Pour les descendants des survivants du génocide arménien de 1915, les traumatismes actuels, liés à la confrontation aux épreuves du vieillissement et à l’hospitalisation, ont un effet attracteur des traumatismes transgénérationnels. Ces traumatismes génocidaires non subjectivés, transmis au travers des générations, tentent de prendre forme et sens, trouvant dans le présent du vieillissement une « correspondance hallucinatoire » (après-coup). Ces patients ont en commun d’avoir vécu une accumulation de traumas au cours de leurs vies : le deuil, la dépendance, la passivation, la crainte de mourir, rencontrés aujourd’hui, ont déjà fait partie de leur histoire individuelle et ont déjà induit dans le passé d’autres après-coups des traumatismes transgénérationnels. À l’heure du vieillissement, dans la psyché du patient, on assiste à un processus de « feuilletage traumatique », où les différents temps traumatiques présents, passés et transgénérationnels, résonnent et s’intriquent. Les entretiens cliniques sont l’occasion pour ces sujets de retrouver et de partager les mythes familiaux dont ils sont porteurs : en appui sur cet héritage mythique, ce feuilletage peut se « dé-collapser », la psyché réussissant alors à s’approprier l’expérience traumatique qui s’inscrit dans une histoire. Du feuilletage traumatique, d’abord inerte, peuvent advenir des remaniements psychiques remobilisés par la fonction transformatrice du mythe. Dans d’autres cas, les mythes familiaux ont, dans la psyché, une fonction davantage protectrice que transformatrice et le travail thérapeutique consiste à ranimer ce mythe figé, pour le réinscrire dans un mouvement dynamique. Ailleurs, on assiste aux efforts du sujet pour créer un mythe, à défaut de pouvoir en retrouver dans la mémoire. Les transferts parentaux et filiaux permettent de remettre au travail et de relancer, dans la relation thérapeutique, la transmission entre les générations. Les patients peuvent ainsi redonner vie, retrouver du sens à leur fin de vie et continuer à s’inscrire dans une « co-transmission » avec leur descendance. / For the descendants of the survivors of the 1915 Armenian genocide, the current traumas connected with the painful experience of ageing and hospital care have a drawing power on transgenerational trauma. Such traumas, passed on through generations, attempt to take shape finding a “hallucinatory correspondence” in the present ageing experience (deferred action). These subjects share the common experience of superposition of traumas that they have gone through all along their lives: bereavement, dependence, the constraint passivity, the fear of death, which are confronted with today, have already been part of their individual history and have already induced, in the past, other deferred actions ascribable to transgenerational traumas. When comes the time of ageing, in the patient’s psyche, we witness a process of “traumatic superposition” whereby the interplay of various traumatic times-present, past, and transgenerational resonate and become closely enmeshed. Psychological interviews conducted by the practitioner provide such subjects with the opportunity to revisit and to share the family myths which they carry within themselves. Relying on this mythical legacy, the superposition may “de-collapse itself”, the psyche succeeding in appropriating the traumatic experience that lies within the scope of a history. From the traumatic superposition, which is initially inert, there can happen psychic reorganisations which are mobilized anew by the transforming function of the myth. In other cases, family myths have within the psyche, a function more protective than transforming and the therapy consists in reviving this frozen myth in order to place it again within the frame of a dynamic movement. In other cases, what we may observe is the subject’s endeavour to create myth of his or her own for lack of being able to trace it backing his or her memory. Parental or filial transference makes it possible to start up and to stimulate again the transmission between generations within the therapeutic relationship. So doing, the patients can restore life; give back significance to the end of their lives and keep in line with a co-transmission with their descendants.

