O oídio, causado pelo fungo Podosphaera fuliginea, é uma doença de ocorrência universal, considerada uma das mais comuns entre as cucurbitáceas. Todas as espécies são suscetíveis, contudo a severidade está condicionada ao tipo de clima, espécies e cultivares. Na cultura do pepino (Cucumins sativus L.) o oídio provoca danos principalmente em cultivos protegidos, necessitando da utilização de produtos tóxicos no seu controle. É crescente o interesse pelos métodos alternativos de controle, englobando os biológicos, orgânicos ou naturais, por apresentar alternativas de controle eficientes, tendo como características o baixo potencial de contaminação ao ambiente, a saúde do aplicador e do consumidor. Experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação e repetidos em dois cultivos, com a utilização de extratos de canola e própolis para controle de oídio em pepineiro. No primeiro experimento testou-se o efeito potencial, de extratos de pó de canola (Brassica napus L.) em quatro formas de extração: extrato alcoólico, infusão, maceração e extrato aquoso e cinco concentrações de cada extrato: 0, 3, 6, 9, e 12%. A primeira aplicação foi realizada 24 horas antes de submeter as plantas ao inóculo do patógeno e as demais semanalmente, num período de 5 semanas. Avaliou-se a incidência e severidade da doença e o efeito elicitor dos extratos na indução de resistência por meio da atividade da enzima fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL), fenóis totais e proteínas totais. No segundo experimento testou-se o efeito de extrato etanólico de própolis aplicado em épocas e concentrações distintas: 24 horas antes da inoculação do patógeno, 24 horas após a inoculação e no aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas da doença com concentrações de 0% (água destilada) 0,5; 1; 2; 4 e 8% do extrato. No primeiro experimento, verificou-se maior atividade da FAL e maior acúmulo de fenóis totais, sendo estes parâmetros relacionados à redução da AACPD para a incidência e severidade do oídio.Destacou-se como melhor controle o extrato maceração na concentração de 12%, com redução de mais de 50% de incidência e mais de 90% de severidade da doença. No segundo experimento verificou-se que o extrato aquoso de própolis aplicado 24 horas antes e 24 horas após a inoculação do patógeno conferiu melhor controle da AACPD da severidade e incidência, quando comparadas a aplicação no aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas da doença. Esse efeito foi mais significativo quando utilizou-se a concentração de 8%. Os resultados obtidos em ambos os experimentos demonstram que o extrato do pó de canola, assim como, o extrato alcoólico de própolis possuem potencial para controle de oídio em pepineiro. / Powdery mildew, caused by the fungus Podosphaera fuliginea, is a disease of universal occurrence, considered one of the most common among cucurbits. All species are susceptible, but the severity depends on the type of climate, species and cultivars. In the culture of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. Cucumins) powdery mildew causes damage mainly in greenhouses, necessitating the use of toxic products in your control. The interest in alternative methods of control is growing, including the biological, organic or natural alternatives to present efficient control, with features like the low potential for contamination to the environment, the health of the operator and the consumer. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse and repeated in two crops, using canola and própolis extracts to control powdery mildew in cucumber. In the first experiment was tested the potential effect of powder canola (Brassica napus L.) extracts in four forms of extraction: alcoholic, infusion, maceration and aqueous extract and five concentrations of each extract: 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%. The first application was made 24 hours before the pathogen inoculation and other weekly for a period of 5 weeks, measuring the incidence and severity of disease and the elicitor effect of extracts in the induction of resistance by the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia lyase (FAL), total phenolics and total proteins. In the second experiment was tested the effect of ethanol propolis extract applied in different times and concentrations: 24 hours before the pathogen inoculation, 24 hours after pathogen inoculation and the appearance of the firsts disease symptoms with 0% (distilled water); 0,5; 1; 2; 4 and 8% of the extract. In the first experiment, there was a higher activity of FAL and greater accumulation of phenolic compounds, which are parameters related to the reduction of AUDPC for the incidence and severity of powdery mildew, highlighting how the best to control the maceration extract at a concentration of 12%, with reduced more than 50% incidence and more than 90% disease severity. In the second experiment it was found that a própolis aqueous extract applied 24 hours before and 24 hours after the inoculation of the pathogen gave better control of AUDPC the incidence and severity when compared to aplication in the first disease symptoms. This effect was more significant when it was used at a concentration of 8%. The results in both experiments showed that the powder canola extract, as well as the alcoholic própolis extract, have potential for control of powdery mildew on cucumber.

