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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

論所有權對農地利用之影響 / The Impact of Ownership for Farmers on the Agricultural Land Use

張雅惠 Unknown Date (has links)
早期農業係臺灣社會經濟發展之基石,各相關農業政策皆以糧食增產為主要目標,後因後期臺灣經濟由農業為主漸漸轉向以工業為主,故在時代變遷下,過去多數文獻指出第一次農地改革強調以「所有權」為中心,成功達到農業生產增加目的,以及Arthur Young之名言「荒漠變花園」,認為「所有權」是激勵農民生產之誘因,在現今都市化擴張及工商業發展的社會背景下,是否仍為當前農地政策之主要思維?實有重新探討之必要。爰此,本研究為探討臺灣農地利用是否仍需存有「所有權」之迷思,嘗試釐清在時代變遷下,農民是否須擁有農地所有權才能激勵農民從事農地利用?或只要能保障農民之投入成本能於未來收益相符,即便是透過使用權方式承租農地亦能激勵農民從事利用?並期能透過財產權觀點分析現行農地利用政策,提供未來農地政策研擬修訂之重要參考依據。 基此,本研究首先整理過去相關文獻及政府統計資料,在此基礎上釐清過去涉及地權政策之農地改革變遷過程,以及臺灣農地利用現況問題,藉以建立後續分析架構。其次,針對宜蘭縣三星鄉農民進行問卷調查,以釐清農民在從事農作過程中,擁有農地所有權對農民之影響情形,並瞭解農民透過購買或承租方式擴大農場經營規模之考量為何。最後,為深入分析及探究問卷調查結果之背後影響因素,本研究再針對中央及地方政府機關行政人員進行訪談,據以進行綜合分析。透過此研究脈絡之探討,本研究獲得之重要發現與結論,茲分述如下。 一、本研究透過實證分析得知,農民擁有農地所有權雖會對農地利用有正面影響,但不必然會直接激勵農民從事農作,仍需視當時的社會制度下,何種行為能夠激勵農民達到行為目標(增加所得),即具有激勵效果。而農民擁有農地使用權,亦能提高從事農地利用意願、激勵努力從事農業生產及維護農地環境,惟因使用權具有期限,故相較於農民擁有農地所有權,在提高農地改良投資及對長期從事農作有幫助兩方面,較無法激勵農民。因此,本研究結論指出過去以所有權為中心之農地政策,因社會變遷結果,不必然須再以所有權為中心,亦能具有激勵農民從事農作生產之效果。 二、依據本研究分析及推論,第一次農地改革之成功,應不能僅歸於創設所有權,而是因為透過政策實施重新界定財產權範圍,並建置財產權之權利及義務關係,故使農民投入之成本與未來收益能相符,願意投入更多的勞力從事農作,進而激勵農民願意努力從事農業生產,而建立第一次農地改革成功基礎。以此觀點亦能說明,第二次農地改革後,即便農民擁有農地所有權,惟因從事農作收益不佳,農民投入之成本於未來並無法充分回收時,則會變相導致農民任其休耕、閒置、消極利用,或是觀望日後農地變更之增值。因此,所有權並非能直接激勵農民從事農地利用,即便農民係透過承租方式擴大農場經營規模,只要能保障農民投入成本能與未來獲得收益相符,皆可激勵農民努力從事農作。 三、經本研究調查發現,由於目前購買農地價格太高,且農民擁有農地所有權與使用權對農地利用激勵效果相似,因此在資金條件不足情況下,透過承租方式取得農地,可減輕農民在資金負擔方面的壓力,實為未來主要擴大農場經營規模之方式。而目前政府所推動之小地主大佃農政策,雖係以承租方式擴大農場經營規模,且施行迄今頗具績效,然其政策績效似有成長趨緩之趨勢,故本研究針對小地主大佃農政策績效成長趨緩之原因進行分析,發現主要因地主願意出租之農地多已經初步釋出、三七五減租政策之持續影響、農民健康保險資格影響農地整合活化、缺乏地緣關係難透過承租農地擴大農場經營規模及特殊農業經營傾向以購買農地擴大農場經營規模等五項原因,可能影響該政策績效有趨緩成長之勢。故本研究基於研究觀察及發現,據以研提五項政策修正建議,包括:1.由於農地多已初步釋出,故應開始從農地規模化轉而思考農地集中化,不再僅追求量的成長;2.透過農地管理中心整合目前委託經營、口頭租約、代耕之擴大農場經營規模方式,不僅以書面契約為必要條件;3.調整農民健康保險之資格條件,不必然以擁有或承租一定農地面積以上為審查必要條件;4.透過現有大佃農師徒學習或是參與學習方式,引領新農民獲得當地農村信任感,順利承租農地;5.獎勵地主及承租人雙方簽訂長期農地租賃契約,以刺激承租人規劃及思考更長期之農地利用等,可供作為政府機關未來進行相關政策修訂及調整之參考依據。
2