This thesis deals with the social exclusion of senior citizens living in retirement homes. Each year there is an increase in the number of senior citizens which results in larger necessity of social services of live-in facilities. These facilities provide senior citizens with complex care incl. accommodation and board. In these facilities certain factors can occur that could deepen social exclusion. The risk of social exclusion is going up if the autonomy of senior citizens is being restricted and their vital human needs are not respected. In the area of live-in services it is crucial to view every senior citizen as a unique human being in the bio-psycho-socio-spiritual context and tailor the care to their specific needs. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on objectification of the terms which are based on technical literature and are important for understanding the mentioned issues as well. The chapters address the issues of the ageing process and the old age, periodization of the old age, distinctive changes in the old age, autonomy in relation to the old age, social services for senior citizens in the legislative framework with detailed focus on retirement homes, social exclusion and economic, political and social dimension with regard to the old age. The last chapter of the theoretical part aims at the retirement home in which the research survey has been conducted. At the request of the management of the retirement home and with respect to the ethical aspects of the survey the name of the facility is not stated in this thesis, however, the name Retirement home XY is used. The goal of the empirical part of this thesis is to map the factors which influence social exclusion of senior citizens in the chosen retirement home. The empirical part is then focused on finding the answer to the main research question. Three partial research questions have been determined in order to answer the main research question. For obtaining the necessary data the strategy of qualitative research a surveying method including the technique of semi-structured interview has been selected. The semi-structured interview has been carried out with nine inhabitants of the Retirement home XY who have been chosen on the basis of criteria of quota intentional selection. Quotas for research surveys have been set as follows: The resident of the Retirement home XY who has lived there for the time period of at least 24 months, the resident of the Retirement home XY who draws care allowance in the I. or II. level and the willingness to cooperate. The gained data have been evaluated by the method of creation of clusters, namely on the grounds of the common traits/features. The final data is introduced in compliance with the particular partial research questions. As emerged from the research, communication partners with movement difficulties do not have any contact with the surrounding environment. There is a lack of walks in the neighborhood. It has also been discovered that there is a shortage of excursions. Communication partners see more leisure time. Furthermore, the research has shown that the amount of contact with the immediate family and extended family has decreased. In the area of finance they do not see any considerable changes though some communication partners cannot afford to pay for the whole stay. They seem to be content with the board, after the chef has been changed, only some communication partners would welcome to have their dinner at a later time. Out of means of transport they make use of ambulance car predominantly. They feel neither need to transport themselves anywhere nor run errands. They appreciate the availability of health care, however, a wish has emerged that the general practitioner would visit the Retirement home XY at least twice a week. The results of the empirical part serve as feedback for the management of the Retirement home XY and can contribute to the improvement of the quality of the provided services.

Abstract This diploma thesis named "Perception of the Elderly by the Students of the University of South Bohemia" provides a detailed insight into the senior population viewed by the university students. The aim of this work is to register the students' attitudes and the opinions to this issue. The work consists of two parts a theoretical and the practical. The theoretical part deals with issue of ageing process, namely with the changes which are carried by this life period. Further, this part looks at personalities of university students and their needs in general. Next, it covers a general knowledge about interpersonal perception among humans. This part also describes problems of prejudices and stereotypes connected with a very actual issue ageism. The practical part of this diploma thesis contains an own qualitative research which includes a description of used methodology, examined sample, outcomes and further discussion. These data were collected during a field research in February 2014. It was used a technology of semantic differential. The research was undertaken within the University of South Bohemia. Students of Faculty of Theology, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, Faculty of Economy and Faculty of Agriculture were asked to take a part in this study. They expressed their opinions via a web portal www.mojeanketa.cz. These faculties were chosen deliberately for their different fileds of studies. Thus, I compared the opinions of the students whose fields of studies are specialized either on the market and the business sector, or whose fields of studies are specialized on the help professions and, therefore, their further practice will be