The major impact of this research lies in the aspect of improved design and long term biocompatibility of materials used for implants. There are two goals in this research. The first goal is to develop a methodology to quantitatively measure cell-material adhesion. The second goal is to obtain fundamental understanding of cell-material adhesion mechanisms. A rotating parallel disk is used to measure cell adhesion. The rotational system applies a controlled shear stress to the cultured cells. The shear stress experienced by the cells varies with radial location, being highest at the edge and zero at the disk?s center. There is a critical point along the radius where the shear stress experienced by the cells equals their adhesion strength. The cells outside it are removed and the cells inside it remain attached to the surface. NIH 3T3 Swiss mouse fibroblasts and chick retina neuron cells from 6-day embryos are used in this study. The fibroblasts were cultured on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), and on gold coated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (Au/PVDF). The critical shear stress for fibroblasts was the lowest for PC with 5.09 dynes/cm2 and highest for PMMA with 21.0 dynes/cm2. This four-fold difference is mainly due to the chemical structure of PMMA which promotes higher cell adhesion when compared to PC. Neurons were cultured on poly-D-lysine coated glass to promote cell adhesion. The critical shear stress of neuron cells varied from 3.94 to 27.8 dynes/cm2 these values are directly proportional to the applied shear stress. The neuron adhesion plateau at ~27 dynes/cm2 which indicates the maximum adhesion strength of the neuron/poly-D-lysine coated glass pair. This thesis contains six chapters. Chapter I describes the importance of cell adhesion for biocompatibility. Chapter II describes in more detail the goals of this research and the expected results. Chapter III lists all the materials, equipment, and methods used in this study. The most significant results are summarized in Chapter IV. The observations and results obtained are explained in detail in Chapter V and Chapter VI describes the key outcomes as well as proposes questions for the advancement of this research.

Les neurones dopaminergiques (DA) de la substance noire compacte (SNc) et de l’aire tegmentaire ventrale (ATV) développent des contacts de type synaptique et non synaptique. Malgré de nombreux travaux sur la synaptogénèse en général, aucune méthode autre que la microscopie électronique, n’a été développée pour quantifier les varicosités synaptiques et asynaptiques issues des neurones DA. L’objectif principal de ce projet était de développer une méthode d’analyse et de quantification des varicosités synaptiques et asynaptiques des neurones DA. L’hypothèse proposée est qu’il devait être possible de détecter la présence de synapses en visualisant la colocalisation d’une protéine présynaptique telle que synaptotagmine 1 (SYT1) avec un marqueur post-synaptique tel que la postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95). Pour ce faire, nous avons préparé des cultures primaires de neurones DA à l’aide d’une lignée de souris transgéniques exprimant la protéine fluorescente verte (GFP) sous le contrôle du promoteur de la tyrosine hydroxyalse (TH). Nous avons ensuite visualisé les terminaisons axonales à l'aide de marquages immunocytochimiques de protéines pré et post-synaptiques. L’analyse quantitative des images a été effectuée avec le logiciel de traitement d’image Image-J. Nos résultats montrent que, via l’association d’un marqueur présynaptique tel que SYT1 avec un marqueur postsynaptique tel que PSD95, seule une minorité des terminaisons établies par les neurones DA sont de type synaptique. En contraste, des neurones glutamatergiques du cortex, établissent une majorité de terminaisons associées à un marqueur postsynaptique. Nos résultats valident donc la mise en place d'une technique d'analyse permettant de quantifier la proportion de terminaisons synaptiques et asynaptiques établies par les neurones DA. / Dopamine neurons (DA) of the Substantia Nigra compacta (SNc) and Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) are able to develop axon terminals that are either synaptic or non-synaptic in terms of their structure. No method other than electron microscopy was previously developed to quantify synaptic and non-synaptic axonal varicosities established by DA neurons. The main objective of this project was to develop a method for the quantification and analysis of synaptic and non-synaptic terminals established by cultured DA neurons. We hypothesized that synapses should be visualized by the colocalisation of presynaptic proteins such as synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1) and postsynaptic markers like the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95). To perform this, we prepared primary DA neurons cultures from neurons obtained from the ventral mesencephalon of TH-GFP transgenic mice. We then used immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy to localize markers of the pre and postsynaptic compartments. Images were quantified using the Image-J software. Our results show that the majority of axon terminals established by DA neurons contain the presynaptic marker SYT1. However, only a minority are associated with the postsynaptic marker PSD95, compatible with previous in vivo results. In comparison, glutamatergic neurons from the cortex establish a majority of terminals associated with a postsynaptic marker. Our results validate the establishment of an experimental strategy allowing quantification of the proportion of synaptic and non-synaptic contacts established by DA neurons, a technique that we plan to use to explore the molecular mechanisms of synapse formation by these neurons.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2005. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Xylella fastidiosa é uma bactéria com alta diversidade genética, sendo responsável por várias doenças, com destaque para a clorose variegada dos citros (CVC) e Pierce\'s disease (PD) em videira. O sucesso da transmissão dessa bactéria depende da colonização em biofilme no xilema da planta e no estomodeu de vetores, que são cigarrinhas (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae). O conhecimento sobre o mecanismo de transmissão desta bactéria vem de estudos com a subespécie fastidiosa de videira. Com relação à CVC, que tem a subespécie pauca como agente causal, observa-se eficiência de transmissão mais baixa que em videira, indicando que os mecanismos envolvidos no processo de transmissão podem variar entre subespécies da bactéria. Neste sentido, os objetivos desse trabalho foram: i) adaptar e validar um sistema de alimentação em dieta artificial para a aquisição e transmissão de estirpes de X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca por cigarrinhas; ii) aplicar a técnica estabelecida para investigar a eficiência de transmissão variando-se os sequence types (STs) de X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca e as espécies de cigarrinhas e iii) avaliar a importância da adesina XadA2 para a formação de biofilme por X. fastidiosa em superfície de polissacarídeos, bem como na aquisição e transmissão dessa bactéria pelos insetos. Verificou-se que o protocolo de aquisição usado para a entrega de células bacterianas da estirpe Temecula (subsp. fastidiosa) é transferível para estirpes da subsp. pauca. No entanto, diferentemente de fastidiosa, as estirpes de pauca testadas não necessitam interagir com o monômero de pectina (ácido galacturônico) para serem transmitidas para plantas. Com o sistema de aquisição in vitro, observou-se que todas as combinações STs de pauca e espécies de cigarrinhas resultaram na transmissão para plantas, indicando a ausência de especificidade de vetores. Todavia observaram-se diferenças nas taxas de aquisição e transmissão, que podem estar relacionadas com a interação inseto-ST. Em ensaios utilizando X. fastidiosa modificada com green fluorescent protein, incubada em meio de cultivo sem fonte de carbono e contendo asas como única fonte de carboidratos, verificou-se que a bactéria utiliza a quitina das asas para garantir a sobrevivência da colônia. Por meio de ensaios de bloqueio em asas, utilizando a adesina XadA2 e seu anticorpo específico como moléculas competidoras, foi possível observar que quando a adesina é bloqueada, há a redução significativa da formação de biofilme nas asas. Utilizando-se o sistema in vitro para a entrega de células de X. fastidiosa e do anticorpo para as cigarrinhas, observou-se diminuição da taxa de insetos infectivos, porém não houve diferença estatística nas taxas de transmissão. Esses resultados mostram que a adesina XadA2 é importante no início da colonização bacteriana no inseto e, juntamente com o método de aquisição in vitro adaptado nesse trabalho, estabelecem bases para estudos com outras estirpes ou subespécies de X. fastidiosa, e avaliação de outras proteínas-alvo visando o bloqueio da interação bactéria-vetor e, possivelmente, o controle das doenças. / Xylella fastidiosa is a bacterium with high genetic diversity, being responsible for several diseases, with emphasis on citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) and Pierce\'s disease (PD) on grapevines. The success of the transmission of this bacterium depends on the biofilm colonization in the plant xylem and in the foregut of vectors, the sharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae). The knowledge about the transmission mechanism of this bacterium comes from studies with the fastidiosa subspecies of grapevine. With regard to CVC, which has the subspecies pauca as causal agent, transmission efficiency is lower than in vine, indicating that the mechanisms involved in the transmission process may vary between subspecies of the bacterium. In this sense, the objectives of this work were: i) to adapt and validate an artificial diet feeding system for the acquisition and transmission of strains of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca by sharpshooters; ii) apply the established technique to investigate the efficiency of transmission by varying the sequence types (STs) of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca and sharpshooters and iii) to evaluate the importance of XadA2 adhesin for X. fastidiosa biofilm formation on the surface of polysaccharides, as well as on the acquisition and transmission of this bacterium by the insects. The acquisition protocol used for the delivery of Temecula strain bacterial cells (subspecies fastidiosa) was transferable to strains of the subspecies pauca. However, unlike fastidiosa, the tested pauca strains do not need to interact with the pectin monomer (galacturonic acid) to be transmitted to plants. With the in vitro acquisition system, it was observed that all STs pauca and sharpshooter species combinations resulted in the transmission to plants, indicating the absence of vector specificity. However, there were differences in acquisition and transmission rates, which may be related to the insect-ST interaction. In tests using X. fastidiosa modified with green fluorescent protein, incubated in culture medium without carbon source and containing wings as only source of carbohydrates, it was verified that the bacterium uses the chitin of the wings to guarantee the survival of the colony. With wing-blocking assays, using XadA2 adhesin and its specific antibody as competing molecules, it was possible to observe that when adhesin is blocked, there is a significant reduction of biofilm formation in the wings. Using the in vitro system for the delivery of X. fastidiosa cells and the antibody to the sharpshooters, a decrease in the rate of infective insects was observed, but there was no statistical difference in the rates of transmission. These results show that XadA2 adhesin is important at the beginning of bacterial colonization in the insect and, together with the in vitro acquisition method adapted in this work, establishes bases for studies with other strains or subspecies of X. fastidiosa, and evaluation of other target proteins to block bacterial-vector interaction and, possibly, to control of the diseases.