Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo central fazer um estudo dos pressupostos materialistas da crítica à razão cognitiva na Dialética do Esclarecimento, de Theodor W. Adorno e Max Horkheimer. Nossa hipótese primeira é a de que, nesse trabalho, o caráter materialista da crítica à razão advenha, fundamentalmente, da confluência tensa de duas tradições teóricas maiores, a saber, daquilo que chamamos de tradição sociológico-materialista, por um lado, e da tradição psicanalítica freudiana, por outro. Por isso, a maior parte de nossos esforços voltou-se para o estudo dessas tradições. Por meio dele, pretendemos analisar o que se pode entender por materialismo no interior da experiência intelectual frankfurtiana e como nela crítica da sociedade é crítica do conhecimento, e vice-versa. / The main aim of this dissertation is to study the materialistic assumptions of the critique to cognitive reason in Dialectic of Enlightenment, from Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer. Our first hypothesis is that the materialistic character of the critique of reason in this work arises fundamentally from the confluence of two major theoretical traditions, namely, what we have called materialist-sociological tradition, on the one hand, and Freudian psychoanalysis tradition, on the other. Therefore, most of our efforts were focused on the study of these traditions. Through it, we want to analyze what can be understood by materialism within Frankfurt School\'s intellectual experience and how in it \"critique of society is critique of knowledge, and vice versa\".

Esta dissertação explora a obra de Theodor W. Adorno dando enfoque às questões concernentes à moral, articulando problemas de filosofia da história e sua dimensão política. O texto divide-se em três capítulos: o primeiro trata do diagnóstico de época do qual partimos, a saber, o mundo tal como ele se configurou após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O segundo capítulo explora a dimensão prática ética e política imanente ao conceito de verdade na tradição da teoria crítica, de modo a considerar sua centralidade no âmbito de uma discussão sobre a moral. O terceiro capítulo, intitulado Antinomias da moral, disserta sobre a abordagem adorniana de problemas tradicionalmente vinculados à filosofia moral a partir de uma leitura da Minima Moralia, da Dialética Negativa e de Problemas de filosofia moral. / This dissertation explores the work of Theodor W. Adorno, shedding light at the problems regarding moral philosophy in an articulation with an interpretation of history and its political dimension. The text contains three chapters: the first one deals with the diagnosis of time of the post-war world. The second chapter explores the practical ethical and political dimension which is immanent to the truth concept employed in the tradition of critical theory, so that we can consider its centrality in the discussion on moral philosophy. The third chapter, entitled Antinomies of morals, discusses Adornos approach of traditional problems of moral philosophy, based mostly on an interpretation of his works Minima Moralia and Negative Dialectics, and his lectures.

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Le projet d’une théorie dialectique de l’œuvre d’art est sans doute un des plus complexes que Theodor Adorno ait tenu en haleine, projet qui table sur les horizons théoriques les plus diversifiés du philosophe de Francfort. Il ne s’agit donc pas ici d’en résumer la pertinence et les prémisses, de rendre justice à sa pleine complexité. Ce que je propose bien plutôt de faire c’est de développer trois façons inter-reliées de comprendre ce projet. En partant d’abord de la situation de l’esthétique contemporaine à Adorno, nous voudrions regarder en face la solution qu’offre la Théorie esthétique pour revitaliser l’esthétique philosophique. Il s’agit donc d’abord de questionner les catégories traditionnelles de l’esthétique qui semblent inadéquates à la réalité de l’art moderne « à l’époque où il devient objet de réflexion ». Le second aspect concerne l’interprétation et la méthode de présentation. « L’essai comme forme » qu’Adorno exécute et développe de pair avec la tendance parataxique de la poésie d’Hölderlin est l’objet des Notes sur la littérature. Ces travaux font écho à des notions clefs de la Théorie esthétique, déjà en germes dans « L’actualité de la philosophie » : l’interprétation, le contenu de vérité et le caractère énigmatique. Je propose finalement de restituer une certaine évolution du matériau-dissonance, ce qui recoupe et « matérialise » les deux premières perspectives. / The project of a dialectical theory of the artwork is probably one of the most complex aspects of Theodor Adorno’s thought. The aim of this thesis is neither to summarize this project nor to do justice to its full complexity. What I propose, more specifically, is to present three interrelated ways of understanding Adorno’s project. The first concerns the aim and relevance of contemporary philosophical aesthetics. The question here is how Adorno’s Aesthetic Theory contributes to a revitalization of philosophical aesthetics. By juxtaposing traditional categories, which seem inappropriate to the experience of modern art, and contemporary aesthetic experience, I show how Adorno’s negative dialectical philosophy provides a relay of sorts between the traditional and the modern, made necessary by modern art itself "at a time when it is becoming an object of reflection". The second perspective concerns questions of interpretation and presentation, centered on Adorno’s explorations of the essay as “form” and the concept of parataxis, as discussed in Notes to Literature. Here I focus on how these explorations intersect with key concepts in his Aesthetic Theory and his early essay on “The Actuality of Philosophy”: interpretation, truth content, and enigmaticity. Finally, I propose a more specific reflection on dissonance that illustrates and “materializes” aspects of the first two perspectives.