orientated to the non-profit sphere. Within this study there were distributed 400 record sheets in total (100 for each faculty) where the responders expressed their opinions. The opinions on the perception of the elderly were expressed within the scale from 1 to 5. The values of this scale has been of a contradictory character. For instance, there were these characteristics: beautiful/ugly, noisy/calm, self-sufficient/un-self-sufficient etc. There was also stated a hypothesis which has been predicted that the students of the University of South Bohemia perceive the elderly positively. The research proved this expectation. The outcomes also show that there is no big difference between the individual opinions of the students of different faculties. This result is actually very positive and, therefore, we can say that the students of the University of South Bohemia do not display any prejudices and stereotypes towards the senior population. The outcomes of this work might be very beneficial as sources for educational work beyond ageism. Further, there can be reached conclusions which will lead to reflection. This work can be used for further scientific investigations and publication activity.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-19T14:28:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 estelasalehdacunha.pdf: 1063926 bytes, checksum: 0f3e3f49ba44e5744d3b83f2bdf755fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-25T12:23:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 estelasalehdacunha.pdf: 1063926 bytes, checksum: 0f3e3f49ba44e5744d3b83f2bdf755fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T12:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 estelasalehdacunha.pdf: 1063926 bytes, checksum: 0f3e3f49ba44e5744d3b83f2bdf755fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-08 / Diante das constantes transformações econômicas, políticas e sociais experimentadas pelas sociedades capitalistas, a partir de meados do século passado, deparamo-nos também com um fenômeno demográfico verdadeiramente novo: o crescimento da população idosa. O envelhecimento populacional é fruto de uma rede de relações econômicas e sociais que se diferenciam de país para país, de região para região, construindo, assim, realidades e modos distintos de vivenciar este processo. No Brasil, o processo de transição demográfica caracteriza-se pela rapidez com que o aumento absoluto e relativo das populações adulta e idosa modificou a pirâmide etária nacional. Como salienta Haddad (1986), embora o aumento da população idosa possa sugerir uma melhoria na qualidade de vida no país, a forma como o Brasil está “envelhecendo” reflete as históricas desigualdades aqui consolidadas. Ou seja, o processo de envelhecimento reproduz as desigualdades que se estabelecem na sociabilidade humana, de acordo com diferenciações de ordem social, econômica, política, cultural, étnica, sexual, geracional e espacial. A velhice, entendida a partir desta concepção, não é uma generalização, no singular; mas, como observa Beauvoir (1990) “velhices”, pois há diferentes e desiguais velhices. Assim, mais que um fenômeno natural, biológico e orgânico, a velhice é um fenômeno social, econômico, político, cultural, espacial, etc., multifacetado que se engendra nas relações de produção e reprodução social. Considerando as colocações anteriores e pautando-nos nelas é que este estudo se estrutura, tendo por objetivo compreender a heterogeneidade do processo de envelhecimento a partir dos “relatos orais de vida” de homens e mulheres que envelhecem, pertencentes a diferentes faixas etárias (geração) – entre 65 e 91 anos, inserções sociais – redes de sociabilidade/participação - e rendas pessoais, do município de Juiz de Fora - MG, a fim de identificar as particularidades deste processo, marcado pelas condições reais e objetivas de vida destes indivíduos, e, ao mesmo tempo, estabelecer elos de pertencimento global entre estes velhos e as condições materiais e culturais da sociedade capitalista na qual envelhecem. A questão norteadora desta dissertação é o caráter público e, portanto, coletivo, do processo de envelhecimento e da velhice; ou ainda, a busca pelo distanciamento da visão da questão do envelhecimento como uma questão particular, homogênea, definindo-a como uma questão pública e heterogênea. / Along with the constant economic, political and social transformations experienced by capitalist societies since the middle of the last century, we have also witnessed a really new demographic phenomenon: the growth of the elderly sector of the population. The ageing of the population is the result of a network of economic and social relationships which are different from one country to another, from one region to another, thereby constructing different realities and ways of experiencing this process. In Brazil the process of demographic transition is characterized by the speed at which the absolute and relative increase of the adult and elderly populations modified the national age pyramid. As Haddad (1986) points out, although the increase in the elderly sector of the population might suggest an improvement in the quality of life in this country, the way that Brazil is “ageing” reflects the historical inequalities that have been consolidated here. That is, the ageing process reproduces the inequalities that are established in human sociability, in accordance with social, economic, political, cultural, ethnic, sexual, generational and spatial differentiations. Old age, understood in this light, is not a generalization, in the singular; but rather, as Beauvoir (1990) observes, “old ages”, since there are different and unequal old