Orientador: Herbert G. Wirth / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-15T05:21:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miguel_MariaHelena_M.pdf: 5755480 bytes, checksum: c4ffe98f98664455a0ae4a3404f02003 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1987 / Resumo: Partindo-se da hipótese de que o tensoativo aniônico, e não iônico quando presentes em urna solução produzem sistemas sinergísticos quanto à formação de espuma, buscou-se: - Caracterizar estes sistemas e quantificá-los. - Submetê-los ao processo de separação por fracionamento em fase espuma - Sugerir o comportamento do sistema na adsorção líquido-gás tentando-se determinar a relação entre o excesso de concentração superficial e a sua concentração volumétrica / Abstract: The hypothesis of synergistic effects in terms of foam formation and stability of anionic and monionic surfactants in aqueous solutions was tested. Considerations are given to - Characterization and quantification of surface properties of these systems. - Application of a foam fractionation process to the system at different concentrations. The behavior of the system during liquid-gas adsorption is suggested and a relationship between excess of surface concentration and its bulk concentration is proposed / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

El presente trabajo se efectuó con el fin de investigar la modulación nitridérgica en la acción antinociceptiva de ketorolaco y el paracetamol, en un modelo de dolor agudo experimental: el test de las contorsiones abdominales. Se usaron 150 ratones de la cepa CF/1, machos y hembras, con un peso de 25 a 30 grs. Los animales fueron inyectados intraperitonealmente, al tiempo del máximo efecto, usando 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 y 1/16 de las DE50 de ketorolaco y de paracetamol, y mediante el análisis isobolográfico, la interacción resultó ser de tipo sinérgica o supraaditiva. La participación del sistema NO/GMPc, en la interacción sinérgica de ketorolaco y paracetamol, se evaluó con el pretratamiento de los animales L-NAME, un inhibidor no selectivo de NOS, comprobándose que modifica significativamente la naturaleza de la interacción, transformándola de sinérgica a aditiva.

Magíster en Química área de Especialización en Química Medicinal y Memoria para optar al Título de Químico / Los derivados quinónicos poseen interesantes aplicaciones en áreas de la química de materiales y medicinal. Estos compuestos pueden ser encontrados tanto en la naturaleza como obtenerse sintéticamente, su síntesis ha despertado interés, debido a la posibilidad de funcionalizarlas, con el objetivo de mejorar sus propiedades, y también obtener nuevas estructuras. En este trabajo se informa la síntesis y caracterización de una serie de amino-, tio- y carbazolquinonas estructuralmente relacionadas con calotrixinas. Para la síntesis de amino y tioquinonas se utilizó un protocolo de química verde, utilizando agua como solvente. En una segunda etapa, se realizó la ciclación de quinonas que presentan sustituyentes dadores o aceptores en posiciones no impedidas, mediante el uso de acetato de paladio (II)1. Estos compuestos fueron caracterizados espectroscópicamente mediante resonancia magnética nuclear (1H, 13C y experimentos bidimensionales), sus actividades biológicas preliminares fueron estudiadas en líneas celulares de carcinoma mamario de ratón TA3. / Quinone derivatives have shown interesting applications in diverse chemical areas such as materials and medicinal chemistry. These compounds can be found in nature or being synthesized, and their synthesis has awakened some interest because they can be functionalized, and new structures can be obtained. In this work the synthesis and characterization of a series of amino-, tio- and carbazolquinones structurally related to Calothrixins are reported. For amino and tioquinone-derivative synthesis, a green chemistry protocol has been followed, using water as solvent. In a second stage, quinones containing donor or acceptor moieties not sterically hindered, were cyclized using Palladium (II) acetate 1. The quinone derivatives were characterized utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (1H, 13C and bidimensional), and their preliminary biological activities were studied using TA3 mammary carcinoma cells from mice / Fondecyt

