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Desde que se iniciaram no Brasil há cerca de quatro décadas, os estudos dedicados à demografia histórica, mormente caracterizados por trabalhos monográficos, têm avançado de maneira significativa em seus aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos, especialmente no que tange à interdisciplinaridade. Paralelamente à continuidade desses estudos, o trabalho desenvolvido nessa tese analisa o processo de ocupação agrícola e o evolver demográfico-econômico das localidades paulistas de Jundiaí, Atibaia, Bragança Paulista, Nazaré, Jacareí e Mogi das Cruzes, que compunham o que denominamos de cinturão paulistano, contempladas para o período c.1798 a c.1830. O caminho seguido em nosso trabalho envolveu a busca de padrões e regularidades para referidas localidades, área que ao longo de todo o período estudado esteve vinculada à produção de gêneros de subsistência, em maior ou menor intensidade distanciando-as em alguns de seus caracteres, mas as aproximando em outros, levando aos padrões encontrados para as características demográficas de sua população, para a produção levada a cabo e para as estruturas fundiárias ali existentes. / Since it began in Brazil almost four decades ago, studies devoted to historical demographics, especially characterized by monographs, have advanced significantly in their quantitative and qualitative aspects, especially with respect to the interdisciplinarity. Parallel to the continuity of such work, we analyze the process of agricultural occupation and the demographic-economic development in São Paulo sites of Jundiaí, Atibaia, Bragança Paulista, Nazaré, Jacareí and Mogi das Cruzes, who comprised what we call \"paulistano belt\", referred to the period c.1798 to c.1830. We search for patterns and regularities to those localities, area that throughout the period studied was linked to the production of genres of subsistence, to a greater or lesser intensity - distancing them in some of their characters, but approaching them in other ones, leading to the patterns found for the demographic characteristics of its population, to the production carried out and to the land use structure existing there.

Sudan is the largest country in Africa and boasts the largest farm in the world. Sudan is a predominately agricultural economy; agriculture employs more than eighty percent of the country's labour force and its industry. The national agricultural research institutions are charged with the key responsibility of implementing sustainable agricultural growth and development in Sudan. By adoption of demonstrable benefit farms, the research institutions view their contribution as providing improvements to traditional Sudanese practices rather than focusing on developing new techniques. Any research institution must have methodsof improving farming practices and the pertinent test of their relevance is improved management practices. Crop productivity is extremely low and does not exceed thirty percent of the level attained in research or demonstration fields; the difficult economic position of the country has adversely affected the activities of the agricultural research institutions; technology generation is greatly hampered; the extension service is fragmented and its efforts are conned to a small number of farmers; the research institutions are weakened due to frequent staff turnover, lack of continuity in the research agenda and inadequacies in management and hence their impact is limited. The main purpose of this study is to critically evaluate the implementation capacity constraints which exist in formal agricultural research and the impact this has on thedevelopment of the agricultural sector of the Sudanese economy. The study also attempts to provide a better understanding of the relationships between low productivity in Sudan and the determinants of this. The data for this research were obtained from a field survey carried out in 1999. In the survey, a total of 120 farmers from the Gezira Scheme, 84 researchers from the Agricultural Research Corporation, 33 academic staff from the Gezira University as well as extensionists from the Central State were successfully interviewed. The research explores various aspects of the internal technology transfer system and the productivity gap in traditional agriculture. A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature on technology transfer has been conducted in the study. It is obvious that economic analysis alone will not provide a satisfactory solution to the type of problems investigated in the study as these issues and problems also have political and socio-cultural dimensions. Therefore, the proposed solutions simply seek to change the behaviours of both individuals and institutions. To do this it is necessary to recognise all the dimensions of the technology transfer problem. This study provides insights into the influence of demographic, socio-economic, cultural, technical and decision-making factors on technology transfer and productivity in Sudan. The thesis concludes with discussion of key policy implications and areas for further research. The findings of this research should assist in guiding planners and policy-makers in improving the internal technology transfer system and perhaps in enabling agricultural productivity to improve in the Sudan.