ages. Thus, more than a natural, biological and organic phenomenon, old age is a multifaceted phenomenon (social, economic, political, cultural, spatial, etc.), which has its origins in the relationships of social production and reproduction. This study considers the above ideas and is based on them, attempting to understand the heterogeneity of the process of ageing from “oral reports of life” by ageing men and women, from different age-brackets (generations) – between 65 and 91 years of age, social insertions – networks of sociability/participation, and personal income brackets from the municipality of Juiz de Fora in the state of Minas Gerais. The aim is to identify the peculiarities of this process, marked by the real objective living conditions of these individuals, and, at the same time, establish links of global belonging between these old people and the material and cultural conditions of the capitalist society in which they are ageing. The guiding principle of this dissertation is the public, and therefore collective, character of the ageing process and old age; it also attempts to get away from the idea of ageing being seen as an individual, homogeneous issue, and instead define it as a public, heterogeneous issue.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Millions of tonnes of fly ash are generated worldwide every year to satisfy the large demand for energy. Management of this fly ash has been a concern and various approaches for its beneficial use have been investigated. Over the last two decades, there has been intensive research internationally that has focused on the use of different sources of fly ash for zeolite synthesis.However, most of the studies have concentrated on class C fly ash and very few have reported the use of South African class F fly ash as feedstock for zeolite synthesis.Class F fly ash from South Africa has been confirmed to be a good substrate for zeolite synthesis due to its compositional dominance of aluminosilicate and silicate phases. However, because differences in quartz-mullite/glass proportions of fly ash from different sources produces impure phases or different zeolite mineral phases under the same activation conditions, the present study focused on optimization of synthesis conditions to obtain pure phase zeolite Na-P1 from class F South African coal fly ash. Synthesis variables evaluated in this study were; hydrothermal treatment time (12 - 48 hours), temperature (100 – 160 oC) and addition of varying molar quantities of water during the hydrothermal treatment step (H2O:SiO2 molar ratio ranged between 0 - 0.49).Once the most suitable conditions for the synthesis of pure phase zeolite Na-P1 from fly ash were identified, a statistical approach was adopted to refine the experiments, that was designed to evaluate the interactive effects of some of the most important synthesis variables. In this case, the four synthesis variables; NaOH concentration (NaOH: SiO2 molar ratio ranged between 0.35– 0.71), ageing temperature (35 oC – 55 oC), hydrothermal treatment time (36 - 60 hours) and temperature (130 oC – 150 oC) were studied. The response was determined by evaluating the improvement in the cation exchange capacity of the product zeolite.The starting materials (fly ashes from Arnot, Hendrina and Duvha power stations) and the synthesized zeolite product were characterized chemically, mineralogically and morphologically by X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Other characterization technique used in the study were Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to provide structural information and also monitor evolution of crystallinity during synthesis, as well as cation exchange capacity to determine the amount of exchangeable positively charged ions. Nitrogen adsorption was used to determine the surface area and porosity, and inductively coupled mass spectrometry for multi-elemental analysis of the post-synthesis supernatants.The results from the X-ray diffraction spectroscopy showed that the most pure zeolite Na-P1 phase was achieved when the molar regime was 1 SiO2 : 0.36 Al2O3 : 0.59 NaOH : 0.49 H2O and at synthesis conditions such that ageing was done at 47 oC for 48 hours while the hydrothermal treatment time and temperature was held at 48 hours and 140 oC, respectively. Results from statistically designed experiments show that there was a distinct variation of phase purity with synthesis conditions. From the analysis of linear and non linear interactions, it was found that the main effects were ageing temperature and hydrothermal treatment time and temperature, which also showed some interactions. This experimental approach enabled a clearer understanding of the relationship between the synthesis conditions and the purity of the zeolite Na-P1 obtained.The quality of zeolites is a major determinant in the efficiency of toxic element removal from waste water. Preliminary experiments conducted using optimised zeolite Na-P1 obtained in this study with a cation exchange capacity of 4.11 meq/g showed a high percentage removal of Pb,Cd, Ni, Mn, V, As, B, Fe, Se, Mo Sr, Ba and Zn from process brine obtained from Emalahleni water reclamation plant.In summary, a pure phase of zeolite Na-P1 was obtained from South African class F fly ash feedstock at relatively mild temperature. The systematic approach, incorporating statistical design of experiments, developed in this study resulted in a better understanding regarding the relationships of synthesis parameters in the formation of zeolites from fly ash. The zeolite Na-P1 synthesized with a high cation exchange capacity was effective for removal of toxic elements from brine.