Orientador: Maria de Lourdes Garboggini da Gama / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T04:55:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VilasBoas_OlindaMariaGomesdaCosta_D.pdf: 2865511 bytes, checksum: 87c549630e6299bf8ea3765b69b410a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1992 / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar morfológica e morfométricamente as alterações de volumes nucleares no epitélio dos túbulos contorcidos e alças de Renle, causadas pela hipervitaminose A em rins de fetos de ratas tratadas com diferentes doses de vitamina A. Para tanto, foram utilizados 42 fetos de ratas que, no décimo dia de prenhez receberam, intraperitonealmente, 30.000 VI, 40.000 VI, 50.000 VI, 70.000 VI, 100.000 VI ou 150.000 VI de vitamina A, sob a forma de palmitato de retinil em solução coloidal hidromiscível; e 7 fetos de ratas que receberam solução salina. Os rins dos fetos,colhidos no 21Q dia de prenhezdasratas, foram fixados em solução de Alfac, por 24 horas, pesados e incluidos em parafina. Após a microtomia semiseriada dos rins esquerdos, a uma espessura de 7 ""m, os cortes histológicos foram corados pela hematoxilina-cosina, para as mensurações ao microscópio. Os resultadosobtidos neste trabalho permitiram as seguintes conclusões: 1. a vitamina A atua na embriogênese causando modificações no desenvolvimento com nascimento de fetos de menor peso e malformações, bem como menor peso renal. 2. a vitamina A provoca um aumento do volume nuclear dos epitélios dos túbulos renais estudados, nos animais tratados com doses mais elevadas. 3. o emprego de doses progressivas de vitaminaA mostra também alterações microscópicas no tecido renal, diferenciadas e cada vez mais graves / Abstract: The present paper had the purpose of characterizing, morphological and morphometrically, the changes in nuclear volumes in the epithelia of the convoluted tubules and Henle's loops caused by hypervitaminosis A on the kidneys of rat fetuses treated with different doses of vitamin A. Forty-two rat fetuses were used, of which their mothers received 30.000 DI, 40.000 DI, 50.000 DI, 70.000 DI, 100.000 DI or 150.000 DI of vitamin A, intraperitoneally, on the tenth day of pregnaney, under the form of retinyl palmitatc in hydromiseible solution, while seven pregnant rats received saline solution. The fetuses kidneys collected on the 21st day of the rats' pregnancy, were fixed during 24 hours in Alfac solution, weighed and embedded in paraffin. After semiserial microtomy of the left kidneys (7 m thick), the histological sections were stained by hematoxylin-eosin for microscopic measurements. The results lead us to conclude that: 1. vitamin A acts on embryonic development causing changes such as the birth of lighter and malformed fetuses, as well as a smaller kidney weights. 2. vitamin A induces an increase of the nuclear volume in the epithelia of the renal tubules in the animals treated with higher doses. 3. the use increasingly doses of vitamin A a1so show's microscopic and differentiated alterations correspondingly more severe / Doutorado / Farmacologia / Doutor em Ciências

Submitted by Fernanda Rodrigues de Lima (fernanda.rlima@ufpe.br) on 2018-10-09T21:02:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO José Guedes da Silva Júnior.pdf: 2699851 bytes, checksum: 680fbb4f9eaf27c316716d1074b117f5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alice Araujo (alice.caraujo@ufpe.br) on 2018-11-21T19:31:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO José Guedes da Silva Júnior.pdf: 2699851 bytes, checksum: 680fbb4f9eaf27c316716d1074b117f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-21T19:31:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO José Guedes da Silva Júnior.pdf: 2699851 bytes, checksum: 680fbb4f9eaf27c316716d1074b117f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-09 / FACEPE / Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde as neoplasias estão entre as doenças com maior índice de mortalidade, acometendo aproximadamente 17 milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Desta maneira, a pesquisa de novos compostos contra o câncer é fundamental, para que novos medicamentos antineoplásicos com maior eficácia e mais segurança sejam desenvolvidos. Nesse contexto, esse projeto propôs a síntese e avaliação antitumoral de ftalimidas glicoconjugadas sobre tumores sólidos experimentais em camundongos albinos suíços machos. A síntese química das ftalimidas glicoconjugadas com triazóis (1A, 1B e 1C) foi obtida através da reação de cicloadição 1,3-dipolar. A citotoxicidade in vitro foi realizada em linhagens de células MCF-7, HL 60 e NCL H292 utilizando o método colorimétrico de MTT (3- [4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il]-2,5-difeniltetrazólio) de acordo com o protocolo do National Câncer Institute (NCI). A atividade anti-tumoral in vivo foi avaliada em 5 grupos de camundongos: controle negativo que recebeu Carboximetilcelulose 1%, grupo controle positivo 5-Fluoruracil e os grupos tratados com as ftalimidas 1A, 1B e 1C durante sete dias. A dose utilizada foi de 20mg/kg/dia e os animais tiveram acesso livre a água e alimentação. No oitavo dia os animais foram sacrificados e obtidos amostras de sangue para análise do hemograma e os tumores para avaliação histológica. As avaliações foram feitas frente ao Carcinoma de Eherlich e ao Sarcoma 180. A avaliação da inibição tumoral (TWI%) foi realizada através do cálculo: TWI= C-T/Cx100, onde C: é a medida do peso dos tumores do grupo controle negativo e T: é a média dos pesos dos tumores dos animais tratados. Foi realizado o ensaio antiinflamatório por peritonite também na dose 20mg/Kg e o Ácido Acetilsalicilico como controle positivo. Os valores foram expressos como média ± desvio padrão, com um intervalo de confiança de 95%, as diferenças estatísticas foram acessados por ANOVA. Os resultados obtidos na citotoxicidade In vitro demonstraram que compostos sintetizados apresentaram baixa percentagem de inibição do crescimento das células NCIH 292, HL60 e MCF-7 (>20). Já na atividade antitumoral In vivo com o tumor Ehrlich os animais tratados com o composto 1A tiveram uma inibição de 63,8% do tumor, enquanto os tratados com o composto 1B tiveram 62,8% de inibição tumoral e com o composto 1C 62%. O grupo controle positivo tratado com 5-Fluorouracil apresentou inibição de 76,6%. Frente ao Sarcoma 180 o composto 1A inibiu em 70,6% o crescimento tumoral, o composto 1B em 62,% e o composto 1C 64,3%, já o grupo tratado com o 5-Fluoracil inibiu o crescimento do tumor em 76,8%. Não foram encontradas alterações hematológicas em nenhum dos grupos experimentais. Os compostos 1A, 1B e 1C mostraram-se também capazes de reduzir o número de leucócitos do líquido peritoneal formado na cavidade dos animais, apresentando boa atividade Anti-inflamatória. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram boa atividade antitumoral das ftalimidas glicoconjugadas frente ao Carcinoma de Ehrlich e ao Sarcoma 180 In vivo, além de excelente atividade Anti-inflamatória, colocando esses compostos como grupos farmacofóricos promissores para tratamento do câncer. / Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by loss of control of cell differentiation and proliferation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) neoplasms are among the diseases with the highest mortality rate, affecting approximately 17 million people worldwide. Thus, the search for new compounds against cancer is critical for developing new anticancer drugs with greater efficacy and safety. In this context, this project proposes the synthesis and antitumor evaluation of phthalimides glycoconjugate on experimental solid tumors in Swiss albino male mice. Chemical synthesis of glycoconjugate with triazoles phthalimides (1A, 1B, and 1C) was obtained by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation was performed on MCF-7, HL60 and NCL H292 cell lines by colorimetric method using the MTT (3- [4,5- dimethylthiazole-2-il]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium), according to the protocol of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The in vivo anti-tumor activity was assessed in 5 groups of mice, each with eight animals: a negative control group that received carboxymethylcellulose 1%, a positive control group treated with 5-fluorouracil and the other groups treated with the phthalimides 1A, 1B and 1C, for seven days. The dose was 20 mg/kg/day and the animals had free access to food and water. On the eighth day the animals were sacrificed and blood samples collected for complete blood count and examination of the tumors for histological evaluation. The evaluations were made against Eherlich carcinoma and sarcoma 180. Assessment of tumor inhibition (TWI%) was performed by calculating: TWI = TC / CX100, where C: is the measure of the weight of tumors of the negative control group and T: is the average weight of the tumors of treated animals. It was conducted the anti-inflammatory peritonitis assay also at 20 mg/kg using acetylsalicylic acid as positive control. Values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, with a 95% confidence interval, and the statistical differences were assessed by ANOVA. Results from the in vitro cytotoxicity showed that the synthesized compounds showed a low percentage of growth inhibition of cells NCIH 292, HL-60 and MCF-7 (> 20). While in vivo antitumor activity with Ehrlich tumor, animals treated with compound 1A had a 63.8% inhibition of tumor, ones treated with the compound 1B had 62.8% tumor inhibition and compound 1C had 62%. The positive control group treated with 5-fluorouracil showed 76.6% inhibition. Front Sarcoma 180, the 1A compound inhibited in 70.6% tumor growth, compound 1B in 62% and compound 1C in 64.3%, whereas the group treated with 5-Fluoracil inhibited tumor growth by 76.8%. No hematological changes were found in any of the experimental groups. Compounds 1A, 1B and 1C also show up able to reduce the number of leukocytes in the peritoneal fluid formed in the cavity of the animals, demonstrating good anti-inflammatory activity. The results showed good antitumor activity of phthalimides glycoconjugate against Ehrlich carcinoma and sarcoma 180 in vivo as well as excellent anti-inflammatory activity, placing these compounds as promising pharmacophore groups for cancer treatment.