Desde que se iniciaram no Brasil há cerca de quatro décadas, os estudos dedicados à demografia histórica, mormente caracterizados por trabalhos monográficos, têm avançado de maneira significativa em seus aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos, especialmente no que tange à interdisciplinaridade. Paralelamente à continuidade desses estudos, o trabalho desenvolvido nessa tese analisa o processo de ocupação agrícola e o evolver demográfico-econômico das localidades paulistas de Jundiaí, Atibaia, Bragança Paulista, Nazaré, Jacareí e Mogi das Cruzes, que compunham o que denominamos de cinturão paulistano, contempladas para o período c.1798 a c.1830. O caminho seguido em nosso trabalho envolveu a busca de padrões e regularidades para referidas localidades, área que ao longo de todo o período estudado esteve vinculada à produção de gêneros de subsistência, em maior ou menor intensidade distanciando-as em alguns de seus caracteres, mas as aproximando em outros, levando aos padrões encontrados para as características demográficas de sua população, para a produção levada a cabo e para as estruturas fundiárias ali existentes. / Since it began in Brazil almost four decades ago, studies devoted to historical demographics, especially characterized by monographs, have advanced significantly in their quantitative and qualitative aspects, especially with respect to the interdisciplinarity. Parallel to the continuity of such work, we analyze the process of agricultural occupation and the demographic-economic development in São Paulo sites of Jundiaí, Atibaia, Bragança Paulista, Nazaré, Jacareí and Mogi das Cruzes, who comprised what we call \"paulistano belt\", referred to the period c.1798 to c.1830. We search for patterns and regularities to those localities, area that throughout the period studied was linked to the production of genres of subsistence, to a greater or lesser intensity - distancing them in some of their characters, but approaching them in other ones, leading to the patterns found for the demographic characteristics of its population, to the production carried out and to the land use structure existing there.

This dissertation reassesses earlier economic models of the agricultural systems of the Early Islamic period (c. 636–1099 CE) in the Levant in light of new empirical archaeological evidence. In the four journal articles that comprise this dissertation, I investigate the variability of agricultural economies at four Early Islamic sites in modern-day Israel through the analysis of archaeobotanical remains (seeds, fruit, plant parts, wood charcoal). In the first article, I analyze botanical remains from the coastal city of Ashkelon. I identify the suite of crops and agricultural practices employed, reconstruct local practices of arboriculture, and describe non-local plants available through regional trade. Spatial analyses identify private grain storage, preferred constructional materials, and the discrete separation of household and refuse space. Such analyses provide insights into the intersection of agricultural and artisan economies in an urban setting. In the second article, I combine historical and archaeological evidence to investigate arboriculture at Ashkelon. Arboriculture, the cultivation of long-lived perennial tree and vine crops that provide long term harvests of fruit, can be understood as investment in land and urban development. Integrated analysis of historical and archaeobotanical evidence indicates that the inhabitants of Ashkelon specialized in arboriculture as a means to supply both subsistence and craft economies. In the third article, I investigate the production and consumption of agricultural plant products at the coastal city of Caesarea Maritima. Spatial analysis of wood and non-wood plant remains, features, and artifacts reveals cereal processing debris across multiple rooms in a former warehouse, revealing a socioeconomic shift from a storage area to a crop processing space. Such a shift aligns with similar patterns of diversified uses of space that characterize the Early Islamic period in which the focus of economic production shifted away from export to local consumption. In the fourth article, I investigate how farmers’ agricultural choices were driven by political, social, and environmental conditions. Through an intersite analysis of archaeobotanical assemblages from four archaeological sites—coastal Ashkelon and Caesarea Maritima, and inland Tel Shimron and Neby Zakaria—I determine that production and consumption of plant resources are affected more by a settlement’s socioeconomic function than by its environmental setting. / 2023-09-01T00:00:00Z

