La sonoporation, c'est-à-dire l'utilisation d'ultrasons pour augmenter la perméabilité de la membrane cellulaire et permettre le transfert de molécules dans la cellule, est une méthode de transfection alternative intéressante. Cependant, même s'il est généralement admis que la cavitation acoustique joue un rôle important dans la sonoporation, les mécanismes physiques sous-jacents à ce phénomène ne sont pas totalement compris. Pour obtenir des informations sur les interactions entre les bulles, les cellules et le milieu environnant, nous avons développé un système de sonoporation adapté à la visualisation en temps-réel sous microscope et dédié aux cellules adhérentes. Le champ acoustique dans le puits cellulaire est composé d'ondes stationnaires et possède donc des positions d'équilibres pour les bulles au fond du puits, c'est-à-dire à proximité des cellules. Après avoir confirmé que les effets biologiques sont liés à la cavitation inertielle, un système de régulation de la cavitation inertielle a été implémenté pour augmenter la reproductibilité de la sonoporation. L'utilisation de cette régulation permet de s'affranchir des problèmes d'initiation et de maintien de l'activité de cavitation ainsi que de travailler sans ajout d'agents de contraste ultrasonore. Ce système permet de sonoporer des cellules adhérentes et ceci de manière plus reproductible lors de l'utilisation de la régulation qu'à intensité acoustique fixée. L'utilisation de la régulation permet également de s'affranchir de la température du milieu (à 24 ou 37 °C). De plus, la sonoporation des cellules ne semblent pas induire d'effets négatifs sur la reprise de croissance des cellules. L'utilisation de membrane modèle (des bicouches lipidiques fluorescentes) permet l'observation des interactions bulles-membrane, principalement sous la forme de dégâts de type fissures ou impacts présents à la fois sur les ventres et nœuds de pression acoustique. Ces positions particulières sont également le siège du détachement cellulaire et de la sonoporation / Sonoporation, the use of ultrasound to increase cell membrane permeability and allow the transfer of molecules into cells, is an interesting alternative method of transfection. However, even if it is generally admitted that acoustic cavitation plays an important role in sonoporation, the physical mechanisms acting during sonication are not fully understood. To obtain information on the interaction between bubbles, cells and the _owing medium during sonication, we designed a sonoporation device adapted to real-time microscope visualization and dedicated to adherent cells. The acoustic field in the well is composed by standing waves and provides cavitation bubble equilibrium positions at the bottom of the well, near cells. After biological effects have been confirmed to be linked to inertial cavitation, a regulation device on inertial cavitation has been implemented in order to improve reproducibility of sonoporation. This regulation allows overcoming problems linked to initiation and time stability of cavitation activity without adding ultrasound contrast agents in the medium. The sonoporation device allows the sonoporation of adherent cells, and this, with more reproducible results when using regulation instead of a fixed acoustic intensity. The cavitation control allows also to obtain the same biological effects at 24 and 37 °C. Furthermore, cell sonoporation does not apparently induce negative effects on cell growth. The use of a membrane model (fluorescent lipid bilayer) allows the observation of bubbles-membrane interactions, principally in the form of damages as cracks or impacts present at both nodal and anti-nodal positions of the acoustic field. Cell detachment and sonoporation appear also at these particular locations

No description available.