Bartonella bacilliformis es el agente causal de la enfermedad de Carrión. Actualmente, en el Perú los casos se siguen presentando y se ha reportado fallas en el tratamiento. Hay muy pocas investigaciones acerca de la susceptibilidad a antimicrobianos, y no se tiene estandarizada una prueba de antibiograma para esta bacteria. Asímismo, aún no se conocen los mecanismos de resistencia ni las secuencias de los genes asociados a ellas en cepas nativas circulantes de Bartonella bacilliformis. Por ello, el objetivo fue caracterizar molecularmente los genes asociados a la resistencia antimicrobiana en cepas circulantes en zonas endémicas para evaluar si presentan o no mutaciones en estos genes. Se estandarizó una prueba de antibiograma utilizando la cepa B. bacilliformis CIP 57.18 colocándose los discos de antibióticos comerciales: ciprofloxacina (CIP, 5 µg), rifampicina (RD, 30 µg), eritromicina (E, 15 µg), gentamicina (CN, 15 µg), doxiciclina (DO, 30 µg), cloranfenicol (30 µg), ácido nalidíxico (AN, 5 µg) y levofloxacina (LVX, 5 µg). Todas las cepas ensayadas mostraron resistencia al ácido nalidíxico pero sensibilidad a ciprofloxacina, a excepción de la cepa USM-LMM-002 que presentó susceptibilidad disminuida a ciprofloxacina. El análisis de las proteínas que codifican los genes gyrA y parC implicados en la resistencia a estos antibióticos, determinó que ambos presentan una diferencia aminoacídica (Ser83 por Ala) en la región del QRDR en relación a la GyrA y ParC de E. coli. Interesantemente, esta Ala83 en GyrA y ParC sólo proporciona resistencia a ácido nalidíxico y no a ciprofloxacina, siendo necesaria la acumulación de mutaciones en gyrA para la resistencia a ciprofloxacina. Para los demás antibióticos, las cepas fueron sensibles y en el secuenciamiento de los genes (rpoB, L4 y 16S ribosomal) asociado a dichas resistencia no se encontró ninguna mutación. La resistencia constitutiva al ácido nalidíxico es una propiedad de B. bacilliformis, y sería un buen indicador de la susceptibilidad a las fluoroquinolonas pero su resistencia no está relacionada a la resistencia de otras fluoroquinolonas. Además, la sensibilidad a otros antibióticos como doxiciclina, rifampicina, cloranfenicol y gentamicina podría indicar alternativas en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad aunque ensayos clínicos serian necesarios. / --- Bartonella bacilliformis is the causative agent of Carrion's disease. Currently in Peru are still present cases and are reported failures in treatment. There is very little research on antimicrobial susceptibility, nor has been standardized a test of sensitivity to the bacteria. Also, are not yet known resistance mechanisms and the sequences of genes associated with them in circulating native strains of Bartonella bacilliformis. Therefore, the objective was molecularly characterize the genes associated with antimicrobial resistance in isolates circulating in endemic areas to assess whether present or not mutations in these genes. Susceptibility testing was standardized using the strain of B. bacilliformis CIP 57.18 placing commercial antibiotic discs: ciprofloxacin (CIP, 5 µg), rifampin (RD, 30 µg), erythromycin (E, 15 µg), gentamicin (CN, 15 µg), doxycycline (DO, 30 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), nalidixic acid (NA, 5 µg) and levofloxacin (LVX, 5 µg). All strains tested showed resistance to nalidixic acid but sensitive to ciprofloxacin, except for strain USM-LMM-002 that presented reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. The analysis of the proteins encoded by gyrA and parC genes involved in resistance to these antibiotics, determined that both have an aminoacid difference (Ser83 by Ala) in the QRDR region in relation to the GyrA and ParC of E. coli. Interestingly, the Ala83 in GyrA and ParC only provides resistance to nalidixic acid and not to ciprofloxacin, being necessary the accumulation of mutations in gyrA for ciprofloxacin resistance. For other antibiotics, the strains were sensitive and sequencing of genes (rpoB, and 16S ribosomal L4) associated with such resistance, there was no mutation. Constitutive resistance to nalidixic acid is a property of B. bacilliformis, and would be a good indicator of susceptibility to fluoroquinolones but this resistance is not related to resistance to other fluoroquinolones. In addition, sensitivity to other antibiotics such as doxycycline, rifampicin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin might suggest alternatives in the treatment of this disease, although clinical trials are needed. / Tesis

