O presente estudo investigou a transição para a vida adulta em jovens de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos (NSE) no sul do Brasil, e objetivou identificar a existência ou não do fenômeno chamado adultez emergente (AE) no sul país. A amostra foi composta de 547 jovens, residentes em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, entre 18 e 29 anos (M = 22 anos; IQ = 19-26), 196 (35,8%) homens, e 351 (64.2%) mulheres; de NSE baixo (n = 194, 35.5%) e alto (n = 353, 64,5%). O primeiro conjunto de estudos foi composto por análises estatísticas uni e multivariadas (Análise Fatorial, MANCOVA, e Regressões Múltiplas Moderadas). Os inventários examinados, IDEA e FESA, apresentaram nova estrutura fatorial, associadas a influências do contexto brasileiro e à necessidade de revisão das medidas originais. A AE mostrou-se mais provável de ocorrer em contextos de NSE alto. O grupo de NSE baixo apresentou tendência a assumir responsabilidades adultas precocemente, o que dificulta a experimentação de um período mais exploratório de suas identidades. A dimensão Foco em si mesmo na amostra brasileira foi associada com o processo gradual dos participantes construírem uma base para sua vida adulta; e também a uma orientação mais individualista. A análise temática desenvolvida no estudo qualitativo identificou a presença das cinco principais características da AE e sua dimensão oposta, Foco nos outros, na amostra. Indivíduos de NSE alto descreveram uma transição para a vida adulta em harmonia com o que é observado em outros países industrializados. Indivíduos de NSE baixo apresentaram uma tendência diferente. A oportunidade de serem Focados em si mesmos e investirem na Exploração de sua identidade aconteceriam após um período de Foco nos outros. / The present study investigated the transition to adulthood in Southern Brazilians from differing SES and aimed to examine whether or not the phenomenon of EA exists in the country. The sample included 547 individuals; residents in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, between 18 and 29 years old (M = 22 years; IQR = 19-26), 196 (35.8%) males, and 351 (64.2%) females, of low (n = 194, 35.5%) and high SES (n = 353, 64.5%). The first set of studies was composed of univariate and multivariate statistical analysis (Factor Analysis, MANCOVA, and Moderatared Multiple Regressions). The inventories examined, IDEA and FESA, presented a new factor structure, associated with Brazilian contextual influences and the necessity of reviewing the original measures. The EA phenomenon was more likely to be present in HSES contexts in Brazil. The LSES group trend to assuming adult responsibilities earlier blocks their opportunities of exploring diverse fields. The dimension Self-focused in the Southern Brazilian sample was associated with participants’ gradual process of building a foundation to adulthood, and also with a more individualistic orientation. The thematic analysis developed in the qualitative study identified the presence of the five main EA features and its counterpart, Other-focused in the sample. HSES individuals were more likely to experience the EA features in harmony with this transition in industrialized countries. LSES individuals presented a divergent trend. Their opportunity to be Self-focused and invest in their Identity Exploration would happen after an Other-focused period.

O presente estudo investigou a transição para a vida adulta em jovens de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos (NSE) no sul do Brasil, e objetivou identificar a existência ou não do fenômeno chamado adultez emergente (AE) no sul país. A amostra foi composta de 547 jovens, residentes em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, entre 18 e 29 anos (M = 22 anos; IQ = 19-26), 196 (35,8%) homens, e 351 (64.2%) mulheres; de NSE baixo (n = 194, 35.5%) e alto (n = 353, 64,5%). O primeiro conjunto de estudos foi composto por análises estatísticas uni e multivariadas (Análise Fatorial, MANCOVA, e Regressões Múltiplas Moderadas). Os inventários examinados, IDEA e FESA, apresentaram nova estrutura fatorial, associadas a influências do contexto brasileiro e à necessidade de revisão das medidas originais. A AE mostrou-se mais provável de ocorrer em contextos de NSE alto. O grupo de NSE baixo apresentou tendência a assumir responsabilidades adultas precocemente, o que dificulta a experimentação de um período mais exploratório de suas identidades. A dimensão Foco em si mesmo na amostra brasileira foi associada com o processo gradual dos participantes construírem uma base para sua vida adulta; e também a uma orientação mais individualista. A análise temática desenvolvida no estudo qualitativo identificou a presença das cinco principais características da AE e sua dimensão oposta, Foco nos outros, na amostra. Indivíduos de NSE alto descreveram uma transição para a vida adulta em harmonia com o que é observado em outros países industrializados. Indivíduos de NSE baixo apresentaram uma tendência diferente. A oportunidade de serem Focados em si mesmos e investirem na Exploração de sua identidade aconteceriam após um período de Foco nos outros. / The present study investigated the transition to adulthood in Southern Brazilians from differing SES and aimed to examine whether or not the phenomenon of EA exists in the country. The sample included 547 individuals; residents in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, between 18 and 29 years old (M = 22 years; IQR = 19-26), 196 (35.8%) males, and 351 (64.2%) females, of low (n = 194, 35.5%) and high SES (n = 353, 64.5%). The first set of studies was composed of univariate and multivariate statistical analysis (Factor Analysis, MANCOVA, and Moderatared Multiple Regressions). The inventories examined, IDEA and FESA, presented a new factor structure, associated with Brazilian contextual influences and the necessity of reviewing the original measures. The EA phenomenon was more likely to be present in HSES contexts in Brazil. The LSES group trend to assuming adult responsibilities earlier blocks their opportunities of exploring diverse fields. The dimension Self-focused in the Southern Brazilian sample was associated with participants’ gradual process of building a foundation to adulthood, and also with a more individualistic orientation. The thematic analysis developed in the qualitative study identified the presence of the five main EA features and its counterpart, Other-focused in the sample. HSES individuals were more likely to experience the EA features in harmony with this transition in industrialized countries. LSES individuals presented a divergent trend. Their opportunity to be Self-focused and invest in their Identity Exploration would happen after an Other-focused period.

