by Ng, Shuk Han. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-168). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- An overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Previous research --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- "White and Trahey (White 1991, White & Trahey 1993, Trahey 1996)" --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Research on acquisition of Chinese as a second language --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Adverbial placement in English and Chinese and the learnability problems --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- IL Problems predicted --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- A descriptive account of adverbial placement in English and Chinese / Chapter 2.1 --- Adverbial placement in English --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The placement of the manner and D/F adverbials --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Some exceptions to the general patterns --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Adverbial placement in Chinese --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The placement of the manner and D/F adverbials --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Further discussion of Chinese adverbial placement --- p.29 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Definiteness effects in Chinese --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Theoretical accounts for adverbial placement / Chapter 3.1 --- The accounts for English adverbial placement --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- The placement of English AdvP adverbials --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Pollock (1989) --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Bowers (1993) --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The placement of English NP and PP adverbials --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- The accounts for Chinese adverbial placement --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- The placement of Chinese manner adverbials --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The placement of Chinese D/F adverbials --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Ernst (1996) --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Huang (1992) --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Tang (1990) --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3. --- Conclusion --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The experiment and the results / Chapter 4.1 --- The subjects --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2 --- The experiment --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The production task --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The grammaticality judgment task --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3 --- The procedures --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4 --- Overall results --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- The production task --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- The scoring procedure --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- The results --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- The grammaticality judgment task --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- The scoring procedure --- p.90 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- The results --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4.2.2.1 --- The placement of manner adverbials --- p.93 / Chapter 4.4.2.2.2 --- The placement of D/F adverbials --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4.2.2.3 --- The placement of other adverbials --- p.104 / Chapter 4.4.2.2.4 --- The co-occurrence of manner and D/F adverbials --- p.108 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Individual learners' performance --- p.115 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- GP 1 learners --- p.115 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- GP 2 learners --- p.119 / Chapter 4.5 --- Possible shortcomings of the experiment --- p.121 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion and conclusion / Chapter 5 .1. --- The hypotheses --- p.123 / Chapter 5 .2. --- Some important issues --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Little evidence of transfer --- p.126 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- VMO --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- MDFVO and DFMVO --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Overgeneralization --- p.129 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Lack of awareness of different placement patterns for different adverbials by GP 1 --- p.131 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Inconsistency in judgments --- p.133 / Chapter 5.2.7 --- Why was adverbial placement learnable? --- p.134 / Chapter 5.3 --- The developmental stages of acquiring Chinese adverbial placement --- p.137 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- The unlearning of postverbal manner adverbials --- p.137 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Optionality of verb raising and adverbial adjunction pattern --- p.143 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Adjunction order of manner and D/F adverbials --- p.150 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Why is adverbial placement learnable? --- p.152 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Competence and performance --- p.156 / Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusion --- p.157 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- The findings --- p.157 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- The questions for future research --- p.158 / Bibliography --- p.162 / Appendix A --- p.169 / Appendix B --- p.172

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 314-330). / Microfiche. / ix, 330 leaves, bound 29 cm

This study is a comparative analysis of the syntax of adverbials in Chinese and Italian in the context of an anti-symmetric view of clause structure. Through a detailed investigation of selected sentence adverbs, aspect adverbs and manner adverbs, various similarities and differences between Italian and Chinese are identified. Chinese adverbials are mostly pre-verbal (with a few exceptions) while in Italian they can also appear after the verb. Such differences are plausibly accounted for through the verb-movement analysis: the Italian verb raises, overtly, to the left of adverbs, probably as a consequence of the rich inflectional morphology, while in Chinese the verb cannot overtly raise out of VP, due to the scarce inflectional morphology of the language. The traditional analysis of adverbs as adjuncts, coupled with directionality parameters, is not needed in order to explain the facts. The study shows that when adverbs such as the Italian adverb presto and the corresponding Chinese adverb kuai (‘quickly’) appear in different syntactic positions, they may receive different interpretations. This fact cannot be properly captured by the adjunct analysis, but it is predicted by the F-Spec hypothesis, according to which each class of adverbs occupies a specific syntactic position within the functional projections above VP. The double analysis of Italian bene (‘well’), which can be an adverb but can also (in specific cases) be interpreted as a predicate, is a clear example in support of the functional vs. predicational nature of adverbs, a fact also noted in the predicational analysis of the Chinese post-verbal V-deconstructions. Finally, Italian adverbs like stranamente (‘oddly’) are ambiguous between a clausal and a manner reading when appearing in post-verbal / pre-object position, while in Chinese the corresponding adverb qiguai shows the same ambiguity in the pre-verbal position. This, again, is associated with the possibility in Italian, but not in Chinese, for the verb to raise to the left of adverbs. Overall, the study supports the view that several word order and interpretative properties which differ between languages can be reduced to a few abstract syntactic principles. / published_or_final_version / Linguistics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Adverbial constructions are a problematic subject in Tswana grammatical studies. Traditionally termed descriptives, it is not clear what the defining features of this category are. It is also a very vast category. There seems to be many different structures functioning as adverbials in Tswana, including particles, words, prepositional phrases and clauses. Tswana grammars in general often have little to say about the syntax of adverbials, in respect of, for instance, the propensity of Tswana adverbials for multiple occurrences in the same clause and the range of possible positions of Tswana adverbials in clause structure. Because of the vastness of the adverbial category we only deal with adverbials as elements of clause structure. A typical feature of adverbials is the considerable mobility they enjoy in relation to other elements in clause structure which affects their grammatical and semantic status in relation to such elements. By distinguishing different categories of adverbials, in clause structure it becomes clear that the same structural element may function within different adverbial categories. This necessitates a definition of adverbials which is based on their specific semantic functions within clause structure. The study is divided into five chapters. When dealing with the adverbial as a clause element in Tswana, we realise that it is not sufficiently described. The first two chapters therefore serve as an introduction to central theoretical issues where some relevant research is critically examined and related to the present study. In the next chapter, that is Chapter 3, we establish formal and semantic frameworks for the classification and descriptive treatment of adverbials in Tswana. In Chapter 4 we implement the structural, syntactic and semantic properties as well as the features adverbials have as modifiers to make a functional classification of adverbials in clause structure. The classification of adverbials as adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts from A Comprehensive grammar of the English language by Quirk, et al. (1985) (CGEL) is taken as the basis for this classification. Chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and implications of the study. / African Languages / D.litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