Investigación de naturaleza descriptiva, transversal y experimental. Tiene por finalidad determinar la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de los aceites esenciales y extractos etanólicos de hojas de Piper acutifolium Ruiz & Pav., Piper carpunya Ruiz & Pav., Piper callosum Ruiz & Pav. y Piper amalago L., recolectadas en los departamentos de Cajamarca, Loreto y Amazonas, y la elucidación estructural de los componentes de sus aceites esenciales. La actividad antimicrobiana se evalúa mediante el método de difusión en agar y se determina la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) por el método de microdilución colorimétrica frente a Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Staphylococcus aureus meticilina resistente ATCC 33591, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Bacillus subtilis cepa ambiental, Bacillus cereus cepa alimentaria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 y Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Los aceites esenciales de P. acutifolium Ruiz & Pav., P. callosum Ruiz & Pav. y P. amalago L. presentan actividad antimicrobiana significativa frente a S. epidermidis y B. cereus, mientras que el extracto etanólico de P. acutifolium Ruiz & Pav. muestra actividad frente a B. subtilis (halos de inhibición > 18 mm). Por el método de microdilución, los aceites esenciales y los extractos etanólicos muestran actividad antimicrobiana con una CMI de 0.12 ± 0.06 a 0.26 ± 0.09 μL/mL y una CMI de 5.86 ± 2.76 a 145.83 ± 95.47 μg/mL solo frente a las bacterias Gram positivas en estudio. Además todos los aceites esenciales y el extracto etanólico de P. callosum Ruiz & Pav. presentan buena actividad frente a C. albicans. La elucidación estructural se realiza mediante Cromatografía de Gases/ Espectrometría de Masas (CG/EM) y revela que los sesquiterpenos son los componentes mayoritarios, seguidos de los monoterpenos y fenilpropanoides. / Tesis

El presente es un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y de corte transversal, cuyo objetivo es determinar el patrón de resistencia a los antimicrobianos, de bacterias aisladas de muestras biológicas recolectadas de enero a diciembre del 2000 en el Centro Médico Naval, hospital de cuarto nivel ubicado en Bellavista, Callao. Fueron analizados 2215 antibiogramas, de los cuales el 74% se procesaron con el Sistema Microscan y el 26% por el Método de Difusión en Disco. El mayor porcentaje de aislados provenía de muestras de orina (60%) y vías respiratorias (30%). El microorganismo más frecuentemente aislado en urocultivos fue Escherichia coli (67%); y en vías respiratorias, Staphylococcus aureus (75%). Escherichia coli mostró resistencia mayor al 50% a las penicilinas, ampicilina/sulbactam, cefalotina, cotrimoxazol y tetraciclina, y 41% a ciprofloxacino. Los antibacterianos con mayor actividad frente a este microorganismo (resistencia <5%) fueron imipenem, meropenem, amikacina, ceftriaxona, cefpirome y aztreonam. Se encontró un 98% de resistencia de Staphylococcus aureus a la ampicilina, 17,3% a oxacilina y 5% a vancomicina. Cotrimoxazol y ciprofloxacino constituyen buenas alternativas terapeúticas contra este microorganismo, con 9 y 10% de resistencia respectivamente. Se encontró un alto grado de resistencia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa a imipenem (23%), ceftazidima (36%) y amikacina (45%). / -- This is a transversal, retrospective, descriptive study, which purpose is to determine the antimicrobial resistance level of bacteria isolated from biological samples collected from January through December 2000 at “Centro Médico Naval”, fourth level hospital, in Bellavista, Callao. 2215 antibiograms results were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Microscan System (74%) and the Disk Diffusion Method (26%). Most of isolates were obtained from urine (60%) and respiratory tract samples (30%). Escherichia coli was the most frequent microorganism in urine (67%) and Staphylococcus aureus, in respiratory tract samples (75%). Escherichia coli showed resistance >50% to penicillins, ampicillin/sulbactam, cephalothin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline, while 41% to ciprofloxacin. The most active antibiotics against this microorganism (resistance <5%) were imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, ceftriaxone, cefpirome and aztreonam. The most effective antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus (resistance £10%) were vancomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amikacin and ciprofloxacin. Staphylococcus aureus showed 98% resistance to ampicillin, 17,3% to oxacillin and 5% to vancomicin. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin, with 9 and 10% resistance respectively, are good therapeutic alternatives against this microorganism. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed high resistance to imipenem (23%), ceftazidime (36%) and amikacin (45%). / Tesis