Les émulsions fluorées de Pickering sont étudiées et mises au point dans la technologie demicrofluidique en gouttes pour des applications d’études sur des cellules adhérentes isolées.Les principaux résultats de ce projet sont : l’établissement d’un lien entre la couverture desurface des nanoparticules et la fluidité de l’émulsion de Pickering ; l’établissement deslignes directrices pour la stabilisation des gouttes avec un débit de production élevé et unminimum de déchets de particules ; et la mise en oeuvre d’une plateforme technologiquecomplète pour l’étude des cellules RPE, pour mesurer leur hétérogénéité phénotypique auniveau de la cellule individuelle. / Fluorinated Pickering emulsions are studied and engineered within droplet-based microfluidicstechnology for adherent-cell studies applications. The main findings of this projectinclude: linking the nanoparticles surface coverage to the bulk flowability of the Pickeringemulsion; deriving guidelines for droplet stabilization with high production throughput andminimal particle waste; and implementing the full technological platform for the study ofRPE cells, while unraveling their phenotypic heterogeneity at the single cell level.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_marcia_magalhaes_mata.pdf: 1998479 bytes, checksum: c18127c54931180d99c33eb9ceb106cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / L. monocytogenes is the etiologic agent of listeriosis, a severe food-borne disease. This pathogen has also variable ability to adhere to food-processing surfaces. Thus, the aims of this study was at first to evaluate the influence of the temperature (04-10-25-37°C) and time of incubation (24-48-168h) on the formation of attached cells by L. monocytogenes strains of diverse origins, serotypes and lineages using a colorimetric microtitre plate method. After this, comprehensive proteomics experiments using label-free 1D- liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (1D-LC/tandem MS) were performed to determine if the global proteomic responses of L. monocytogenes strains (Siliken and F2365) is altered markedly as attached cells compared to its planktonic state when growth media and temperature are the same. Our results showed that attached cells produced by different origins of L. monocytogenes did not change significantly when subjected to experimental conditions, unlike what was observed with attached cells produced by different serotypes and lineages of L. monocytogenes, which were clearly affected by environmental conditions.such as temperature and time of incubation. The ability of lineage II and serotype 1/2a and 1/2b to form large amount of attached cells when compared with the others in specific conditions indicates that risks from Listeria adherence must be taken seriously in sensitive food environments in order to find safer alternatives to prevent contamination and further dissemination of listeriosis. Only 8 proteins demonstrated substantial changes in common between both strains and temperatures in attached cells compared to their planktonic counterparts. They are: GroEL, DnaK, PtsH, PdxS, Pgi, RpsB, RpsD, and RpsP. Moreover, it was observed that the cell surface protein BapL abundance, though low, was not enhanced in attached cells suggesting its role in adherence could be a generalized contribution to the cell wall hydrophobicity. Interestingly, our experiment suggest that at 25°C the attached cells in both strains undergo flagella synthesis repression. Also, Sig B Regulon can be associate with an enhanced general stress response occurs in lineage II Strain (Siliken) but not in lineage I Strain (F2365) and could relate to the consequences of attachment. The temporal survey-based approach demonstrates clearly that high coverage represents a powerful means to investigate dynamic responses in L. monocytogenes from a functional genomics perspective / L. monocytogenes é o agente etiológico da listeriose, uma doença severa de origem alimentar. Esse patógeno também é capaz de se aderir a uma grande variedade de superfícies do processamento de alimentos. Sendo assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram primeiramente, avaliar a influência da temperatura (04-10-25 e 37°C) e tempo de incubação (24-48-168h) na formação de células aderidas de cepas de L. monocytogenes de diferentes origens, sorotipos e linhagens utilizando o método colorimétrico em placas de microtitulação. Após, experimentos de proteômica abrangentes que não utilizam marcadores, como a Cromatografia líquida de 1D/ espectrometria de massa em tandem (1D-LC/tandem MS) foram realizadas para determinar se o perfil proteico global de células planctônicas e de células aderidas de cepas de L. monocytogenes (Siliken e F2365) foi alterado significativamente quando os meios de crescimento e de temperatura de incubação foram os mesmos. A partir dos resultados obtidos verificou-se que as células aderidas formadas por L. monocytogenes de diferentes origens não sofreram alterações significativas quando submetidas às condições experimentais, diferentemente do que foi observado com as células aderidas formadas por L. monocytogenes de diferentes sorotipos e linhagens, as quais foram claramente afetadas pelas condições do ambiente. A habilidade da linhagem II e dos sorotipos 1/2a e 1/2b de formar grande quantidade de células aderidas quando comparadas com as demais, em condições específicas, indica alto risco de contaminação e disseminação da listeriose, bem como a sobrevivência e persistência deste micro-organismo no ambiente. Com base na análise proteômica, apenas oito proteínas demonstraram alterações substanciais em comum entre ambas as cepas e temperaturas em células aderidas comparadas com suas respectivas células planctônicas. São elas: GroEL, DnaK, PtsH, PdxS, Pgi, RpsB, RpsD, and RpsP. Verificou-se também que a abundância da proteína de superfície celular BapL, embora baixa, não foi aumentada em células aderidas sugerindo que o seu papel na adesão pode ser uma contribuição generalizada para a hidrofobicidade da parede celular. De forma muito interessante, nosso experimento sugere que células aderidas a 25°C por ambas as cepas levam a uma síntese de repressão flagelar. E ainda, Sig B Regulon pode estar associado com o aumento em geral da resposta ao estresse ocorrido na cepa de linhagem II (Siliken) mas não na cepa de linhagem I (F2365) o que pode estar relacionado com as consequências da adesão. A técnica utilizada no experimento demonstrou claramente que com alta abrangência é possível estudar proteomas bacterianos representando assim uma ferramenta poderosa para investigar respostas dinâmicas em L. monocytogenes através de uma perspectiva de genômica funcional.