Nesse trabalho busca-se testar a proposição teórica intitulada lei de Kaldor- Verdoorn, mostrando a sua relevância para a determinação do grau de dinamismo dos setores da economia de um país ou região. Testes empíricos da referida proposição teórica são realizados para a economia brasileira usando dados da indústria de transformação do período de 1970 a 1997 e da agricultura no período de 1975 a 1995. O presente estudo analisa a relação existente entre produção, economia de escala e produtividade nesses setores. Estudos que tratam da oferta de fatores, conquista de novos mercados, learning by doing, divisão do trabalho e progresso técnico promovido pela expansão da demanda fornecem as bases que fundamentam a hipótese traduzida na lei de Kaldor-Verdoorn de que o aumento da produção, induzido pelo aumento da demanda ou pela oferta não-limitada de fatores, leva à economia de escala e tem como conseqüência a elevação da produtividade do trabalho. Na literatura sobre a referida lei existe controvérsia sobre a forma de especificar modelos que permitam avaliar o relacionamento entre produção e produtividade dos fatores. Os maiores debates sobre o assunto versam sobre as pressuposições implícitas nas diferentes especificações propostas, com foco especial na definição de endogeneidade ou exogeneidade das variáveis. Visando contornar tais controvérsias, utiliza-se, no presente estudo, a metodologia de Auto-regressão Vetorial (VAR) com o sentido da dependência das variáveis definido pela lei de Kaldor-Verdoorn. Duas especificações foram testadas, tanto no caso da indústria como no caso da agricultura, visando uma maior robustez dos resultados. A primeira especificação trata do relacionamento entre valor total da produção e produtividade do trabalho, considerando o efeito da primeira variável sobre a última. A segunda especificação trata da relação entre valor total da produção e emprego, também nesse caso considerando o efeito da primeira variável sobre a última. Os resultados obtidos para a indústria brasileira são consistentes com a existência de retornos crescentes de escala, no que diz respeito ao fator trabalho. Tal resultado permite associar certo dinamismo ao setor, mas não tão acentuado como o encontrado em outros países. No caso da agricultura, a relação encontrada mostrou-se sobreestimada, provavelmente devido às mudanças significativas na composição das atividades prevalecentes no contexto nacional. Mesmo com tal ressalva, conclui-se pela existência de economias de escala em relação a esse setor. / The purpose of this work was to test the theoretical proposition so-called Kaldor-Verdoorn's Law, and to show its relevance for the determination of the degree of dynamism of economic sectors of a country. Empirical tests of such theoretical model are performed for the Brazilian economy, using industry data taken from the period 1970-1997 and agriculture data from the period 1975-1995. It was analyzed the relationship between production, economy of scale and labor's productivity, both for industry and agriculture. Studies related to factor’s supply, the conquest of new markets, learning by doing, the division of labour and the role of demand in promoting technical progress, provide the bases for the hypothesis of Kardor-Verdoorn's Law. The hypothesis is that the production rising, induced by increasing demand or by unconstrained of factors, lead to economies of scale and, as consequence, to labor productivity improvement. The literature regarding the mentioned law presents some controversy about model specification that can allow the evaluation of the relationship between production and factor’s productivity. The main discussions are related to the implicit presuppositions of the different proposed model specifications, more specifically regarding to the definition of endogenous and exogenous variables. In order to avoid these controversies, it is applied the Vector Autoregression model (VAR) using the dependence way between variables the one defined by the Kardor-Verdoorn's Law. Two model specifications were tested, both for the industry and agriculture data. The first specification deals with the relationship between total production value (output) and labor productivity, considering the effect of the first variable on the last one. The second specification deals with the relationship between the total production value (output) and employment, also considering, in this case, the effect of the first variable on the last one. The results obtained for the Brazilian's industry are consistent with the existence of increasing returns for scale regarding labor factor. Such results allow attribute some dynamism for the sector, but not so marked as in other countries. In the case of agriculture the relationship showed to be overestimated, possibly due to the significant changes on the Brazilian agriculture activity composition. In despite of this, one can conclude that there are economies of scale in this sector.

