4297b7466e764b52804247 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Neste trabalho preparamos e utilizamos nanopartículas de PLGA-DOTAP encapsulando o peptídeo P17, que bloqueia a ação da citocina imunossupressora TGF-b, no tratamento de camundongos BALB/c fêmea, inoculados via subcutânea com células de hepatocarcinoma (CHC) murino BNL ou de câncer colo-retal (CCR) murino CT26. No modelo de CHC, nanopartículas foram administradas em conjunto com vírus adenoassociados recombinantes, cujo DNA viral codificava a citocina imunoestimuladora IL-12. No modelo de CCR, nanopartículas foram testadas como potencializadoras de uma vacina contra câncer colo-retal. Além disso, a biodistribuição de nanopartículas de PLGA-DOTAP, funcionalizadas ou não com a glicoproteína assialofetuína, foi verificada pelos métodos de bioluminescência em câmara escura com detector CCD e por PCR quantitativa em tempo real. Como resultado, observou-se que nanopartículas de PLGA-DOTAP encapsulando o fármaco P17 são capazes de potencializar a vacina contra CCR e que a glicoproteína assialofetuína é capaz de direcioná-las ao fígado / Abstract: In this research we prepared and used PLGA-DOTAP nanoparticles loaded with the peptide P17, which blocks the action of the imunossupressive cytokine TGF-b, in the treatment of female BALB/c mice inoculated subcutaneously with BNL (murine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells) or CT26 (murine colorectal cancer (CRC) cells). In the HCC model, nanoparticles were administered together with recombinant adeno-associated virus whose viral DNA encodes the immunostimulatory cytokine IL-12. In the CRC model, nanoparticles were tested as vaccine booster against colorectal cancer. In addition, the biodistribution of PLGA-DOTAP nanoparticles functionalized or not with the asialofetuin glycoprotein was verified by bioluminescence and real-time quantitative PCR. As a result, it was observed that P17 containing DOTAP-PLGA nanoparticles are able to increase vaccine efficiency and that asialofetuin glycoprotein is able to direct them to the liver / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

L'activation de la voie β-adrénergique entraîne une augmentation de l'AMPc qui joue un rôle clé dans la régulation de la contraction cardiaque. Alors qu'une stimulation aiguë des récepteurs β-adrénergiques (β-AR) améliore la fonction cardiaque, leur activation chronique dans l'insuffisance cardiaque (IC) est préjudiciable au cœur, car elle favorise la dérégulation du calcium intracellulaire et le remodelage pathologique du cœur. Les phosphodiestérases (PDE) sont responsables de la dégradation de l'AMPc et de la compartimentation, et donc ajustent finement les réponses β-AR. Nous avons montré précédemment que la PDE4B est diminuée dans l'hypertrophie cardiaque pathologique et que l'ablation de PDE4B chez la souris exacerbe la stimulation β-AR du courant Ca2+ de type L et la propension aux arythmies cardiaques. Étant donné qu'un traitement à long terme par des inhibiteurs de la PDE augmente la mortalité dans l'HF, nous avons supposé que la diminution des taux d'AMPc pourrait avoir un effet thérapeutique dans cette maladie. Nous avons exploré si la surexpression cardiaque médiée par les vecteurs viraux adéno-associés sérotype 9 (AAV9) ou à l’aide d’un système transgénique de PDE4B pourrait prévenir une hypertrophie dans un modèle murin d'infusion chronique d'isoprotérénol (Iso) (60 μg / g / jour pendant 2 semaines). L'échocardiographie a permis l'exploration de la fonction cardiaque. L'expression de la protéine PDE4B dans les extraits de coeur a été mesurée par western blot. Des coupes de cœur (10 μm d'épaisseur) ont été prélevées sur des échantillons inclus en paraffine et colorées avec le trichrome de Masson pour quantifier la fibrose. Une augmentation de dix fois et cinq fois des niveaux de protéines PDE4B a été mesurée dans les transgéniques et les AAV9, respectivement. Chez les souris transgéniques adulte, la surexpression constitutive de la PDE4B a provoqué une légère hypertrophie. Chez les souris témoins, de type sauvage ou ayant reçu un AAV9 codant pour la Luciferase(1x1012 particules virales), le traitement par Iso chronique a induit une hypertrophie cardiaque, une fibrose et une diminution de la fraction d'éjection (EF) mesurée par échocardiographie. La surexpression de PDE4B n'a pas empêché l'hypertrophie cardiaque induite par Iso, mais a aboli l'augmentation de la fibrose. Plus important encore, l’EF a été préservé lorsque PDE4B a été surexprimé dans ce modèle pathologique. Au total, ces résultats suggèrent que la thérapie génique avec des AAV9 codant pour PDE est une approche thérapeutique potentielle pour le traitement de l'hypertrophie cardiaque inadaptée. / Activation of the β-adrenergic pathway results in an increase in cAMP which plays a key role in the regulation of cardiac