La modificación de los polímeros sintéticos por medio de procesos posreactor se utiliza para obtener nuevos materiales con propiedades finales específicas. Los dos procesos posreactor más utilizados son el tratamiento con radiaciones ionizantes y el empleo de agentes químicos, tales como peróxidos orgánicos. Las reacciones generadas en ambos tratamientos producen fundamentalmente radicales libres, que a su vez originan reacciones químicas de gran interés en las modificaciones de los polímeros, como el entrecruzamiento y la escisión de cadenas de polímeros. El proceso de irradiación no deja residuos de productos químicos en el polímero y se realiza a temperatura ambiente. Esto permite tratar los materiales en su formato final, pudiéndose lograr un mejor control de los resultados. Por otro lado, el proceso de modificación con peróxidos, puede requerir solventes y mayores temperaturas de procesamiento, pero no de una instalación especial para implementarse. En esta Tesis se han estudiado ambos métodos de modificación. En primera instancia, se estudiaron las modificaciones radioinducidas en polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS) comercial y modelo (proveniente de síntesis aniónica), mediante diversas fuentes de irradiación: radiación gamma en atmósfera de vacío y en aire, y electrones acelerados. En segunda instancia, con el fin de estudiar el efecto de la radiación gamma en vacío en poliolefinas metalocénicas, se sintetizaron homopolímeros y copolímeros de etileno y propileno (PP) con diversas incorporaciones de 1-hexeno y 1-octadeceno, y muestras hidrogenadas de copolímeros de etileno. Esta síntesis provee una estructura uniforme, homogénea y con una distribución angosta de pesos moleculares. De esta manera, se pudo analizar la forma cómo afectan los procesos radioinducidos a las poliolefinas con diferentes propiedades iniciales, en relación a sus pesos moleculares, cristalinidad y contenido de ramas a lo largo de la cadena principal. También se realizó la modificación con 2,5 dimetil 2,5 di(tertbutilperoxi)hexano (DBPH) de dos de estos copolímeros, con propiedades semejantes en peso molecular y cristalinidad inicial, pero con distinto largo de cadena lateral y concentración de instauraciones. Además, se comparó este proceso con el de irradiación. Los resultados se analizaron mediante el empleo de cromatografía de exclusión por tamaños, extracción de geles, reometría, espectroscopías infrarroja y Raman, y calorimetría diferencial de barrido. Estas caracterizaciones confirmaron que en los procesos de irradiación de PDMS y en el homopolímero y los copolímeros de etileno, se logra el entrecruzamiento sin escisión significativa. Los resultados experimentales de estos polímeros irradiados fueron comparados con las predicciones teóricas de un modelo matemático. El mejor ajuste teórico de los datos experimentales de PDMS irradiado, se obtuvo cuando se tuvieron en consideración entrecruzamientos de tipo Y y H. Para los homopolímeros y copolímeros de etileno, el proceso de entrecruzamiento no se ve afectado por el contenido de carbonos terciarios de la cadena principal. Por otro lado, se concluyó que pequeñas cantidades de vinilos terminales influyen en el avance del proceso. Además se observaron cambios en la región interfacial con la irradiación. Asimismo, se observó que el proceso de modificación química con DBPH es muy eficiente para lograr el entrecruzamiento de los copolímeros de etileno analizados, lo que indica que también es una buena opción para la modificación de las propiedades de estos materiales previo a su moldeado final. En el caso del polipropileno, la escisión fue predominante. Sin embargo, en los copolímeros de PP con 1-hexeno y 1-octadeceno se pudo destacar una significativa tendencia al entrecruzamiento. / The modification of synthetic polymers by means of posreactor processes, is used to obtain new materials with specific final properties. The most common posreactor processes are the treatment with ionizing radiations and the modification with chemical agents, such as organic peroxides. The reactions generated in both treatments mainly produce free radicals. This in turn causes chemical reactions of great interest, such as crosslinking and scissioning of polymer chains. The irradiation process does not leave chemical residues in the polymer and can be done at room temperature. Being able to treat the materials in their final shape, this procedure allows a better control of the final results. On the other hand, the process of modification with peroxides may require solvents and higher temperatures of treatment, but it does not need a special installation to be implemented. In this Dissertation, both methods of modification have been studied. First, the radioinduced modifications in commercial and model (from anionic synthesis) polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), were studied with different sources of radiation: gamma irradiation in vacuum and in air, and electron beam. Afterwards, the