As Hsp60 acham-se conservadas em todos os organismos, participando da estruturação de proteínas e em processos crônico-degenerativos. Foi avaliada a ação das Hsp65r WT e sua mutante K409A de M. leprae no envelhecimento. Análises do Tempo Médio de Sobrevida (TMS), titulação dos isótipos, ensaios de avidez e análises histopatológicas foram realizadas em camundongos das linhagens HIII e LIII inoculados intraperitonealmente aos 120 ou 270 dias de vida com 2.5µg/mL das Hsp65r. Verificou-se redução no TMS de fêmeas HIII, envelhecidas e adultas, inoculadas com WT. A inoculação da Hsp65r WT em fêmeas LIII envelhecidas resultou no aumento do TMS. A dosagem dos anticorpos não revelou alterações marcantes na produção dos isótipos, e a avidez de IgG foi menor nas fêmeas HIII envelhecidas inoculadas com WT. A análise histopatológica mostrou inflamação nos rins de fêmeas HIII velhas tratadas com Hsp65r WT. Os resultados indicaram a interferência da Hsp65r WT na imunidade durante o processo de senescência de fêmeas envelhecidas constitutivamente boas produtoras de anticorpos. / The Hsp60 are conserved in all organisms, involved in proteins folding and chronic-degenerative processes. We evaluated the action of M. leprae rHsp65 WT and its mutant K409A in aging. Analyses of mean survival time (MST), antibody titration, avidity assays and histopathological examinations were performed in mice from HIII and LIII lines intraperitoneally inoculated at 120 or 270 days of life with 2.5µg/mL of rHsp65. There was a decrease in MST in adult and aged HIII females mice inoculated with WT protein. WT rHsp65 treatment in aged LIII females resulted in the increase of MST. The antibodies titration showed no marked changes in the production of isotypes and IgG avidity was lower in aged HIII females inoculated with WT. Histopathology showed inflammation in the kidneys of old HIII females treated with WT rHsp65. The results indicated the interference of WT rHsp65 in immunity during the senescence of aged females from HIII line constitutively producing good antibodies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:39:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Odila Weigand.pdf: 1845061 bytes, checksum: ec8f3a6a9ad23bd2662db8fa5b42b0e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-19 / The purpose of this study was to deepen and update the concept of grounding in Bioenergetic Analysis. This approach combines fundamental principles of psychoanalysis with direct work on the organism, seen from the viewpoint of its emotional, energetic and relational development. Both paradigms of psychoanalysis, pulsion and object-relations, were studied within the context of the historical development of Bioenergetics Analysis, in terms of their influence on the theory as well as on the practice. Brazilian Bioenergetic Analysis therapists have been building their own identity over the last 25 years. This should not be seen as a split from Alexander Lowen's ideas, as it actually means a differentiation born out of those therapists maturity. The integration of the object-relations paradigm, indicates the pathway for a model of psychotherapy which associates the construction of functional and integrative internal organizations with the phase, in psychotherapy, of dismantling repressive and defensive structures. In this study, a group of third-age women participated in Bioenergetics exercise classes for a period of four months. This research may be considered a social project with the objective of demonstrating an application of Bioenergetic Analysis that would preserve its healing potential, at the same time respecting the principles of intersubjectivity, of social inclusion, citizenship and ethics, and also that would be compatible with Brazilian social reality. The work with the group was conducted intending to create resources that might make possible for chronic primary defenses gradually to become unnecessary. Body work and level of excitation were adequated to the developmental level and physical possibilities of the participants. The changes observed in the group were verified by the subjective observation of the coordinators, as well as by verbal manifestations of participants, and by the analysis of the HTP test. In short, those verified changes were: improvement in vitality and flexibility, self-perception, social contact, increased maturity and ego strength, along with possible emergence of unconscious pulsional and traumatic contents. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi aprofundar e atualizar o conceito do grounding na Análise Bioenergética. Esta abordagem combina os princípios fundamentais da psicanálise com o trabalho direto no organismo visto do ponto de vista do seu desenvolvimento energético, emocional e relacional. Os dois paradigmas da psicanálise, pulsional e objetal, foram discutidos no contexto da evolução histórica da Análise Bioenergética, em termos de suas influências na teoria e na prática. Os terapeutas brasileiros vêm criando uma identidade própria ao longo dos últimos 25 anos. Não se trata de uma cisão em relação às idéias de Alexander Lowen, mas de uma diferenciação resultante do amadurecimento dos mesmos. A introdução do paradigma objetal indica o caminho para um modelo de psicoterapia no qual se agregam a construção de organizações internas funcionais e integradoras e a fase de desmonte das estruturas repressivas e defensivas. Neste estudo, mulheres da terceira idade participaram de um grupo de exercícios de Análise Bioenergética por um período de quatro meses. A pesquisa pode ser considerada um projeto social, com o objetivo de demonstrar uma aplicação da Análise Bioenergética que preservasse seu potencial curativo, ao mesmo tempo respeitando princípios de intersubjetividade, inclusão social, cidadania e ética, e também fosse compatível com a realidade social brasileira. O trabalho com este grupo foi conduzido com a intenção de criar recursos para que as defesas primitivas crônicas pudessem tornar-se gradualmente desnecessárias. Trabalhou-se corporalmente com níveis de excitação e técnicas adequadas ao estágio de desenvolvimento e capacidade física das participantes. As mudanças ocorridas no grupo foram constatadas por observação subjetiva das coordenadoras, por manifestações verbalizadas pelas participantes e pela análise do teste HTP. Em síntese caracterizam-se essas mudanças como: melhora na vitalidade e flexibilidade, na auto-percepção, no contato social, maior maturidade, fortalecimento do ego e possibilidade de emergência de conteúdos pulsionais e traumáticos inconscientes.