Este trabalho apresenta a obtenção de micro/nanofibras de EVA utilizando o método de fiação por sopro em solução e sua possibilidade de aplicação na agricultura, no controle de pragas, através da incorporação de feromônios sexuais sintéticos. Soluções com concentração de 0,5−15% em massa de EVA em xileno: clorofórmio (96:4% em peso) foram preparadas com base no parâmetro de solubilidade do copolímero. A viscosidade das soluções, assim como o regime de concentração foi determinado por meio de medidas reológicas. A morfologia e estrutura das fibras foram avaliadas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV-FEG) e difração de raios X (DRX). O perfil de liberação dos feromônios foi determinado com base na perda de massa utilizando termogravimetria (TGA). A obtenção de fibras foi possível nas soluções com regime de concentração semidiluída. As fibras apresentaram diâmetros médios de 95 a 426 nm e seus tamanhos são dependentes da taxa de alimentação. Não há evidências de que as taxas de alimentação utilizadas e a concentração tenham efeito na orientação macromolecular do EVA, assim como a utilização dos feromônios na fiação. A quantidade incorporada nas fibras, bem como a taxa de liberação dos feromônios possui influência do parâmetro de solubilidade. Portanto, dependendo da demanda de liberação é possível obter um sistema de liberação com um balanço entre taxa de liberação e tempo máximo de liberação com base na natureza do sistema polímero/solvente/feromônio. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES / This work presents the production of EVA micro/nanofibers using the solution blow spinning method and its possibility of application in agriculture, in pest control, through the incorporation of synthetic sex pheromones. Solutions with a concentration of 0.5-15% by mass of EVA in xylene: chloroform (96:4% by weight) were prepared based on the solubility parameter of the copolymer. The viscosity of the solutions as well as the concentration regime was determined by means of rheological measurements. The morphology and structure of the fibers were evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM-FEG) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The release profile of the pheromones was determined based on the loss of mass using thermogravimetry (TGA). Fibers were obtained in the solutions in the semi-diluted concentration regime. The fibers have diameters of 95 to 426 nm and their sizes are dependent on the feed rate. There is no evidence that feed rates used and concentration have an effect on macromolecular orientation of EVA, as well as the use of pheromones in spinning. The amount incorporated in the fibers, as well as the rate of release of the pheromones influences the solubility parameter. Therefore, depending on the release demand it is possible to obtain a release system with a balance between release rate and maximum release time based on the nature of the polymer/solvent/pheromone system.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Entomopathogenic nematodes have the potential to be outstanding biocontrol agents against agricultural pest insects. Combined with their bacterial symbionts, these biocontrol agents have proven to be very effective against numerous pests. The nematodes belong to the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, and are ideal to be used in, and integrated with, pest management systems. There is a dire need for new and innovative methods to control agricultural pests, as numerous pest insects have developed resistance against broad-spectrum insecticides. Together with the environmental impact of these insecticides and the safety aspect regarding humans and animals, the need to develop new technologies, including entomopathogenic nematodes for pest management, is high. In this study, the associated symbiotic bacteria of three entomopathogenic nematodes species were isolated, and the potential of two nematode species to be successfully mass cultured in liquid medium was evaluated. Regarding the symbiotic bacteria, results from the study showed that bacteria species from all three nematode species, Heterorhabditis noenieputensis, Steinernema khoisanae and Heterorhabditis zealandica, were novel. Heterorhabditis noenieputensis was isolated in the Mpumalanga province during a previous survey conducted in citrus orchards. The bacterium isolated from this nematode belongs to the genus Photorhabdus, and bear closest similarity (98.6%) to the type strain of P. luminescens subsp laumondii (TT01T). Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis subsp. nov., derives its name from the area where the nematode was sourced, namely the farm Springbokvlei, near the settlement Noenieput close to the Namibian border. Thus far, 85 Steinernema spp. have been described worldwide, including S. khoisanae which was isolated in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Four S. khoisanae strains, namely SF87, SF80, SF362 and 106-C, were used for characterisating the new bacteria from different localities in South Africa. Using the neighbor-joining method, all the strains were aligned with 97% homology to the 16S rRNA sequences of several Xenorhabdus- type strains, indicating that they belonged to the same genus. The multigene approach was used to distinguish between the Xenorhabdus spp. and partial recA, dnaN, gltX, gyrB and infB gene sequences of the various strains were analysed. The bacterium species was named Xenorhabdus khoisanae sp. nov. after the nematode from which it was isolated. The results showed that the third bacterium species, which was isolated from H. zealandica, was new. The sequence of the bacteria strain clustered with the type strains of P. temperata and P. asymbiotica, indicate that it belonged to the genus Photorhabdus. This is the first study to show that H. zealandica associates with a luminescent Photorhabdus species, rather than with the known non-luminescent P. temperata. The potential of H. zealandica and Steinernema yirgalemense mass culture in liquid was investigated. Results illustrated that H. zealandica and its P. luminescens symbiont can be successfully cultured in liquid. However, two generations occurred during the process time, instead of the desirable one-generation. The growth curve of the symbiotic bacteria during the process time was measured, in order to determine when the stationary phase was reached, with the results showing this to occur after 36 h. Therefore, the optimum amount of time required for inoculating the IJs and for aiding in maximum infective juvenile (IJ) recovery is 36 h for adding the nematodes post pre-culturing of the bacteria. Future research goals should be to increase the percentage recovery in liquid culture, which would increase the number of nematodes produced per ml, which would, therefore, reduce the processing time significantly. The results from mass culturing the second nematode species, S. yirgalemense, indicated an asynchronous nematode development in the first generation. Growth curves were performed with the symbiotic bacteria that showed the exponential phase of Xenorhabdus started after 15 h, and that, after 42 h, the stationary phase was reached, with an average of 51 × 107 cfu·ml-1. Bioassays were performed to compare the virulence between in vitro- and in vivo-produced nematodes, with the results showing that the in vitro-produced nematodes were significantly less virulent than were the nematodes produced in vivo. The success obtained with the production of S. yirgalemense in liquid culture can serve as the first step in the optimising and upscaling of the commercial production of nematodes in industrial fermenters. The last aim of the current study was to determine when Xenorhabdus reached the stationary phase, when it is grown in a 20-L fermenter, as this would be the optimum time at which to add the IJs of S. yirgalemense. Such characteristics as the effect of stationary phase conditions on the bacterial cell density and on the DO2 rate in the fermenter were investigated. The results showed that the stationary phase of Xenorhabdus was reached after 36 h at 30˚C, which took 6 h less than did the same procedures followed with the Xenorhabdus sp. cultured in Erlenmeyer flasks on orbital shakers. This is the first step toward the liquid mass culturing of S. yirgalemense in industrial-size fermenters. Data from this study indicated the optimum amount of time that is required for adding nematodes to the bacterial culture in the fermenter, and for ensuring the optimum recovery of IJs, as well as a subsequent high yield of nematodes within a minimum processing time. This is the first report of its kind to investigate comprehensively the successful liquid culture of two South African entomopathogenic nematode species for the sole purpose of evaluating potential commercialisation. Results emanating from this study could be used as groundwork in future, in combination with similar research such as culturing nematodes intensively in large fermenters. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Entomopatogeniese nematodes het die potensiaal om as doeltreffende biologiese beheeragente teen sleutelplaaginsekte gebruik te word. Elke nematood werk interaktief met ‘n spesifieke bakterium. Entomopatogeniese nematodes, behorende tot die families Steinernematidae en Heterorhabditidae, is ideale kandidate vir gebruik in ‘n geïntegreerde plaagbestuurprogram. Tans is daar ʼn behoefte vir nuwe metodes vir die beheer van plaaginsekte, omdat meeste insekte reeds weerstand opgebou het teen bestaande plaagdoders. As gevolg van die negatiewe impak van plaagdoders op die omgewing, asook kommer oor veiligheid vir die mens en diere, is die ontwikkeling en gebruik van alternatiewe plaagbeheermiddels noodsaaklik. In die eerste deel van die studie word drie nuwe bakterie spesies geïsoleer en beskryf. Resultate van hierdie studie het aangetoon dat die bakterië spesies vanuit die nematode spesies, Heterorhabditis noenieputensis, Steinernema khoisanae, en Heterorhabditis zealandica, tot dusver onbeskryf was. Eersgenoemde, H. noenieputensis, is afkomstig van ʼn sitrusboord in die Mpumalanga Provinsie. Die bakterie hieruit geïsoleer behoort tot die genus Photorhabdus en is biologies verwant (98.6%) aan P. luminescens subsp laumondii (TT01T). Die bakterie is benaam as Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis nov. en is na die nematood waaruit dit geïsoleer is vernoem. Tot dusver is wêreldwyd 82 spesies