effects of vacuum gamma radiation on metallocenic polyolefines: homopolymers and copolymers of ethylene and propylene with different incorporations of 1-hexene and 1-octadecene were studied. The polymers were obtained by metallocenic synthesis which provides a uniform, homogeneous structure and low molecular weight distribution. The modification with 2,5 dimethyl 2,5 di(tertbutylperoxy)hexane (DBPH) was also performed, on two of those copolymers, with similar molecular weight and cristallinty, but with different side chain length and concentration of end vinyl groups. The modified polymers were analysed with different techniques like size exclusion chromatography, gel extraction, rheometry, infra-red and Raman spectroscopies, and differential scanning calorimetry. These characterizations confirmed that in the irradiation processes of PDMS and ethylene homopolymer and copolymers, the crosslinking is achieved without significant scission. The experimental results were compared with the predictions of a mathematical model. The best theoretical adjustment of experimental data of these irradiated polymers, was obtained when Y and H crosslinking were considered. For ethylene homolymer and copolymers, the crosslinking process was not affected by the tertiary carbon content of the main chain. Furthermore, it was concluded that small quantities of terminal vinyl insaturations influence the advance of the process. Also, changes were observed in the interfacial region, with the irradiation. On the other hand, it was observed that the chemical modification process with DBPH is very efficient to crosslink the ethylene copolymers analysed. This indicates that it is also a good option for the modification of the properties of these materials before their final processing. In the case of polypropylene, scission was predominant. Nevertheless, in the copolymers of PP with 1-hexene and 1-octadecene, a significant tendency to crosslinking was observed.

El presente trabajo busca desarrollar un modelo y un prototipo del sistema multi-agente para medir la confiabilidad, disponibilidad y fiabilidad de un sistema ERP. Se describe cómo se monitorea, actualmente, los sistemas ERP, sea manualmente o con apoyo de otros sistemas; se menciona cuales son los roles que actualmente administran cada uno de estos sistemas; se muestra el problema actual de manera gráfica; se formula el problema; se detalla los objetivos del presente trabajo; se muestra gráficamente la solución final al problema; se determina la justificación del presente trabajo; se muestra los procedimientos actuales utilizados para resolver parcialmente el problema y se identifica los programas de software que dan solución parcial al problema, siendo los más usados por las empresas; se detalla la funcionalidad de los sistemas ERP; se revisa los sistemas ERP, el posicionamiento mundial de estos sistemas; se explica la teoría de sistemas críticos y la metodología de construcción de agentes Zeus así como su utilización en el desarrollo de los agentes del presente trabajo; se explica detalladamente la identificación de indicadores de desempeño del sistema ERP; se detalla el modelamiento de cada uno de los agentes de software utilizados en el desarrollo del sistema CODA utilizando la metodología Ingenias; se detalla la implementación de la aplicación sistema CODA y finalmente; se detalla las conclusiones y trabajos futuros. / Multi-agent system to measure the trustworthiness, availability and reliability of an ERP system”. This article aims to describe a system model and a software named system CODA, which is intended to recover information from the main server where is installed the Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP Baan IV), the data base (Oracle) and the operating system (AIX), those tasks are performed by software agents, then this information will be processed and validated by the agents, finally the critical information is send to the system “CODA”; this system has two sub systems, the Intranet sub system will be managed by an Administrator, who will coordinate the creation of the indicators, maintain the users and clients, the parameters, basic tables. The Extranet sub system will be used by the clients (General Manager, Operations Manager, Information Manager), they will see graphs for each indicator defined in the system, also they will see how the system is running and also if there are problems, they can drill down the problems and see the detail. The system send mails and alerts to the technical persons who will solve the problems, each mail is associated with the error code, a description called “sintoma”, the real problem and a propose solution, when a new problem appears the administrator must add the solution to the data base, so if in the future the problem occurs, the system propose the solution.