A large body of research exists relative to male aggression. Studies over the past 30 years, especially as related to male-to-female intimacy violence in a domestic context, have contributed greatly to a better understanding of aggressive male behavior. However, it is suggested that a more balanced approach to research on aggression should include studies related to female aggression. A search of the current literature indicates that this process has begun; however, studies tend to report a different dynamic at work in aggressive women versus aggressive men. It appears that overall, female aggression more than male aggression, has a stronger relational component. It is the case that females can be aggressive and place substantial importance on the relationships in their lives. Attachment theory addresses the salient issue of relationships and is such a broad and complete theory that it incorporates aggressive behaviors as well. Therefore, this study seeks to expand the research related to attachment styles and associated behaviors, in particular as they pertain to the influences upon female aggressive behavior. A study of the relationship between the independent variables of gender, psychopathology/personality, and attachment style and the dependent variable of aggression was conducted. It was hypothesized that attachment style would be a better predictor of female aggression as compared to psychopathology. Additionally, it was hypothesized that psychopathology would be a better predictor of male aggression as compared to attachment style. Significant results were obtained suggesting that attachment is a better predictor of female aggression than psychopathology, with a non-significant observation indicating the reverse being true of males. Specific gender differences related to aggression and violent behavior are presented. Current trends applicable to theories of aggression are discussed, as well as suggestions for future research.

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) was adopted in 1998. The Statute provides that the ICC has jurisdiction over „the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole‟. These crimes are: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression. The Rome Statute defines the first three of these, but not the last. At the time this Statute was being drafted, the international community could not agree on a definition of the crime of aggression, so it could not be inscribed fully into the Statute. Instead, it was agreed to include aggression within the subject-matter jurisdiction of the Court, but, in accordance with Article 5(2) of the Rome Statute, the ICC cannot not exercise jurisdiction over this crime until a proper definition has been established by states parties and an agreement is reached on the conditions under which the ICC may prosecute the crime. The present researcher believes that the omission of the crime of aggression from the Court‟s jurisdiction is one of the main defects of the Rome Statute. This thesis explores whether it is possible to establish a satisfactory definition of the crime of aggression and, if so, what this might be. It argues that aggression as an international crime can and should be defined. This thesis will examine the history of the crime of aggression in order to determine whether its definition should build upon previous efforts, or whether it would be better to start afresh. It has been found in this thesis that today‟s dilemma over the crime of aggression cannot be separated from its past; its current status is indeed the result of an accumulative process that began long ago. In addressing the question of the definition of aggression, this thesis also examines critically the contemporary law on the use of force by states in order to identify the lawful and unlawful uses of force that might be relevant to the crime of aggression. In particular, the focus will be on some of the most controversial uses of force, such as pre-emptive self-defence, humanitarian intervention and the use of force to secure the right of self-determination. A precise determination of the scope of the lawful use of force should facilitate the establishment of a definition of the crime of aggression. This thesis concludes that the rules of international law concerning aggression are dispersed across various instruments. This has led, in turn, to the existence of a vague legal stance on the matter when applied to specific cases, especially when dealing with concepts of a v controversial nature, such as pre-emptive self-defence and humanitarian intervention. Moreover, these instruments seem to circumvent the question of individual criminal responsibility for committing the crime of aggression. Hence, it is necessary to close this gap in the international system by producing a single document containing a definition of aggression that takes into account all of these aspects. Overall consideration will be given to the various proposed definitions of the crime of aggression that were submitted before, during and after the Rome Conference of 1998. Particular attention, however, will be paid to the latest proposal made by the Special Working Group on the Crime of Aggression. This thesis argues that this proposal, as the result of profound and detailed consideration of various aspects of the crime, should form the basis of any definition to be adopted at the forthcoming ICC Review Conference. However, the study also suggests that certain components of the proposed definition should be amended and, therefore, a new proposal for the definition of the crime will be proffered at the end of this paper. This thesis will also examine the conditions under which the ICC should exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression. Based on the assumption that determining the existence of state‟s act of aggression is a pre-condition for prosecuting an individual for the crime of aggression, the question that needs to be addressed centres on which organ should determine whether or not a state has committed an act of aggression. In short, this thesis maintains that as the Security Council is entrusted with the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, it should be consulted in situations relating to the determination of the existence of an act of state aggression. It is also argued, however, that the Council‟s determination on whether a state has committed aggression should not be binding on the Court, which should be able to review the Council‟s determination. It is further argued that if the Security Council fails to make such a determination, then the ICC should go forth to commence its own investigation with respect to the crime.