Nesse trabalho busca-se testar a proposição teórica intitulada lei de Kaldor- Verdoorn, mostrando a sua relevância para a determinação do grau de dinamismo dos setores da economia de um país ou região. Testes empíricos da referida proposição teórica são realizados para a economia brasileira usando dados da indústria de transformação do período de 1970 a 1997 e da agricultura no período de 1975 a 1995. O presente estudo analisa a relação existente entre produção, economia de escala e produtividade nesses setores. Estudos que tratam da oferta de fatores, conquista de novos mercados, learning by doing, divisão do trabalho e progresso técnico promovido pela expansão da demanda fornecem as bases que fundamentam a hipótese traduzida na lei de Kaldor-Verdoorn de que o aumento da produção, induzido pelo aumento da demanda ou pela oferta não-limitada de fatores, leva à economia de escala e tem como conseqüência a elevação da produtividade do trabalho. Na literatura sobre a referida lei existe controvérsia sobre a forma de especificar modelos que permitam avaliar o relacionamento entre produção e produtividade dos fatores. Os maiores debates sobre o assunto versam sobre as pressuposições implícitas nas diferentes especificações propostas, com foco especial na definição de endogeneidade ou exogeneidade das variáveis. Visando contornar tais controvérsias, utiliza-se, no presente estudo, a metodologia de Auto-regressão Vetorial (VAR) com o sentido da dependência das variáveis definido pela lei de Kaldor-Verdoorn. Duas especificações foram testadas, tanto no caso da indústria como no caso da agricultura, visando uma maior robustez dos resultados. A primeira especificação trata do relacionamento entre valor total da produção e produtividade do trabalho, considerando o efeito da primeira variável sobre a última. A segunda especificação trata da relação entre valor total da produção e emprego, também nesse caso considerando o efeito da primeira variável sobre a última. Os resultados obtidos para a indústria brasileira são consistentes com a existência de retornos crescentes de escala, no que diz respeito ao fator trabalho. Tal resultado permite associar certo dinamismo ao setor, mas não tão acentuado como o encontrado em outros países. No caso da agricultura, a relação encontrada mostrou-se sobreestimada, provavelmente devido às mudanças significativas na composição das atividades prevalecentes no contexto nacional. Mesmo com tal ressalva, conclui-se pela existência de economias de escala em relação a esse setor. / The purpose of this work was to test the theoretical proposition so-called Kaldor-Verdoorn's Law, and to show its relevance for the determination of the degree of dynamism of economic sectors of a country. Empirical tests of such theoretical model are performed for the Brazilian economy, using industry data taken from the period 1970-1997 and agriculture data from the period 1975-1995. It was analyzed the relationship between production, economy of scale and labor's productivity, both for industry and agriculture. Studies related to factor’s supply, the conquest of new markets, learning by doing, the division of labour and the role of demand in promoting technical progress, provide the bases for the hypothesis of Kardor-Verdoorn's Law. The hypothesis is that the production rising, induced by increasing demand or by unconstrained of factors, lead to economies of scale and, as consequence, to labor productivity improvement. The literature regarding the mentioned law presents some controversy about model specification that can allow the evaluation of the relationship between production and factor’s productivity. The main discussions are related to the implicit presuppositions of the different proposed model specifications, more specifically regarding to the definition of endogenous and exogenous variables. In order to avoid these controversies, it is applied the Vector Autoregression model (VAR) using the dependence way between variables the one defined by the Kardor-Verdoorn's Law. Two model specifications were tested, both for the industry and agriculture data. The first specification deals with the relationship between total production value (output) and labor productivity, considering the effect of the first variable on the last one. The second specification deals with the relationship between the total production value (output) and employment, also considering, in this case, the effect of the first variable on the last one. The results obtained for the Brazilian's industry are consistent with the existence of increasing returns for scale regarding labor factor. Such results allow attribute some dynamism for the sector, but not so marked as in other countries. In the case of agriculture the relationship showed to be overestimated, possibly due to the significant changes on the Brazilian agriculture activity composition. In despite of this, one can conclude that there are economies of scale in this sector.