The present paper focuses on the comparative analysis of the pronouns, pro-verbs, place and time adverbials in newspaper reportage and newspaper editorial. The aim of the paper is to examine and compare the frequency of the use of the pro-verbs, place and time adverbials in the texts of newspaper reportage and newspaper editorial. The method chosen for achieving the set aim is that of quantitative analysis combined with comparative studies. The results show that the general frequency of the occurrences as well as the relative frequency of the occurrences of the analysed linguistic means does not vary significantly; however, there are certain differences in the use of the particular linguistic means within the genres of newspaper reportage and editorial. Thus, the patterns of the use of certain linguistic means were influenced by genre.

This thesis deals with temporal and local circumstantial adverbials. The aim of this thesis is to define the adverbials, to describe manners of expressions, positions in the sentence and functions and to analyse French and Czech adverbials on the basis of the parallel corpus Intercorp.The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical contains three chapters. The first deals with the description of temporal and local circumstantial adverbials on the basis of Czech grammars. The second chapter focuses on the description of adverbials by French grammars. The third chapter summarizes the conclusions of the theoretical part. The principal chapter is the fourth chapter dealing with the analysis of the temporal and local circumstantial adverbials in the corpus Intercorp.

Adverbial constructions are a problematic subject in Tswana grammatical studies. Traditionally termed descriptives, it is not clear what the defining features of this category are. It is also a very vast category. There seems to be many different structures functioning as adverbials in Tswana, including particles, words, prepositional phrases and clauses. Tswana grammars in general often have little to say about the syntax of adverbials, in respect of, for instance, the propensity of Tswana adverbials for multiple occurrences in the same clause and the range of possible positions of Tswana adverbials in clause structure. Because of the vastness of the adverbial category we only deal with adverbials as elements of clause structure. A typical feature of adverbials is the considerable mobility they enjoy in relation to other elements in clause structure which affects their grammatical and semantic status in relation to such elements. By distinguishing different categories of adverbials, in clause structure it becomes clear that the same structural element may function within different adverbial categories. This necessitates a definition of adverbials which is based on their specific semantic functions within clause structure. The study is divided into five chapters. When dealing with the adverbial as a clause element in Tswana, we realise that it is not sufficiently described. The first two chapters therefore serve as an introduction to central theoretical issues where some relevant research is critically examined and related to the present study. In the next chapter, that is Chapter 3, we establish formal and semantic frameworks for the classification and descriptive treatment of adverbials in Tswana. In Chapter 4 we implement the structural, syntactic and semantic properties as well as the features adverbials have as modifiers to make a functional classification of adverbials in clause structure. The classification of adverbials as adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts from A Comprehensive grammar of the English language by Quirk, et al. (1985) (CGEL) is taken as the basis for this classification. Chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and implications of the study. / African Languages / D.litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This thesis has attempted to determine if there are differences, concerning adverbial placement, between the sentences of left- and right-handed writers. To make this determination, I have statistically analyzed compositions of eight graduate students (four left-handed and four right-), and two left-handed published authors' (Lewis Carroll's and Mark Twains) private correspondence.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Linguistics / Master / Master of Arts

<p> </p><p>This paper is concerned with an investigation of four Old English adverbials with respect to where they are base-generated within the substructure of clauses which serve as examples of Old English prose. There are three structures in which base-generation of clausal constituents is deemed to occur: the CP, the IP, and the VP. Function and derivational movement are the governing factors which regulate the possibility of base-generation occurring within a particular structure. The movements undergone by clausal constituents, from their places of origin within the ‘underlying structures’ to their syntactic realization in the ‘surface structures’ of Old English clauses, are founded upon the model outlined in Johannesson<em> </em>(2009a) which is based on the tenets of Government and Binding theory. As there are no native speakers of Old English, the functions of these adverbials within their clausal environments are determined by their Modern English interpretations. Due to time and space constraints, four Old English adverbials were analysed within the context of one-hundred and twenty clauses which were extracted from The Dictionary of Old English Corpus (2004). Cases deemed to be ambiguous are addressed and classified separately; only one such case was encountered in the course of this study.</p><p>The results should exhibit proof that base-generation of the four Old English conjunct and disjunct adverbials investigated occurs within one of the aforementioned structures. Note that any conclusions drawn are based upon Modern English translations and that the results pertain to the genre of Old English prose.</p><p> </p>