The youth, as one of the most active group of our society, rather sorely react on sociocultural, economical and political alterations, which are developing in our society. They not often express their own empathies quite properly, that’s why there are plenty of conflicts and aggressive behaviour in many shools. The middle age group – teenagers, gets especial attention. They heavily outlive their crisis of awkward age and they do not know how to help themselves and, keeping dignity, to call for help. The representatives of young generation start conflicting with their contemporaries and adults, becomes backward in studies. There are plenty of reasons which have influence on such aggressive behaviour: family, environment, news media, computer games, internet, friends and etc. The theme of aggression is very important in our schools because of long-lasting outcomes outside limits of the school. The pupils which are aggressive and pugnacious later can be dangerous to the society. That’s why such theme as: “Teachers’ and Pupils’ standpoint to Factors stimulating Aggression and Possibilities of Their Prevention at School” was taken to be discussed. The comprehensive school is the main link of the educational system in which pupils not only get knowledge, but also learn to take values at various things critically, to adapt in social environment and change it. That’s why it’s very important in modern school to become a coordinator of education, to help pupils, to form their strong... [to full text]

One of the most topical and trouble giving problems nowadays is the increasing number of children who get into different institutions of sheltered accommodation. In order to better realize what influence the loss of family and life in sheltered accommodation or special boarding school makes on the rise of aggression and development, and what peculiarities of the aggression are, it is important to analyze the expression of the aggressive behaviour in different care institutions and compare it. The results of the research testify that the behaviour of the children of sheltered accommodation is conditioned by different reasons, and often inappropriate education and experience in their family, received social-pedagogical neglect and hereditary or acquired kink of mind. The analysis of the research permit to single out the most frequent expression of aggression of the pupils of sheltered accommodation. That is a constant or very frequent demand of attention to themselves, which makes an influence on many other manifestations of inappropriate behaviour: a tendency to argue, a sharp change of mood and emotion, frequent frenzy, vociferation, disobedience at school and in the group, contumacy, etc. The expression of aggression of the pupils is more distinct in sheltered accommodation type, at younger age (7 - 9 y. o.), later it is more apparent at special boarding schools. Verbal aggression (ragging, sawder, jealousy) is more typical to the pupils of sheltered... [to full text]

The purpose of this dissertation was to examine the relationship between partner aggression enacted against women and victims’ work withdrawal, as well as to investigate the possible moderators of this relationship. To accomplish this, I conducted three studies. The first two studies examined the effects of partner aggression on work withdrawal (i.e., cognitive distraction, neglect, partial absenteeism, frequency of absenteeism, and turnover intentions). The third study examined potential moderators (i.e., supervisor support, coworker support, mental respite, financial need, and partner interference in employment) of the relationship between partner aggression and work withdrawal. In the first study, full-time, post secondary female students in dating relationships (N = 122) reported on psychological aggression, school withdrawal, and performance (i.e., course grades). Multiple regression analyses showed that experiencing psychological aggression from one’s partner is related to cognitive distraction at school, school neglect, and grades but is not related to partial absenteeism, frequency of absenteeism, or thoughts of quitting school. In the second study, physically abused women (abused group; n = 19) were compared with maritally discordant, nonabused women (discordant-only group; n = 12) and a control group of maritally satisfied, nonabused women (control group; n = 19). Abused women reported significantly more cognitive distraction and job neglect compared to women in the control group. They also reported significantly more job neglect compared to women in the discordant-only group; women in the latter group reported more cognitive distraction compared to women in the control group. There were no differences among the groups in partial absenteeism, frequency of absenteeism, or thoughts of quitting work. In the final study, data were collected from a sample of 242 employed women who reported on physical aggression and employment withdrawal. The results revealed that supervisor support buffers the impact of physical aggression on frequency of absenteeism, and partner interference in employment exacerbates the impact of physical aggression on frequency of absenteeism. No other significant interactions were found. I conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of these results, as well as potential directions for future research. / Thesis (Ph.D, Management) -- Queen's University, 2009-11-06 16:39:05.444

Methamphetamine is a widely abused psychostimulant often associated with aggressive, violent, and criminal behaviour. Research into the effects of adolescent methamphetamine use on aggressive behaviour is limited. This study aimed to establish whether methamphetamine would induce aggressive behaviour following an acute dosing regimen and a chronic dosing regimen. It also aimed to establish a teratological or delayed effect on adult behaviour. To investigate this 20 male and 20 female adolescent rats were equally divided into treatment and control conditions. The treatment condition received a single dose of methamphetamine (2mg/kg) on postnatal day (PND) 35 followed by twice daily doses of methamphetamine (2mg/kg) from PND 36-46. This was done via intraperitoneal injection. The control condition received comparable doses of saline. Animals were tested using the resident intruder test following the single dose, after the completion of the final dose, and again in early adulthood (PND 90). Results found an acute dosing regimen significantly reduced aggressive-like behaviour. A chronic dosing regimen increased aggressive-like behaviour however, this relationship was less clear. Finally, the results found increased aggressive behaviour in adult animals following methamphetamine use in adolescence. This provides preliminary evidence for a teratological effect and support for the neuronal imprinting theory.