Orientador: Mauro Willian Barbosa de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T17:41:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Niemeyer_Fernando_M.pdf: 5424286 bytes, checksum: a1b57d25166e8f7619af651e5a957e1b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este trabalho trata dos processos de produção e apropriação da diversidade biológica a partir de um estudo de caso entre os Krahô, grupo jê-timbira dos cerrados do Tocantins. A pesquisa vai em busca das características de um possível sistema agrícola krahô e da estrutura subjacente aos processos de resiliência e transformação deste sistema. Partindo de um olhar estratégico sobre uma aldeia específica - a aldeia Morro-do-Boi - buscamos compreender os processos por meio dos quais plantas, sementes, pessoas e conhecimentos circulam através de complexas redes que envolvem índios, brancos e outros agentes não-humanos. Veremos também como categorias tais como "agrobiodiversidade" e "conhecimento tradicional" passaram a fazer parte do universo krahô, e como elas vêm sendo percebidas e elaboradas por eles no contexto interétnico atual / Abstract: This work addresses the processes of production and appropriation of biological diversity drawing on a case study conducted among the Crao, a ge-timbira group from the Tocantins cerrado. The research seeks to understand the characteristics of the craho agricultural system and the structure that underlies the processes of resilience and transformation of this system. With a strategic look on a specific village - the Morro do Boi village - we seek to understand the processes whereby plants, seeds, knowledge and people move through complex networks involving indians, non-indians and other non-human agents. We will also see how categories such as "agrobiodiversity" and "traditional knowledge" became part of the crao universe, and how they are being perceived and elaborated by them in the current interethnic context / Mestrado / Antropologia Social / Mestre em Antropologia Social

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Joaquim Paulino Pinto.pdf: 1255416 bytes, checksum: 5d8ae38c2de0a87875f9a379aa303940 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-30 / The main goal of this thesis is to analyse the competitive strategies assumed by the mills of the sugar-ethanol sector in Center-South of Brazil facing the Institutional Environment change, as an example Cosan´s case study. This is made through the analysis of interaction between Institutional Environment and players, in the period of sector regulation and deregulation, and its effects under competitive environment. The thesis is divided in four fundamental parts: (i) the presentation of theoretical reference, which treats of the mean concepts of Institutional Economics and the Economics of Transaction Costs, and its relation with agroindustry; (ii) the sugar-ethanol industry overview in brazilian economy context; (iii) the analysis of the Institutional Environment from the regulation and deregulation sector process; and (iv) the analysis of how the sugar cane mills have rebuilt comprehending the new competitive strategies assumed, from the sector´s deregulation, focusing Cosan´s case, which is an example of player that it has adapted to the new environment conditions / Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar as estratégias competitivas adotadas pelas usinas do setor sucroalcooleiro do Centro-Sul do país frente às mudanças no Ambiente Institucional, tendo como exemplo o estudo de caso Cosan. Faz-se isto, com a análise da interação entre o Ambiente Institucional e os agentes no período de regulação e desregulação do setor, e seus efeitos sobre o ambiente competitivo. Para isto, dividiu-se a análise em quatro momentos fundamentais: (i) apresentação do referencial teórico, que aborda os principais conceitos da Nova Economia Institucional e da Economia dos Custos de Transação, e sua relação com a agroindústria; (ii) caracterização do setor sucroalcooleiro no contexto da economia brasileira; (iii) análise do Ambiente Institucional a partir dos processos de regulação e desregulação do setor; (iv) avaliação de como as usinas se recompuseram no que abrange as novas estratégias competitivas adotadas a partir da desregulamentação do setor, com foco no caso Cosan, que representa um exemplo de agente que vem se adaptando às novas condições do ambiente

L’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser l’évolution du système de vulgarisation agricole en contexte méditerranéen, en termes d’organisation, de dimensions du conseil et de méthodes d’intervention à partir d’une analyse régionale des systèmes syrien et tunisien. Cette évolution répond à des changements profonds du modèle de production agricole, basé historiquement sur les principes de la Révolution verte, qui s’oriente vers des modèles agro-écologiques. Nous nous situons dans le mouvement dit de la « transition agroécologique », qui propose un cadre de développement associant les dimensions socioéconomiques et environnementales. Elle permet d'envisager une meilleure intégration de l'agriculture et de ses enjeux dans le projet de développement territorial. Concevoir et mettre en œuvre cette approche nécessite de changer profondément la gestion des systèmes de production. Pour assurer ces changements, les agriculteurs ont besoin de nouveaux dispositifs d’accompagnement. L’analyse de l’évolution des systèmes de vulgarisation est conduite à partir d’un cadre théorique et méthodologique construit en référence aux théories