No description available.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157:H7 (EHEC) and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) are intestinal pathogens that induce characteristic lesions on mammalian cells called actin pedestals. Attachment to host cells by both EPEC and EHEC is an essential step towards colonization and is associated with the formation of highly organized actin cytoskeletal elements termed as attaching and effacing (AE) lesions beneath bound bacteria. The outer membrane protein intimin is required for the formation of these structures and binds its own translocated mammalian cell receptor called Translocated intimin receptor (Tir). These interactions induce a cascade of events that result in actin pedestal formation. In this thesis, we characterized pedestal formation and the requirements of pedestal formation by host adapted and in vitro cultivated EHEC. Our data indicate that growing EHEC in the mammalian host enhances bacterial cell attachment, expression and translocation of virulence effectors and actin signaling, and this enhancement is likely to entail more than one bacterial activity involved in host cell interactions. We also focused on the interaction between the two key bacterial players involved in pedestal formation, intimin and Tir. We randomly mutagenized the Tir-binding domain of intimin and isolated point mutants that disrupted Tir recognition. The ability of intimin mutants to bind to recombinant Tir correlated with their ability to trigger AE lesions on pre-infected mammalian cells. Half of the mutations fell within the previously identified 50 amino acid C-terminal region of intimin, and alanine scanning mutagenesis of this region identified four residues of EHEC intimin that are critical for Tir recognition. In a model of the EHEC intimin-Tir complex that is based on EPEC intimin and Tir, these four amino acids are predicted to be located at the intimin-Tir interface, indicating that these residues play a functional role in intimin recognition by Tir. To identify critical residues involved in intimin recognition and intimin mediated actin signaling, we generated point mutations in the extracellular domain of EHEC Tir. Based on our data, we conclude that Tir-intimin interaction is essential for triggering actin pedestals, and intimin function in the context of Tir signaling can be replaced by proteins that are entirely unrelated to intimin but that bind to Tir. These data are concordant with the model that intimin functions to cluster Tir in the membrane to induce actin assembly. Finally, as a step to study downstream actin signaling processes after Tir translocation, we mapped the domain of Tir involved in host cell signaling. We found that the clustering of a 12 amino acid stretch of C-terminus encompassing the Nck binding sequence of Tir generated actin nucleation indistinguishable from that mediated by the entire C-terminus, and abrogation of Nck binding by mutation of Y474 to Phenylalanine abolished actin assembly. Although these results do not rule out a role for other domains of Tir involved in actin pedestal formation, this suggests that the essential element of Tir consists of the Nck binding domain.

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map), agent étiologique de la paratuberculose, a évolué en deuxtypes dénommés, S pour« Sheep » et C pour « Cattle ». L’intestin grêle est le site primaire de l’infection à Map mais les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l’implantation du bacille restent largement méconnus. L’objectif de mon projet de thèse visait à identifier et caractériser les adhésines exprimées par Map par des approches génétiques et biochimiques. J’ai ainsi purifié la HBHA et la LBP par chromatographie d’affinité puis les ai identifiés en spectrométrie de masse. L’originalité de ce travail repose sur le polymorphisme de ces adhésines observé entre les souches de type C et S. Cette variabilité a été mise en évidence sur le domaine d’interaction avec les sucres sulfatés de la cellule hôte influençant l’affinité des adhésines pour l’héparine. Ce travail de thèse a permis de caractériser pour la première fois ces deux adhésines produites par Map. Le polymorphisme de la HBHA et de la LBP, discriminant les types C et S, ouvre de nombreuses perspectives sur l’évolution de l’espèce M. avium et le rôle de ces adhésines sur le tropisme intestinal, la préférence d’hôte de Map ou encore leur potentiel diagnostic. / Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), the etiological agent of paratuberculosis, has evolved into two types called, S for "Sheep" and C for "Cattle." The small intestine is the primary site of Map infection but the molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment of bacilli are still unknown. The aim of my thesis was to identify and characterize the adhesins expressed by Map by genetic and biochemical approaches. I purified HBHA and LBP by affinity chromatography then identified them by mass spectrometry. The originality of this work is based on the polymorphism of these adhesins observed between strains of type C and S. This variability has been demonstrated in the binding domain involved in interaction with sulfated sugars of host cell influences adhesins affinity for heparin. This thesis has characterized for the first time these two adhesins produced by Map. Specific polymorphism highlighted related to the evolution of the species avium, opens large number questions on their role on the pathogenesis of Map including the cellular tropism, host preference or interest of these antigens to improve diagnostic.