The relationship between milk intake and risk of osteoporotic fractures is uncertain. Associations between milk intake and milk avoidance in relation to osteoporotic hip fracture were examined in the Utah Study of Nutrition and Bone Health (USNBH), a statewide case-control study. Cases were ascertained at Utah hospitals treating 98 percent of hip fractures during 1997-2001 and included 1188 men and women aged 50-89 years. Age- and gender-matched controls were randomly selected from Utah driver's license and Medicare databases (N= 1324). In-person interviews were conducted and participants reported frequency of milk intake per week at age 18 and during pregnancy among women who reported being pregnant. Milk avoidance for a period of more than one year and duration of milk avoidance were also reported. Diet and supplement intake in the one-year period before fracture (cases) or the interview (controls) was assessed using a picture-sort food frequency questionnaire. Milk consumption frequency was categorized into four levels of intake at each life stage. Total calcium intake was categorized into quintiles of distribution of intake. Logistic regression models were used to examine associations between milk intake and milk avoidance and risk of hip fracture while controlling for the potential confounding effects of gender, age, body mass index, alcohol use, smoking, physical activity, estrogen use, and total calorie, protein, calcium, and vitamin D intake. Recent milk intake, milk intake during pregnancy, and milk avoidance duration were not associated with risk of hip fracture. A borderline association was found at age 18 showing a decreased risk of hip fracture among those in the highest quartile (2: 15 cups of milk per week) of milk intake (odds ratio (OR): 0.86, 95 percent confidence interval (Cl): 0.75, 1.00; P = 0.046). Milk avoidance for a year or more was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture compared to those who did not avoid milk (OR: 1.38, 95 percent CI: 1.07, 1.78). A significant interaction was found between milk avoidance and quintile of total calcium intake (P = 0.02). Milk avoidance was associated with a significantly higher risk of hip fracture at the lowest two quintiles of calcium intake (OR: 1.72, 95 percent CI: 1.26, 2.17; P = 0.02 and OR: 1.58, 95 percent CI: 1.01, 2.15; P = 0.01, respectively) but was not associated with elevated risk among those with higher calcium intakes. In conclusion, milk intake during pregnancy for women, and in the year before hip fracture (for cases) or before interview (for controls), was not associated with hip fracture risk. The highest level of milk intake at age 18 was associated with decreased risk of hip fracture. Avoidance of milk for one year or more was associated with hip fracture risk, but only among those with low calcium intake (Q1 and Q2).

Diplomová práce: Životní situace vysokoškolských studentů z hlediska dospělosti (Life situation of university students in terms of adulthood) Zpracovala: Barbora Musilová Abstract Diploma thesis " Life situation of university students in terms of adulthood" aims to show how young people currently studying university perceive their life situation and how much they feel to be adults. The thesis seeks the answers in qualitative analysis of students of Prague universities. Theoretical background of empirical part is formed by theories of present time analysts which highlight the variability and instability of social conditions. The result of this instability is that there are shifts of the timing of life events in the life cycles and challenging the traditional definition of adulthood as defined for example, independent living and marriage. Trends in the life of young students, such as prolonged studies or leaving home parents in late time point to a new stage, which haven't been in the life paths of previous generations. Living situation of young university students is not only extending the transition to adulthood, but the independent stage, which also raises the need to redefine the earlier definition of valid adulthood.