du développement, notamment évolutionniste, pour tenir compte des forces générales qui déterminent les actions locales, et historiciste, pour donner place aux trajectoires de développement et aux combinaisons territoriales singulières. Ce cadre suppose que le développement ne dépend pas de producteurs prêts à adopter des innovations exogènes mais plutôt à participer à son élaboration. Cette participation répond à deux besoins : i) l’adaptation de l’innovation à la particularité des situations comme la transition agroécologique le préconise, ii) la décentralisation de la gestion des biens socio-environnementaux, vers des formes de communs. Face à ces enjeux de transformation des systèmes agricoles, on peut s’attendre à ce que l’organisation de la vulgarisation agricole s’est adaptée par le passage d’un système piloté principalement par un dispositif public, basé sur une seule dimension de conseil technique et sur des méthodes diffusionnistes de vulgarisation de masse, à un système composite proposant plusieurs dimensions de conseil et de méthodes d’intervention individuelles ou communes basées sur la co-construction du conseil. L’analyse est conduite en prenant appui sur un travail empirique adapté à la situation des deux pays d’étude, circonscrit sur la région d’Al Ghâb en Syrie et de Nabeul en Tunisie. Les résultats sont assez proches dans les deux pays où l’évolution du secteur agricole se réalise par petites touches qui tiennent plus de la substitution de pratiques plus économes et plus respectueuses du milieu que les précédentes, mais elle n’a pas été accompagnée par une évolution marquante du système de vulgarisation agricole. Le dispositif étatique occupe toujours une position de monopole en Al Ghâb, et dominante à Nabeul. L’évolution organisationnelle de ce système se borne, dans les deux régions, à la déconcentration des services, avec une timide privatisation sur le terrain de Nabeul. Dans les deux régions d’études, le dispositif étatique utilise classiquement des méthodes collectives de conseil basées sur le modèle « Training and Visit » et se limite à une dimension technique basée principalement sur les recettes de la Révolution verte ; leur contribution à l’évolution des pratiques agricoles vers l’agroécologie n’est pas notable. / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the evolution of the agricultural extension system in a Mediterranean context, in terms of organization, types of advice and methods of intervention drawn from a regional analysis of Syrian and Tunisian systems. This evolution responds to profound changes in the agricultural production model, historically based on the principles of the Green Revolution, which is evolving towards agro-ecological models. We situate this work in the movement known as the "agro-ecological transition", which proposes a framework of development associating socio-economic and environmental dimensions. This movement allows us to envision a better integration of agriculture and its stakes in the territorial development project. To design and implement the agro-ecological approach requires a profound change in the management of production systems. To ensure these changes, farmers need new support schemes. The analysis of the evolution of the extension systems is conducted from a theoretical and methodological framework constructed with reference to development theories, notably especially evolutionist, which take into account the general forces that determine local actions, and historicist, which give pace to development trajectories and singular territorial combinations. This framework assumes that the development does not depend on producers willing to adopt exogenous innovations but rather to participate in its elaboration. This participation meets two needs: i) the adaptation of innovation to the particularity of situations as the agroecological transition advocates ii) the decentralization of the management of socio-environmental goods, towards common forms. To deal with these challenges of transforming agricultural systems, we can be expected that the organization of agricultural extension has adapted by the passage of a system driven primarily by a public device, based on a single type of technical advice and on diffusionist methods of mass of extension, to a composite system offering several types of advice and individual or joint intervention methods based on the co-construction of the advice. Our analysis is based on an empirical work adapted to the situation of the two countries under study, circumscribed to the regions of Al Ghâb in Syria and Nabeul in Tunisia. The results are quite similar in both countries where the evolution of the agricultural sector occurs through small changes that rely more on the substitution of practices more economical and more respectful of the environment than previous practices, but these changes have not been accompanied by a significant evolution of the agricultural extension system. The state apparatus still occupies a monopoly position in Al Ghâb, and dominant in Nabeul. The organizational evolution of this system is limited, in both regions, to the deconcentration of services, with a timid privatization on the site of Nabeul. In both regions of study, the state apparatus uses classically collective counseling methods of advice based on the "Training and Visit" model, and is limited to a technical dimension based mainly on the proceeds of the Green Revolution, their contribution to the evolution of agricultural practices towards agroecology is not notable.