Murine infection by the Lyme disease spirochete, B. burgdorferi, results in the generation of pathogen-specific antibody that can provide protection against Lyme disease, but the cells involved in this response are poorly characterized. T cells are not required for generating a protective antibody response to B. burgdorferi infection, but their exact role in providing protection against tissue colonization had not been previously determined. We found that TCRβxδ;-/- mice were susceptible to high pathogen loads and decreased antibody titers, but inhibition of CD40L-dependent interactions resulted in partial protection suggesting that a portion of the help provided by T cells was not dependent on CD40L-CD40 interactions between T and B cells. RAG1-/- mice reconstituted with either un-fractionated or B1-enriched peritoneal cells from previously infected mice generated B. burgdorferi-specific antibody, and upon spirochetal challenge suffered significantly lower levels of pathogen load in the joint and heart. Peritoneal cells from previously infected TCRβxδ-/- mice or B2-enriched or B1-purified peritoneal cells conferred little to only moderate protection, suggesting T cells play an important role in protection against spirochetal infection the joint. Consistent with this, T cells from previously infected donor mice, when transferred with B1 or B2 cells into RAG1-/- mice, generated increased antibody titers and were capable of diminishing bacterial burden in the joint and heart. A previously identified class of protective antibody is directed against the spirochetal surface lipoprotein DbpA, and we found that DbpA is a prominent protein antigen recognized by RAG1-/- mice reconstituted with B1-enriched peritoneal cells. Additionally, we found that mice reconstituted with B1 cells also make antibody directed towards the spirochetal glycolipid antigen, BbGL-IIc, which is recognized by Vα14iNKT cells. Consistent with the idea that T cells are important in providing protection against spirochetal infection, RAG1-/- mice reconstituted with B1 and T cells generated a more robust response against DbpA and BbGL-IIc. These results support the hypothesis that T cells act with B1 cells in a CD40L-independent manner to promote the production of antibodies that play an important role in protection of the joint from spirochetal infection.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The impact of tobacco smoking on human health is well documented. The influence of smoking on tooth loss and cardiovascular diseases was investigated in the current study via both epidemiology and in vitro studies. From analyzing the 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2006 BRFSS) database, we confirmed that smoking was significantly associated with the number of teeth lost in a dose-dependent manner and smoking cessation reduced the risk when compared to those subjects continuing to smoke. In addition, the virulence factors related to caries were compared between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus gordonii in response to cigarette smoking condensate (CSC) treatment. We observed that S. gordonii was more susceptible to CSC treatment than S. mutans. CSC significantly enhanced S. mutans sucrose-dependent and independent adherence. Western blot assays revealed that several bacterial surface proteins including glucosyltransferase (GTF), glucan-binding proteins and antigen I/II, were significantly upregulated for the treated S. mutans. These findings suggested that the oral environment with CSC may favor a cariogenic dominant composition, which may increase the risk for smokers to develop caries. We also found that smoking and oral health status modified each other and synergistically increased the risk of CVD and this joint effect was more pronounced among the youngest age group using the 2006 BRFSS database. To further understand the joint effect, we conducted an in vitro study to investigate bacterial attachment to fibronectin and endothelial cells in response to smoking condensate treatment. Our study clearly demonstrated CSC significantly enhanced S. mutans attachment to both soluble and immobilized fibronectin as well as endothelial cells. Furthermore, our data suggested that bacteria possessed several adhesins that bound to host tissues and endothelial cells also had multiple receptors for bacterial attachment. Among these adhesins, antigen I/II seemed essential for bacterial attachment to endothelial cells without CSC. The knowledge of bacterial attachment to host tissues in the presence of CSC may help in developing different preventive or therapeutic strategies against attachment and colonization of the host by S. mutans.

No description available.

La fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase de classe I est une enzyme glycolytique (EC 4.1.2.13) qui catalyse le clivage réversible du fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) en dihydroxyacétone phosphate (DHAP) et glycéraldéhyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Des années de recherche sur FBP aldolase ont permis d’identifier les résidus impliqués dans son mécanisme réactionnel, ont tracé en grande partie les coordonnées de la réaction, ont révélé de nouvelles fonctions dites « moonlighting », et ont validé l’aldolase comme une cible attrayante pour des applications anti-glycolytiques tel que le cancer. Il existe néanmoins des questions en suspens relatives à ces activités que nous avons étudiées. Tout d'abord, la trajectoire détaillée de l'aldéhyde relatif à sa liaison au site actif allant jusqu’à la formation du lien carbone-carbone par condensation aldolique est indéfini. Pour élucider les détails moléculaires liés à ces événements, nous avons déterminé des structures cristallographiques à hautes résolution de l’aldolase de classe I chez Toxoplasma gondii, qui porte une identité de séquence élevée avec l’aldolase humaine (57%), en complexe avec l’intermédiaire ternaire de pré-condensation. Le complexe ternaire révèle un mode de liaison non-productive inhabituel pour G3P dans une configuration cis qui permet l’alignement de l'aldéhyde à proximité du nucléophile naissant. La configuration compétente pour la condensation aldolique provient d'une transposition cis-trans de l'aldéhyde qui produit une liaison hydrogène courte permettant la polarisation de l'aldéhyde et le transfert de proton au niveau de Glu-189. Nos résultats informent les chimistes synthétiques qui cherchent à développer l’aldolase comme biocatalyseur pour des réactions stéréo-contrôlées. Le rôle présumé de l’aldolase dans la production du méthyglyoxal (MGO), un métabolite dicarbonyle hautement réactif qui génère des « advanced glycation end products » (AGES) a également été étudié structurellement et enzymatiquement. Une enquête structurelle cristallographique de MGO générée par décomposition enzymatique chez l’aldolase de classe I a révélé que, contrairement aux indications préliminaires, l'apparition hypothétique de MGO et de phosphate inorganique (Pi) résultant de la décomposition enzymatique de DHAP dans le site actif de l’aldolase est mieux interprétée par une population mixte de DHAP et de molécules d'eau. Une étude enzymatique a révélé que la décomposition spontannée des trioses-phosphate est une source majeure de la production de MGO, alors qu’une production catalysée par l’aldolase est peu concluante. L’identification des sources de production de MGO continue d'être une priorité afin de développer des stratégies pour atténuer les manifestations cliniques de pathologies associées au MGO. La FBP aldolase est également reconnu pour ses activités « moonlighting » - du fait qu’elle effectue plus d'une activité sans rapport avec sa fonction glycolytique. Divers partenaires de l’aldolase sont rapportés dans la littérature, y compris les adhésines de surface cellulaire chez les parasites apicomplexes, dans lequel l’aldolase exécute une fonction d'échafaudage entre le complexe actomyosine et les adhésines - une interaction qui est décisive pour la motilité et l'invasion des cellules hôte. Le mode de liaison de cette interaction a été étudié et nos résultats sont compatibles avec une liaison au site actif. Les détails précis de cette interaction ont des implications thérapeutiques, étant donné que le ciblage de celui-ci réduit l'invasion des cellules hôte par les parasites. Enfin, l’aldolase de classe I est de plus en plus reconnu pour son potentiel comme cible anti-glycolytique dans les cellules qui sont fortement tributaires du flux glycolytique, comme les cellules cancéreuses et les parasites protozoaires. Le développement de nouveaux inhibiteurs de haute affinité est donc non seulement avantageux pour des études mécanistiques, mais représente un potentiel pharmacologique sans fin. Nous avons développé une nouvelle classe d’inhibiteurs de haute affinité de type inhibition lente et avons déterminé la base moléculaire de leur inhibition grâce à des structures cristallographiques à haute résolution et par un profilage enzymatique. Cette étude, qui combine plusieurs disciplines, y compris la cristallographie, enzymologie et chimie organique, souligne l'intérêt et l'importance d'une approche multidisciplinaire. / Class I Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolases are glycolytic enzymes (EC 4.1.2.13) that catalyze the reversible cleavage of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P). Years of research on FBP aldolases has identified residues implicated in the reaction mechanism, mapped the greater part of the reaction coordinates, and revealed novel moonlighting functions. Further, FBP aldolase is recognized as an attractive target for anti-glycolytic applications such as cancer. There are nevertheless outstanding questions related to these activities that were investigated in this thesis. First, the detailed trajectory of the reaction mechanism from aldehyde binding in the active site to carbon-carbon bond formation by aldol condensation is undefined. To