As Hsp60 acham-se conservadas em todos os organismos, participando da estruturação de proteínas e em processos crônico-degenerativos. Foi avaliada a ação das Hsp65r WT e sua mutante K409A de M. leprae no envelhecimento. Análises do Tempo Médio de Sobrevida (TMS), titulação dos isótipos, ensaios de avidez e análises histopatológicas foram realizadas em camundongos das linhagens HIII e LIII inoculados intraperitonealmente aos 120 ou 270 dias de vida com 2.5µg/mL das Hsp65r. Verificou-se redução no TMS de fêmeas HIII, envelhecidas e adultas, inoculadas com WT. A inoculação da Hsp65r WT em fêmeas LIII envelhecidas resultou no aumento do TMS. A dosagem dos anticorpos não revelou alterações marcantes na produção dos isótipos, e a avidez de IgG foi menor nas fêmeas HIII envelhecidas inoculadas com WT. A análise histopatológica mostrou inflamação nos rins de fêmeas HIII velhas tratadas com Hsp65r WT. Os resultados indicaram a interferência da Hsp65r WT na imunidade durante o processo de senescência de fêmeas envelhecidas constitutivamente boas produtoras de anticorpos. / The Hsp60 are conserved in all organisms, involved in proteins folding and chronic-degenerative processes. We evaluated the action of M. leprae rHsp65 WT and its mutant K409A in aging. Analyses of mean survival time (MST), antibody titration, avidity assays and histopathological examinations were performed in mice from HIII and LIII lines intraperitoneally inoculated at 120 or 270 days of life with 2.5µg/mL of rHsp65. There was a decrease in MST in adult and aged HIII females mice inoculated with WT protein. WT rHsp65 treatment in aged LIII females resulted in the increase of MST. The antibodies titration showed no marked changes in the production of isotypes and IgG avidity was lower in aged HIII females inoculated with WT. Histopathology showed inflammation in the kidneys of old HIII females treated with WT rHsp65. The results indicated the interference of WT rHsp65 in immunity during the senescence of aged females from HIII line constitutively producing good antibodies.

The diploma work is focused on importance of movement activities for seniors. The movement represents the basic manifestation of life, influences the physical health, helps psychologically and reduces psychical problems. Ageing is a process which runs individually and during which the human organism goes through certain changes. Everyone, who works with seniors, should be familiar with basic information about the ageing process. Physical activities are fundamental for this age group, they maintain the physical ability and the psychical immunity. They help handling everyday situations. In order that the exercises had the desired result, it is necessary to follow certain conventions and respect individual differences. The task of the people working with senior is to motivate them enough. Nowadays, we can find a large offer of appropriate physical activities which aim at a self-sufficient and happy senior life.

The work deals with the social-psychological aspects of old age. The first part characterises these basic terms : old age, the needs of elderly people and different types of senior care. In the part {\clqq} Illnesses of elderly people`` it deals with the most common illnesses and their effects on the social {--} psychological life of elderly people. It describes the separate views of society on old age and the influence of illnesses on elderly people. It goes on to describe the violence commited against senior citizens and the need they have good social relationships (family, friends).It also suggets different leisure time activities and ways for the elderly to utilize their time. In the next part there are different examples from various senior citizens in which they tell the story of their life, about their joys and problems. The practical part includes the research about the common life of elderly, which we can see every day. I have seen both positive and negative things, which come with old age. There I compare the leisure time activities of elderly men and elderly women.