從農業發展條例之研修檢視我國農地移轉制度 / Review on Agricultural Land Transfer System through Amendment of the Agricultural Development Act in Taiwan

張志銘 Unknown Date (has links)
我國為配合加入WTO,紓緩日後大量農產品開放進口,對本土農地利用管理與農業生產所帶來的衝擊,政府乃大幅度修正農業發展條例(以下簡稱農發條例),以為因應。該條例及配套法案業於民國八十九年一月四日、六日及十三日經立法院三讀通過,並由總統於同年一月二十六日公布施行。本次農發條例之修正要點,在農地政策方面,主要側重於農地合理的利用、有效地管理與適當的釋出,其中最大的轉變在於調整為「放寬農地農有,落實農地農用」原則,不再限制農地移轉承受人之身份與資格,並有條件地許可農企業法人承受農地。這樣的變革,旨在建立更為開放競爭的耕地買賣市場,增進耕地的流動性,以利農業經營者取得耕地,調整農業經營結構,應值贊同。然而,條文內容有無疏漏不妥?仍有待深入檢討;條文原則性的規定能否落實?尚待相關法令的配合修訂,方能儘速建立合理農地利用、管理與釋出機制,以確保我國的農業發展。   緣此,本研究乃就農發條例之研修條文內容,深入探析農地政策與移轉規定之轉變,同時藉由實地調查(問卷調查與深度訪談)及拜訪農政等單位,以瞭解移轉制度變遷之實施現況及其對農業經營之影響程度,並訪察農業經營者之意向及博採各方之想法,據以確實地檢視現行農地移轉制度有關之爭議與問題,再提出研修現行條文、修訂行政命令及研議配合措施等改進意見,冀能有助於促進農地合理利用,並供後續法律修正、執行之參考。最後,再綜合本研究之成果,推衍以下結論:   一、調整農地農有制度係時勢潮流,農地農用管理機制應詳加落實。   二、實證調查發現,受訪者大抵認同目前農地移轉制度之變革規定,惟對促進農地流動及帶動農業升級助益不大。   三、引進農企業法人承受耕地之成效不彰,且牽涉法令繁多,亟待整合修訂。   四、制度規則未能公平提供誘因,且未能有效減低執行面之不確定性,應儘速檢討改進並確實執行之。   五、農民與農企業法人普遍欠缺對相關法令資訊的瞭解,應加強相關人員之專業訓練與宣傳輔導。   此外,在研究過程中,發現仍有相關課題有待未來後續研究,以促使農地更有效利用管理,並能確保農業永續發展,建議如下:   一、健全農企業法人承受耕地之管理制度。   二、建構重要農業區之區分與保護機制。   三、進一步研究農業產銷班與農地利用之關聯性。 / For joining WTO and moderating the impact of the import of agricultural products on agricultural lands use and, management and production, our government reacted by revising the Agricultural Development Act (ADA). The ADA has been revised by the Legislative Yuan on January 4 and promulgated by the Presidential Decree on January 26, 2000. The main point of the revision is to emphasis on reasonable farmland uses, effective management and adequate release of the land regulations in the agricultural policy. The main change is to adjust ADA’s principle from “the right to own and use farmland to be limited to the farmer” to “the release of the restriction on farmland transferee and realization of the substantial farmland uses.” The revision does no longer set a limit to the status and qualification of transferees and permits the transferable rights of agribusiness on some certain conditions. It is approved that the revision is to establish a more open and competitive arable land market, to improve the liquidity of arable lands, to facilitate the acquirement of arable lands for agribusiness, and to adjust the agricultural production structure. However, we should review the completeness and realization of the revised ADA after the promulgation in order to assure the agricultural development.   Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to probe into the change of the agricultural land policy and transfer regulation from the provisions of the revised ADA, examine the exercising of transfer system change and its influence on agricultural operation, investigate the intention of agricultural managers for reviewing the relative debates and issues, and then offer some advice as references of revision in the future. The conclusion is described as follows:   1.It is a trend of the times to adjust the transfer system that the right to own and use farmland is limited to the farmer, and the mechanism of assuring the substantial farmland uses should be realized.   2.From empirical research, the interviewees almost agree to the new agricultural land transfer system, but think that it is not useful for accelerating the liquidity and promoting the level of agricultural industry.   3.It is not significant on introducing agribusiness to be the transferee of arable lands, and it is necessary for our government to integrate too many relative and complicated laws.   4.We should review and implement the revised ADA because the rules themselves cannot provide fair incentives and effectively reduce the uncertainty from exercising it.   5.Farmers and agribusinesses lack the knowledge of relative laws, so the government should enhance them the professional training and give them consultant service.   In addition, from this research, we also found that some issues need to be studied for effective management of agricultural lands and sustainable development of agricultural industry in the future.   1.How to sound the management institution when agribusinesses want to be the transferee of arable lands.   2.How to designate important agricultural zones and establish protection mechanism.   3.Study the correlation between the agricultural product marketing class and agricultural land uses.

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