elucidate the molecular details related to these events, we solved high-resolution crystallographic structures of native class I aldolase from Toxoplasma gondii, which has a high sequence identity with human aldolase (57 %), in complex with the pre-condensation ternary intermediate. The ternary complex reveals a condensation-incompetent binding mode for G3P in a cis-configuration that aligns the aldehyde alongside the nascent nucleophile. The productive aldol-competent configuration arises from a cis-trans rearrangement of the aldehyde that produces a short hydrogen bond required for polarization of the aldehyde and coincident proton transfer at Glu-189. Our results inform synthetic chemists seeking to develop aldolases for stereo-controlled reactions in biosynthetic applications. The suspected role of aldolase in methylglyoxal (MGO) production, a highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolite that produces advanced glycation end-products (AGES) was also probed structurally and enzymatically. A crystallographic structural investigation of MGO generated by enzymatic decomposition in class I aldolase revealed that, contrary to preliminary indications, the appearance of MGO and inorganic phosphate (Pi) resulting from enzymatic decomposition of DHAP in the active site of aldolase is more appropriately modeled by a mixed population of DHAP and water molecules. Enzymatic investigation revealed triose-phosphate decomposition to be a major source of MGO production, whereas production by aldolase did not exceed assay background levels. Identifying the main sources of MGO production continues to be a priority for mitigating the clinical manifestations of MGO-derived pathologies. FBP aldolase is also recognized for its moonlighting properties – performing more than one activity unrelated to the glycolytic function. Diverse aldolase partners are reported, including cell surface adhesins in apicomplexan parasites, in which aldolase performs a bridging function between the actomyosin complex and the cytoplasmic domain of the adhesins – an interaction that is crucial for motility and host-cell invasion. The binding mode of this interaction was investigated and our results are consistent with active site binding. The precise details of aldolase-adhesin binding has therapeutic implications, since targeting of the latter reduces host-cell invasion by parasites. Finally, class I aldolase is gaining prominence as an anti-glycolytic target in cells that are highly dependent on glycolytic flux, such as cancer cells and protozoan parasites. Developing new high-affinity inhibitors for these enzymes is therefore not only advantageous for mechanistic studies, but has endless pharmacological potential. We developed a novel class of high-affinity aldolase inhibitors, bisphosphonates, and determined the molecular basis of their inhibition with high-resolution crystallographic structures and enzymatic profiling. This study, which combined several disciplines, including crystallography, enzymology, and organic chemistry, underscores the interest and significance of a multidisciplinary approach.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) colonizes the intestine and produces the phage-encoded Shiga toxin (Stx) which is absorbed systemically and can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) characterized by hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure. EHEC, and two related pathogens, Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and the murine pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium, are attaching and effacing (AE) pathogens that intimately adhere to enterocytes and form actin “pedestals” beneath bound bacteria. The actin pedestal, because it is a unique characteristic of AE pathogens, has been the subject of intense study for over 20 years. Investigations into the mechanism of pedestal formation have revealed that to generate AE lesions, EHEC injects the type III effector, Tir, into mammalian cells, which functions as a receptor for the bacterial adhesin intimin. Tir-intimin binding then triggers a signaling cascade leading to pedestal formation. In spite of these mechanistic insights, the role of intimin and pedestal formation in EHEC disease remains unclear, in part because of the paucity of murine models for EHEC infection. We found that the pathogenic significance of EHEC Stx, Tir, and intimin, as well as the actin assembly triggered by the interaction of the latter two factors, could be productively assessed during murine infection by recombinant C. rodentium expressing EHEC virulence factors. Here we show that EHEC intimin was able to promote colonization of C. rodentium in conventional mice. Additionally, previous in vitro data indicates that intimin may have also function in a Tir-independent manner, and we revealed this function using streptomycin pre-treated mice. Lastly, using a toxigenic C. rodentium strain, we assessed the function of pedestal formation mediated by Tir-intimin interaction and found that Tir-mediated actin polymerization promoted mucosal colonization and a systemic Stx-mediated disease that shares several key features with human HUS.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 2005. / Typescript (photocopy).