contraction. While an acute stimulation of the β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) improves cardiac function, their chronic activation in heart failure (HF) is detrimental to the heart, as it promotes deregulation of intracellular calcium handling and maladaptive remodeling. Multiple phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are responsible for cAMP degradation and compartmentation, and therefore finely tune β-AR responses. We showed previously that PDE4B is decreased in pathological cardiac hypertrophy and PDE4B ablation in mice exacerbates β-AR stimulation of the L-type Ca2+ current and the propensity to cardiac arrhythmias. Since long term treatment with PDE inhibitors increases mortality in HF, we hypothesized that decreasing cAMP levels could have a therapeutic effect in this disease. To address this hypothesis we used two different models: transgenic overexpression of the PDE using the cardiac specific promoter α-MHC, and PDE-encoding adeno-associated virus targeting the heart in adult mice. We explored whether transgenic or serotype 9 adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV9) mediated cardiac overexpression of PDE4B could prevent maladaptive hypertrophy in a mouse model of chronic isoproterenol (Iso) infusion (60 µg/g/day during 2 weeks). Echocardiography allowed cardiac function exploration. PDE4B protein expression in heart extracts was measured by western blot. Heart sections (10 µm thick) were cut from paraffin-embedded specimens and stained with Masson’s trichrome to quantify fibrosis. A ten-fold and five-fold increase in PDE4B protein levels was measured in transgenic and AAV9, respectively. In transgenic mice, constitutive PDE4B overexpression caused a mild hypertrophy in adult mice. In control mice, either wild-type or injected with a AAV9 encoding for (1x1012 vp), chronic Iso treatment induced cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and decreased ejection fraction (EF) measured by echocardiography. Overexpression of PDE4B did not prevent cardiac hypertrophy induced by Iso, but abolished the increase in fibrosis. More importantly, EF was preserved when PDE4B was overexpressed in this pathological model. Altogether, these results suggest that gene therapy with AAV9 encoding PDEs is a potential therapeutic approach for cardiac maladaptive hypertrophy.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors are one of the most promising gene delivery tools for applications within gene- and cell therapy. The high level of wild-type adeno-associated virus infections in humans is a limitation due to the pre-existing immunity against the vector or its transgene product. An important tool to develop effective and safe therapies is the ability to measure the pre-existing immune responses against the virus capsids in humans. This master thesis at Gyros Protein Technologies aimed to investigate if the Gyrolab immunoassay system can be used to screen for pre-existing anti-capsid immunity in human sera by optimizing and evaluate three different assay formats: an indirect assay, a generic anti-AAV adsorption assay and a bridging assay. The evaluation focused on immunity against adeno-associated virus serotype 2. All immunoassay formats performed well and depending on application, the different formats offers different advantages. The generic anti-AAV adsorption assay offers the ability to easily screen for several viral serotypes without having to label the capsid, and the bridging assay provides high sensitivity. When screening 31 individual human sera, 58% were positive using the indirect assay and the generic anti-AAV adsorption assay and 65% using the bridging assay format. Provided, is automated and high throughout immunoassays where 16 individuals can be screened in one-two hours. It is shown that all three immunoassay formats can be used to screen for anti-adeno-associated virus antibodies, even though further optimization, cut off development and a larger data set is needed to obtain a fully sophisticated screening tool.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain and intraneuronal hyperphosphorylated tau. Microglia in the brain adopt M1 (pro-inflammatory) or M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotypes similar to peripheral monocytes. M1 microglia negatively affect neurogenesis and have reduced phagocytic capabilities whereas M2 microglia can enhance neurogenesis and support phagocytosis. Cluster of Differentiation-200 (CD200) is an anti-inflammatory glycoprotein physiologically expressed on neurons and lymphocytes, and its receptors (CD200R1 and CD200R3) are expressed on glia. Both AD patients and mouse models of AD show an age-related or Aβ-induced reduction in neural CD200 that may contribute to M1-skewing of microglia in AD. We hypothesize that CD200 skews microglia to an M2 phenotype, and