Obesity is a complex disorder which has become a growing health concern. Twin studies have demonstrated a strong genetic component to the development of obesity and genome wide association studies have identified several genetic loci associated with it. However, most of these loci are still poorly understood in a functional context. Interestingly, many of the hormones and neurobiological messengers responsible for regulating feeding behaviour and metabolism are also linked to controlling aggression, but it is still not understood how they interact to maintain metabolic homeostasis. In this thesis, the model organism Drosophila melanogaster was employed to dissect the molecular mechanisms of the genetic cascades regulating aggressive behaviour and metabolic homeostasis. In paper I and II, the role of transcription factor AP-2 (TfAP-2) and Tiwaz Twz, Drosophila homologues of two human obesity-linked genes were investigated in aggression and feeding behaviour. Paper I demonstrated that TfAP-2 and Twz genetically interact in octopaminergic neurons to modulate male aggression by controlling the expression of genes necessary for octopamine (fly analogue of noradrenaline) production and secretion. Moreover, it was revealed that octopamine in turn regulates aggression through the Drosophila cholecystokinin (CCK) satiation hormone homologue Drosulfakinin (Dsk). Paper II revealed that TfAP-2 and Twz also initiate feeding through regulation of octopamine poduction and secretion. Octopamine then induces Dsk expression leading to inhibition of feeding. Paper III established that the activity of the small GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 2 (Rac2) is required in Drosophila for the proper regulation of metabolic homeostasis, as well as overt behaviours. Rac2 mutants were starvation susceptible, had less lipids and exhibited disrupted feeding behaviour. Moreover, they displayed aberrant aggression and courtship behaviour towards conspecifics. Paper IV studied Protein kinase D (PKD), the homologue of a third obesity-linked gene PRKD1, and another kinase Stretchin-Mlck (Strn-Mlck). Reducing PKD transcript levels in the insulin producing cells led to flies with increased starvation susceptibility, decreased levels of lipids and diminished insulin signalling compared to controls. Reduced Strn-Mlck expression resulted in a starvation phenotype and slight reduction in insulin signalling and lipid content. These findings imply a function for PKD and Strn-Mlck in insulin release.

Over the course of six studies, a 30-item trait measure of hostility toward women was developed and validated. The Hostility Toward Women Scale is balanced against response acquiescence, has a KR 20 reliability of over .80, and a one week, test-retest reliability over .83. In three studies, the scale was found to consistently predict a number of self-report measures of rape-related attitudes, motivations, and behavior (including men's reports that they had forced women into sex acts in the past and that they would do so in the future). In two studies, the scale predicted laboratory-assessed aggressive motivations and behavior toward both women and men, although the strength of this relationship was only moderate. Thus, the scale did not demonstrate discriminate validity on the behavioral measure, in that it did not correlate exclusively with aggression against women. However, the scale did demonstrate incremental validity in that it predicted both the self-report and the behavioral criterion variables better than a measure of general hostility (the Speilberger Trait Anger Scale). Finally, the scale was relatively uncontaminated by social desirability.

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva vårdpersonalens erfarenheter av hot och våld inom demensvård och somatisk vård på särskilt boende. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka vilka förebyggande åtgärder vårdpersonal kan använda sig av vid dessa situationer. Föreliggande studie är en litteraturstudie med deskriptiv design.  Artiklar söktes i databasen Cinahl vilket resulterade i tolv inkluderande artiklar av kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Författarna har valt att granska artiklarnas undersökningsgrupp och bortfall. Resultatet visade att hot- och våldsituationer är vanligt på särskilt boende och ofta uppkommer i samband med hjälp vid personlig hygien, påklädning och toalettbesök. Vårdpersonalens upplevelse av våld beror på deras tidigare erfarenheter och attityder. Varje vårdpersonal har en egen tolkning av vad våld innebär samt att graden av tolerans skiljer sig mellan olika individer. Genom att ha ökad kunskap, förmåga att kommunicera samt en professionell attityd och viljan att konsultera med andra i vårdteamet kan personalen förebygga ett aggressivt beteende på sin arbetsplats. Vårdpersonalen antog flera olika strategier för att hantera hot- och våldsituationer hos personer med aggressivt och utåtagerande beteende, t.ex. distraktion, personcentrerat förhållningssätt och kommunikation. Läkemedelsbehandling ansågs inte vara en förstahandsåtgärd. Inom det kliniska arbetet kommer vårdpersonalen på särskilt boende att stöta på svåra situationer och utåtagerande beteenden hos äldre och äldre med demenssjukdomar. Därför är det viktigt att som vårdpersonal ha kunskap om bemötande samt kommunikation för att kunna hantera dessa situationer.

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