Master of Science / Department of Marriage and Family Therapy / Amber Vennum / The majority of scholarship on romantic relationship development in emerging adulthood is with Western populations using theories grounded in a Western cultural context. This study had two goals. The first goal was to explore the experience of non-arranged romantic relationships for young people in urban India through in-depth interviews with four men and four women. The second was to examine the relevance of Western notions of emerging adulthood, romantic relationship development, and theoretical constructs related to relationship development (e.g., terms such as ‘dating’, ‘commitment’ and ‘satisfaction’) for this population. Findings indicated one potential pathway to relationship formation that begins in friendship and gradually evolves into a romantic relationship. Other findings shed light on young adults’ culturally bound negotiation with their families around the issue of romantic relationships and the similarities in definitions of relationship terms with Western literature. This study makes important contributions to the growing field of romantic relationships in emerging adulthood by suggesting that, first, while Indian youth display several characteristics of emerging adulthood and define commitment similarly as in the West, there are important differences too. Second it has implications for future quantitative measurement of romantic relationships among Indian young adults.

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Doctor of Philosophy / Family Studies and Human Services / Jared R. Anderson / Cyclical romantic relationships—those characterized by breaking up and getting back together or having on/off periods—are a frequent phenomenon in the emerging adult population. These dating relationships maintain some distinctions from other more stable relationships, including the ways that partners strive to sustain relationship health. The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative inquiry was to increase in-depth understanding of how emerging adult dating partners’ relationship effort affects relationship transitions within cyclical dating relationships. Ten heterosexual emerging adult couples (10 men, 10 women) currently in cyclical dating relationships were interviewed about their experiences with relationship effort and maintenance. Participant interviews were analyzed according to the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method. Specific themes emerged from the data, focusing on how perceived individual effort in the relationship, perceived partner effort in the relationship, and specific maintenance behaviors couples used to sustain relational health affected couple decisions about relationship transitioning. Implications regarding relationship education and clinical intervention among cyclical emerging adult couples are discussed. Future research could focus on continued expansion of understanding when in relationship history cyclical patterns begin, and how partners navigate transitions when both perceive reduced relationship effort.

American family life has undergone drastic changes over the last five decades. The median age at first marriage has risen sharply over that time, a trend that has attracted the attention of a number of family scholars. Less is known, however, about those who continue to marry early in a society where such a practice is increasingly rare and where the benefits to marriage during young adulthood are thought to be diminishing. In this dissertation, I ask specifically (a) what types of people continue to marry early in a context where delayed marriage is the norm, (b) how culture can impact marital timing, and (c) what effect marriage has on the mental health and well-being of young adults. To answer these questions, I analyze survey data primarily from the first and third waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a panel study of American adolescents that began in 1994-95 and tracked its respondents into young adulthood in 2001-02. The results suggest that a significant minority of young adults—25% of women and 16% of men—marry early, and early marriage occurs most frequently among young adults with low educational trajectories and who come from families with more limited resources. These young adults are typically found in rural communities and in the Southern United States, and they tend to identify with conservative religious traditions like conservative Protestantism and Mormonism. Culture, in the case of involvement in a religious community, can shape marriage timing by limiting the appeal of cohabitation, increasing marital desires and expectations, and by reducing perceived conflict between marriage and higher education. Moreover, a prevailing cultural schema that prescribes full time work as a prerequisite for marriage keeps even young adults who wish they were married from doing so. Finally, young adults who are married or engaged exhibit the best mental health in young adulthood. These findings suggest that demographic and cultural shifts in marriage have not spread evenly throughout the population, and despite its poor reputation early marriage may have some benefits for young adults. / text

Premenstrual symptoms are a universal event during a woman's reproductive life but little is known about the experience of emerging adulthood women aged 18-25 years. The purpose of this study was to determine feasibility of daily symptom data collection via an electronic diary and to examine the relationship between premenstrual symptom perception, severity and distress with academic stress. This sample consisted of 50 women with a mean age of 20(±.9) years living in campus housing of a private undergraduate rural college. Results determined it is feasible to utilize an electronic diary for daily prospective symptom and academic demand data collection. Surprisingly, in this sample of healthy undergraduate women, there were significantly higher numbers of symptoms perceived (7.16±3.8 follicular and 6.18±3.3 luteal, p=.001 and higher distress (.39±.3 follicular and .31±.3 luteal, p=.003) in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase. Academic stress findings indicated mild stress as measured by the Student-life Stress Inventory (Gadzella, 1991) and students overall perceived stress levels fell in the minimal to mild range. The academic demand component of academic stress measured daily frequency and distress associated with assignments, papers, projects/presentation and time studying. Within the follicular phase number of assignments due was significantly correlated to symptom perception and distress (.31, .37, respectively) and the number of projects/presentations due was correlated to symptom distress (.25) at p<.05. There were significant correlations between follicular phase symptom perception and distress, and luteal phase symptom distress with academic demand distress for assignments, papers, projects/presentations and time studying, indicating a relationship between distress components of symptom experience and some components of academic stress. These premier results about the relationship between symptom distress and academic stress warrants further exploration and development of a clearer conceptual definition of academic stress and clear and consistent operationalization of this phenomena.

No description available.