Zugl.: Hildesheim, Universiẗat, Diss., 2005.

Diss.--Bochum--Universität Bochum, 1991.

Diss. Univ. Freiburg im Breisgau, 2007.

O estudo aborda o problema da forma de exposição do pensamento filosófico a partir da defesa da forma do ensaio na obra de Theodor W. Adorno. O que se põe em questão é o quanto a forma ensaística, em seu esforço de elaborar conceitualmente os dados da experiência particular, é capaz de dar conta da atividade filosófica - uma atividade universalista e interessada na determinação dos fundamentos últimos do real - em um momento histórico no qual não parece ser mais possível a ela erguer pretensões de sistema. Em seu desenvolvimento este trabalho se volta para a própria ensaística adorniana e procura mostrar se e em que medida ela escapa do espírito próprio dos sistemas fechados. / The work addresses the problem of exposition in the philosophical thought based on the defense of the essay form in the philosophy of Theodor W. Adorno. What is interrogated is how much the essay form, in its effort to develop conceptually the particular experience, is able to carry out the philosophical activity - a universalistic activity e interested in depict the ultimate foundations of the real - in a historical moment in which is it no more possible to raise any pretense of systematic philosophy. In its development this study turns to Adorno's own essays and attempts to show if the exposition form of his thought escapes from the especific spirit of closed systems.