Prostate cancer is the fourth most frequent cause of cancer-related deaths in men worldwide. One of current successful approaches to treat prostate cancer is radical prostatectomy followed by radiotherapy. However, this treatment is not 100% successful, as 53% patients develop secondary tumors. Our hypothesis is, that ionizing radiation itself contributes to the development of metastases by inducing changes in cell phenotype, particularly in terms of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness. To test this hypothesis, we irradiated the cells of metastatic prostate cancer cell line DU145 by fractionated radiation 2 x 10 Gy and we compared the expression of selected epithelial, mesenchymal and stem-cell markers prior to and after irradiation. Besides we focused on a subpopulation of so called floating cells which arise during irradiation. These cells can survive the radiation treatment and after some time they are able to reattach and give rise to readherent population. We wanted to asses what is the cell cycle profile of these cells and whether and how fast they proliferate. In this thesis we have shown that radiation causes only minor changes in epithelial/mesenchymal and stem-like character of adherent fraction of the DU145 cell line. However, we have also described that small population of...

Ce travail apporte une contribution au développement de la stratégie PAT pour les procédés de culture de cellules animales. Il propose l'amélioration de la compréhension et de la maîtrise de la culture de cellules Vero, dédiées à la production de vaccins viraux, et cultivées sur microporteurs dans un milieu sans sérum. Une première partie a permis de cribler les effets de certains groupes de composés du milieu de culture par le suivi de la croissance en microplaques. Puis, des études cinétiques et métaboliques plus approfondies, réalisées en spinners, ont montré que le métabolisme carboné des cellules Vero est saturé par l'accumulation intracellulaire de pyruvate et qu’il est peu orienté vers la croissance. Alors que le renouvellement du milieu ou l'ajout ponctuel de glutamine amélioraient la croissance cellulaire sans ré-équilibrer le métabolisme, la substitution du glucose et de la glutamine a permis de réduire l’apoptose et d'améliorer les performances métaboliques et de croissance. Par ailleurs, les spectroscopies diélectrique et proche-infrarouge ont été évaluées pour le contrôle en-ligne du procédé, en prenant en compte les particularités des cellules adhérentes. Nous avons montré leur capacité à évaluer les concentrations de cellules, de composés du milieu, et à détecter l'apoptose. Enfin, les principales améliorations par substitution de la glutamine ont été appliquées en bioréacteurs, à la production d'un vaccin prototype contre la dengue, dans des conditions proches de celles d'un procédé industriel. Ceci a permis de limiter les renouvellements de milieu pendant l’expansion cellulaire, sans compromettre la production de particules virales infectieuses / This work contributes to the development of the PAT strategy for animal cell culture processes. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding and the control of Vero cell culture, dedicated to the production of viral vaccines, and grown on microcarriers in serum-free medium. An initial study was performed to screen the effects of certain groups of compounds of the culture medium, by the cell growth monitoring in microplates. Then, kinetic and metabolic studies conducted in spinners flasks allowed to go further and to show that the Vero cell metabolism is saturated through the pyruvate intracellular accumulation and that it is not oriented toward growth. While media renewal or punctual addition of glutamine improve the cell growth without improving the metabolism balance, the substitution of glucose and glutamine allowed to reduce apoptosis and to improve growth and metabolic performances.Furthermore, dielectric and near-infrared spectroscopies have been evaluated for the in-line process monitoring, taking into account the particularities of adherent cells. We have demonstrated their ability to quantify cell concentrations, medium component concentrations, and to detect apoptosis. Finally, major improvements by substitution of glutamine have been applied to bioreactor culture to produce a dengue vaccine prototype, with culture conditions close to industrial process. In these cases, medium renewal during the cell expansion was removed without compromising the production of infectious viral particles

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