that genetic over-expression of CD200 in transgenic mice expressing the Swedish familial AD mutation of human β-amyloid precursor protein (APP mice) can restore neurogenesis and enhance Aβ clearance in the hippocampus. In this study, we constructed a tetracycline-controlled transactivator-inducible adeno-associated virus serotype 2/1 expressing full-length CD200 (AAV2/1-CD200) or green fluorescent protein (AAV2/1- GFP). These were bilaterally injected into the hippocampi at 6 months of age, and mice were sacrificed at 12 months of age. AAV2/1-GFP-injected APP mice showed a reduction in number of proliferating neural stem cells (NSCs) by 65.0% and differentiating NSCs by 70.5% in the dentate gyrus compared to wild-type controls. AAV2/1-CD200 restored these neurogenic deficits to those of wild-type mouse levels. AAV2/1-CD200 reduced diffuse Aβ plaques in the hippocampal region by 65.5% compared to AAV2/1-GFP-injected APP mice, but did not alter thioflavin-S-positive compact plaques as measured by protein and immunohistochemical assays. In vitro studies demonstrated that CD200-stimulated microglia co-cultured in transwells increased differentiation and complexity of neural stem cells. CD200 also directly enhanced Aβ phagocytosis by microglia. CD200 enhanced expression of the adaptor protein TYRO protein tyrosine kinase binding protein (TYROBP), suggesting this may be the mechanism by which CD200 enhances phagocytosis of Aβ. Overall, the data presented here indicate that CD200 is a plausible therapeutic agent in patients with AD to enhance neural differentiation and microglial-mediated clearance of Aβ.

Parkinson’s disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor deficits, owing to dopaminergic denervation in the nigrostriatal pathway. The abnormal formation of hallmark Lewy bodies underlies the disease process. The pre-synaptic protein alpha- synuclein (⍺-syn) has prion-like properties arising from its propensity to propagate, seed misfolding, and self-aggregate. Pathogenesis is postulated to arise in olfactory and enteric regions, exploiting connected neuronal pathways to ultimately propagate to the substantia nigra pars compacta. There is little known about the earliest stages of ⍺-syn aggregation and its prion-like propagation mechanisms. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation of ⍺-syn aggregates has allowed us to directly visualize aggregation in transgenic mice and mice transduced with an adeno-associated virus vector. Although our transgenic mice expressed BiSyn in a mosaic fashion that limited utility, we were successful in transducing neurons in the mouse striatum. This work has validated the AAV2/9-CMV-BiSyn approach as groundwork for future systematic studies.

No description available.

Thesis advisor: Vassilios Bezzerides / The aim of this study was to utilize a massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) to identify organ-specific microRNA (miRNA) target sequences to refine the timing and expression of transgene expression for gene therapy. We previously had developed a cardiac gene therapy for Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT) using a systemically delivered adeno-associated virus (AAV9) vector. We hypothesized that incorporation of organ specific miRNA target sites into our vector construct could improve our therapy’s tissue specificity due to the ability of miRNAs to silence transgene expression. Initially, we attempted to incorporate mir-124 target sequences into our vector to detarget the brain. Although these initial attempts were unsuccessful, the study allowed us to develop a protocol to test the effectiveness of miRNA target sequences. Thereafter, we developed a method to screen thousands of putative miRNA target sequences simultaneously. In this study, target sequences of miRNAs specific to the heart, brain and liver were incorporated into a plasmid library. This plasmid library was subsequently made into AAV and injected into mice from a CPVT transgenic line. Total DNA and RNA was later extracted from the target organs, converted into genomic DNA (gDNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries respectively, and sent for amplicon sequencing. We analyzed the results using Comparative Microbiome Analysis 2.0 software (CoMA) and a custom python script to count the occurrence of each specified barcode per sample. In doing so, we showed that the miRNA suppression mechanism is not only effective but also organ specific. Furthermore, we developed a second script to create a combinatorial library from a set list of miRNA target sequences enabling us to efficiently test thousands of target sequence combinations at once. In doing so, we will be able to identify effective miRNA target sequence combinations to further improve gene therapy specificity. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Biology.