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are regarded as clonal disorders of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Recent evidence demonstrates that stromal microenvironment, in addition to HSC defects, plays a particular role via its direct contact with haematopoietic precursor cells (HPC). This thesis aims at evaluating the putative growth deficiencies of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from MDS individuals compared with normal controls, exploring their adhesion profile, assessing the adhesion process-involved molecular substrates, and establishing correlations with their growth patterns and HPC dysfunctions. Functional assays revealed that MSC from MDS are intrinsically pathological, show a continuous decline of proliferation over a 14-day culture and a reduced clonogenic capacity in the absence of signals from HPC. MSC growth defects significantly correlate with decreased CD44 and CD49e expression. Moreover, stroma-dependent adhesion mechanisms control HPC clonogenic potential and CD49e might be one of the molecules involved in this process. Qualitative and quantitative abnormalities of focal adhesion (FA) proteins paxillin and pFAK [Y397] and of two regulatory proteins, HSP90αβ and p130CAS were identified via immunofluorescence analysis. Paxillin, pFAK [Y397] and HSP90αβ increased expression, besides its stronger nuclear colocalization in MSC from RAEB correlates with a consistent proliferative advantage and has a negative impact on HPC clonogenic capacity. These results open interesting opportunities, e.g. HPC-to-MSC interactions involve FA proteins signalling, and, as FAK is an HSP90αβ-client protein, it may enhance the utility of HSP90αβ inhibitors as adjuvant therapy in MDS

Les syndromes myélodysplasiques (SMD) sont considérés comme des maladies clonales des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (CSH). Le microenvironnement joue un rôle important par ses contacts direct avec les cellules progénitrices hématopoïétiques (CPH). Notre objectif était d'évaluer les défauts de croissance des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (CSM) dans les MDS, d’explorer les molécules d’adhérence impliquées, et d'effectuer des corrélations avec leurs dysfonctionnements de croissance et les anomalies des CPH. Les CSM de MDS sont intrinsèquement pathologiques, montrant une baisse continue de la prolifération pendant 14 jours de culture et une capacité clonogénique réduite. Ces anomalies sont corrélés à une diminution des molécules d'adhérence CD44 et CD49e. Par ailleurs, le potentiel clonogénique des CPH est contrôlé par des mécanismes d'adhérence dépendant du stroma, CD49e pouvant être une des molécules impliquées. L’analyse en immunofluorescence des protéines d'adhérence focale (FA), paxilline et pFAK [Y397], et des deux protéines régulatrices, HSP90αβ et p130CAS permet l'identification d’anomalies qualitatives et quantitatives. Une expression accrue de paxilline, pFAK et HSP90αβ et leur forte co-localisation nucléaire dans les CSM d'anémie réfractaire avec excès de blastes (AREB) sont corrélées avec un avantage prolifératif et un impact négatif sur la capacité clonogénique de CPH. Ces résultats ouvrent des possibilités intéressantes : la signalisation via les protéines FA pourrait être impliquée dans les interactions HPC-MSC ; par ailleurs, FAK étant une protéine cliente d’HSP90, les inhibiteurs d’HSP90 sont une potentielle thérapie adjuvante dans les myélodysplasies / Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are regarded as clonal disorders of haematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Recent evidence demonstrates that stromal microenvironment, in addition to HSC defects, plays a particular role via its direct contact with haematopoietic precursor cells (HPC). This thesis aims at evaluating the putative growth deficiencies of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from MDS individuals compared with normal controls, exploring their adhesion profile, assessing the adhesion process-involved molecular substrates, and establishing correlations with their growth patterns and HPC dysfunctions. Functional assays revealed that MSC from MDS are intrinsically pathological, show a continuous decline of proliferation over a 14-day culture and a reduced clonogenic capacity in the absence of signals from HPC. MSC growth defects significantly correlate with decreased CD44 and CD49e expression. Moreover, stroma-dependent adhesion mechanisms control HPC clonogenic potential and CD49e might be one of the molecules involved in this process. Qualitative and quantitative abnormalities of focal adhesion (FA) proteins paxillin and pFAK [Y397] and of two regulatory proteins, HSP90αβ and p130CAS were identified via immunofluorescence analysis. Paxillin, pFAK [Y397] and HSP90αβ increased expression, besides its stronger nuclear colocalization in MSC from RAEB correlates with a consistent proliferative advantage and has a negative impact on HPC clonogenic capacity. These results open interesting opportunities, e.g. HPC-to-MSC interactions involve FA proteins signalling, and, as FAK is an HSP90αβ-client protein, it may enhance the utility of HSP90αβ inhibitors as adjuvant therapy in MDS

Editorial on the Research Topic. Editorial: Editor’s Pick 2021: Highlights in Cell Adhesion and Migration.