Le présent travail se fixe pour objet d’étude l’effondrement des limites entre les arts au milieu des années 1960, son lien avec la naissance des avant-gardes et la chute du système des Beaux-Arts. En remontant un fil tendu par Adorno, nous verrons que celle-ci semble suspendre la dialectique de la raison en tant qu’elle met à mal la division de l’art en genres — pendant de la division du travail dans le monde administré. L’ensemble du processus étudié, que nous avons choisi de nommer dissolution des limites entre les arts, nous conduit à remonter en amont des événements liés à ce changement de paradigme, afin d’en repérer les éléments déclencheurs — lesquels semblent contenus, comme en germe, dans les motivations à l’origine de l’éclosion des avant-gardes. Croisant la lecture d’Adorno et de Greenberg, cette analyse cherche, pour ce faire, à isoler des moments structurants, dont certains apparaissent comme des résonances, des échos amplifiés des autres, comme une manière d’en accuser réception : le contexte des années dix, par exemple, dans lequel les constructions cubistes de Picasso font d’ores et déjà trembler les lignes de démarcation des arts en sortant de l’espace confiné de la toile pour visiter celui de la sculpture ; puis celui des années cinquante et soixante, marqué par la catégorie des Specific Objects de Judd, mais aussi par les œuvres de Morris et Rauschenberg. Notre analyse porte également sur les années qui ont suivi cet effondrement des frontières entre les arts et tente de suivre une perspective herméneutique, en empruntant une voie esquissée notamment par Adorno dans L’art et les arts, lequel a observé que cette tendance à « l’effrangement » a fini par jouer un rôle dans l’antagonisme entre le public et l’art contemporain — anticipant les débats qui eurent lieu bien après sa mort, et que l’on retrouve sous le terme de « crise de l’art contemporain » dans les années 1990. Cet axe de recherche nous amène à poser à nouveaux frais la question de l’autonomie de l’art, devenue problématique depuis le passage des Beaux-Arts à l’art, tout particulièrement au cœur de la réception anglo-saxonne de l’esthétique d’Adorno, auteur d’une définition de l’autonomie de l’art tout à fait singulière — paradoxale. Il s'agit donc de commencer à procéder à l’exégèse de textes anglais et américains, qui, remettant au travail cette problématique classique, entendent montrer que la définition qu’en propose Adorno reste opérante lorsqu’on la confronte aux œuvres d’art actuelles. / This thesis is aiming at analyzing the link between the arts and between the art and what is extrinsic to art. The issue is to expand and refine Adorno’s analysis in his book The art and the arts. We will aim to provide a theoretical overview of the collapse of the artistic genres in the mid-sixties, and consider its link with the birth of French Avant-Garde and with the decline of the system of Fine Arts. The whole process that we would like to analyse starts with a mere imbrication of the arts, and reaches its culmination with a proper dislocation of its boundaries, as a result of successive stages that are locatable in the past. This will lead us to examine the stages before the outright collapse of artistic genres, to identify the triggers that ultimatly result in this paradigmatic change. Can we consider that the seeds of this dissolution are already planted in what led to the birth of the Avant-Garde? Is it reasonable to think that the postmodernity was already part of the modernity, as an inevitable shift which finds its fulfillment in the early sixties? Does the movement from the specific to the generic (de Duve) render the Adornian notion of Verfransung obsolete? What kind of “generic alterations” can we identify within the contemporary art? What is the status of non-art in regard to the Adornian negative dialectics? Can one consider that it represents a “stopped dialectics” — a moment of freedom in the dialectics of enlightenment? We will identify some structuring phases — some of which would appear as amplified echos of the others. We wish to continue our analysis from a hermeneutical perspective, and see how this dissolution has played a key role in the antagonism between contemporary art and the public. The issues related to the dissolution of boundaries between the arts will lead us to evaluate and interpret the Adornian arguments regarding the need for autonomy in art. Can we nowadays defend the idea of an autonomy of art? Is it then necessary to adapt its definition in the light of current works of art? Does the adornian conception of autonomy remain relevant? Can we consider that installation or performance perpetuate the exigences of modernism and create what could be called a new and “non-modernist" Avant-Garde?

O estudo aborda o problema da forma de exposição do pensamento filosófico a partir da defesa da forma do ensaio na obra de Theodor W. Adorno. O que se põe em questão é o quanto a forma ensaística, em seu esforço de elaborar conceitualmente os dados da experiência particular, é capaz de dar conta da atividade filosófica - uma atividade universalista e interessada na determinação dos fundamentos últimos do real - em um momento histórico no qual não parece ser mais possível a ela erguer pretensões de sistema. Em seu desenvolvimento este trabalho se volta para a própria ensaística adorniana e procura mostrar se e em que medida ela escapa do espírito próprio dos sistemas fechados. / The work addresses the problem of exposition in the philosophical thought based on the defense of the essay form in the philosophy of Theodor W. Adorno. What is interrogated is how much the essay form, in its effort to develop conceptually the particular experience, is able to carry out the philosophical activity - a universalistic activity e interested in depict the ultimate foundations of the real - in a historical moment in which is it no more possible to raise any pretense of systematic philosophy. In its development this study turns to Adorno's own essays and attempts to show if the exposition form of his thought escapes from the especific spirit of closed systems.