The hypocretin/orexin (HCRT) system is associated with compulsive stimulant drug use, involving both HCRT-receptor 1 (-R1) and HCRT-receptor 2 (-R2). Few studies, however, have examined the role of HCRT-R2 or combined HCRT-R1/2 on compulsive methamphetamine (METH) taking behavior. In this study, we examined the effects of HCRT-R1, -R2, and -R1/2 antagonists on compulsive METH self-administration, as modeled by escalated intake in adult male Wistar rats allowed extended access to METH. Three cohorts of rats were allowed either short (1h; ShA; n=7-10/cohort) or long (6h; LgA; n=7-9/cohort) access to METH intravenous self-administration for 14 sessions (fixed ratio 1 schedule). Each cohort was then systemically administered a single- or dual-HCRT-R antagonist 30 min prior to METH self-administration testing: cohort 1, selective HCRT-R1 antagonist (RTIOX-276; RTI-R1; 0, 10, and 20 mg/kg); cohort 2, selective HCRT-R2 antagonist (JNJ-10397049; JNJ-R2; 0, 10, and 20 mg/kg); and cohort 3, dual HCRT-R1/2 antagonist (Suvorexant; SUV-R1/2; 0, 30, and 60 mg/kg). RTI-R1 elicited a dose-dependent reduction in METH intake in LgA, but not ShA, in the first hour. Administration of JNJ-R2 had no effect on METH intake in the first hour in neither ShA nor LgA rats, but reduced METH intake during the full 6 h session at the lowest dose. SUV-R1/2 administration had no effect on METH intake in ShA rats, but showed significant attenuation of METH-taking at the highest dose in both the first hour and full 6h session for LgA rats. Locomotor activity was significantly reduced following RTI-R1 and SUV-R1/2 in ShA rats only. To further explore the role that HCRT plays in METH dependence after a period of abstinence, we used a shRNA-encoding adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) to silence Hcrt in a separate cohort of previously-escalated METH-dependent rats. Following an initial escalation phase, and prior to a 3-week period of drug abstinence, rats were injected with either a control scramble-RNA AAV (AAV-Scram; n= 4) or a Hcrt-knockdown AAV (AAV-HCRT-KD; n= 5). AAV-Scram rats showed a significant decrease in METH self-administration post-abstinence, and a subsequent increase in METH-taking following a re-escalation period. In contrast, AAV-HCRT-KD rats showed a significant attenuation of METH self-administration following the re-escalation period. Combined, these results suggest HCRT neurotransmission at both HCRT-R1 and -R2 may contribute to compulsive METH-taking behavior.

Gene therapy is advancing rapidly, with Recombinant Adeno-associated virus (rAAV) being investigated for potential use in treating cancer and neurological disorders. Plasmid DNA transfection and viral infection are standard methods for producing large-scale rAAV vectors. However, improving yield production requires careful monitoring and control of process state variables, which can be expensive and time-consuming. This thesis proposes a model predictive control (MPC) model that can efficiently monitor, predict, and optimize the final product by controlling state variables like DOT and temperature. The model relies on an unstructured mechanistic kinetic model designed explicitly based on rAAV upstream production. Monitoring viral vector production based on substrate or biomass concentration enhances bioprocess production efficiency. However, other state variables like dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and temperature should also be considered. The objective of this thesis is to enhance cell growth in bioreactors by regulating dissolved oxygen and temperature levels using a Model Predictive Control (MPC) system. This model can be employed in different processes to enhance cell growth and examine the impact of control measures. The goal is to achieve a high cell density, increase productivity, and lower costs in a shorter duration. Simulink, a software tool developed by MATLAB, seamlessly integrates Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) to optimize bioprocesses in bioreactors. The Model Predictive Control (MPC) controller expertly regulates Dissolved Oxygen Tension (DOT) and temperature, thereby increasing cell growth concentrations. This sophisticated controller efficiently manages multiple variables simultaneously and exceeds the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller. The model is straightforward to comprehend and promptly responds to anomaly data. To evaluate the suggested resolution, we conducted tests on both PID and MPC controllers by introducing measurement noise to the DOT. Our analysis indicated that MPC demonstrated superior performance based on the ISE (Integral of Squared Error), IAE (Integral of Absolute Error), and ITAE (Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error), all of which were substantially higher for the PID controller. Regardless of changing conditions, MPC adeptly tracks the setpoint and optimizes the variable to enhance production efficiency.