van Steinernema spp. beskryf, insluitende S. khoisanae van die Weskaap provinsie. Vier bakterie isolate is van S. khoisanae, SF87, SF80, SF362 en 106-C geïsoleer. Die buur-koppeling metode was gebruik om te bepaal dat hierdie bakterie isolate tot 97% ooreenstem met verskeie isolate van Xenorhabdus se 16S rRNA DNS volgordebepalings. Om tussen Xenorhabdus spp. te onderskei is ʼn multi-geen benadering gebruik deur gedeeltelike recA, dnaN, gltX, gyrB en infB DNS basispaar volgordebepalings van die verskeie isolate te bepaal. Hierdie bakterie isolaat is soortgelyk ook vernoem as, Xenorhabdus khoisanae sp. nov., na die nematood waaruit dit geïsoleer is. Die derde onbekende bakteriële spesie is uit H. zealandica geïsoleer. Die DNS basispaar volgordebepaling van die 16S geen van SF41 toon aan dat dit in dieselfde groep as P. temperata en P. asymbiotica val en sodoende aan die genus Photorhabdus behoort. Hierdie is die eerste studie met die bevinding dat H. zealandica ook met ʼn ander bakterie spesie geassosieer kan word buiten die normale P. temperata spesie. Die tweede deel van die studie gaan oor die teling van twee nematood spesies, H. zealandica en Steinernema yirgalemense, en hulle is geëvalueer vir hulle potensiaal om geteel te word in ʼn vloeibare medium. Die resultate het gewys dat H. zealandica met sy P. luminescens simbiont suksesvol in vloeistof aangeteel kan word, ten spyte van die feit dat daar twee generasies ontwikkel het, in plaas van die meer ideale enkel generasie. Die groeikurwe van die simbiotiese bakterie was gemonitor om te bepaal wanneer die stasionêre fase bereik word. Die resultate toon dat hierdie fase na 36 uur bereik was. Dus was die infektiewe nematode larwes eers na 36 uur tot die vloeibare medium waarin die bakterie geteel was bygevoeg. Navorsing in die toekoms moet dus gefokus wees om die persentasie herwinning van die infektiewe larwes te verhoog. Dit sal daartoe lei dat meer nematodes per ml geproduseer kan word en ook die prosesseringstyd van die nematodes verminder. ʼn Tweede nematode spesie, S. yirgalemense, was ook in vloeistof geteel. Hier het ʼn asinkroniese ontwikkeling in die eerste generasie plaasgevind wat problematies is. Groeikurwes is bepaal van die bakteriële simbiont en die resultate het gewys dat die groeifase van Xenorhabdus na 15 uur in aanvang geneem het en dat die stasionêre fase bereik was na 42 uur met ʼn gemiddelde van 51 × 107 selle·ml-1. Die virulensie van nematodes wat in vitro geteel is, is vergelyk met die virulensie van nematodes wat in vivo geteel is en die resultate het getoon dat die in vitro geteelde nematodes minder virulent was. Die teling van S. yirgalemense in vloeistof was oor die algemeen meer suksesvol as die teling van H. zealandica in dieselfde medium. Die doelwit van die laaste gedeelte van hierdie studie was om te bepaal wanneer Xenorhabdus die stasionêre fase bereik wanneer dit in ʼn 20-L fermenter gekweek word. Dit bepaal sodoende die optimale tyd wanneer die infektiewe larwes van S. yirgalemense bygevoeg behoort te word. Die uitwerking van die stasionêre fase op die bakteriële selle, asook die DO2-konsentrasie in die fermenter, was geëvalueer. Resultate het gewys dat die stasionêre fase van Xenorhabdus na 36 uur bereik was, wat 6 uur korter is as toe dit gekweek is in Erlenmeyer flesse. Hierdie studie is die eerste stap om die massa teling van S. yirgalemense in industriële fermenters suksesvol te bemeester. Die data wat verkry was, het aangedui wat die ideale tydsduur sal wees om die bakteriegetalle te vermeerder voordat die nematode bygevoeg word. Hierdie is die eerste studie wat die teling van twee Suid-Afrikaanse nematode spesies omvattend in vloeistof evalueer het. Die hoof doelwit is om die potensiaal van hierdie nematode spesies, met die oog op kommersiële gebruik, te meet. Die resultate van hierdie studie kan gekombineer word met toekomstige studies in hierdie spesifieke navorsingsveld.

CAPES / O fungo Rhizoctonia solani é um fitopatógeno habitante de solo que causa danos em diversas culturas. O controle químico, quando manejado de forma errada, pode ser prejudicial ao meio ambiente, o que torna importante o estudo do controle por meio de métodos alternativos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar diferentes doses de chorume de suínos (CS), com e sem retenção de gases, em diferentes níveis de pH de solo, no controle da rizoctoniose em beterraba. O inóculo do fungo R. solani foi obtido pela multiplicação em substrato em grãos de arroz, previamente esterilizado. Os experimentos foram montados em casa de vegetação, em blocos inteiramente casualizados, arranjados em esquema trifatorial 2 x 2 x 5, sendo níveis de pH do solo (4,8 e 7,2) x com e sem retenção de gases x doses de CS (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%), com quatro repetições por tratamento. Para a montagem dos experimentos, foram acondicionados separadamente 4 kg de solo com os diferentes níveis de pH, em sacos plásticos. Posteriormente, o solo de cada saco foi infestado com 15 g de inóculo do fungo/kg de solo, e umedecido conforme necessidade. Após sete dias da infestação do solo com o patógeno, em cada saco foram incorporadas separadamente as diferentes doses do chorume de suíno, sendo os sacos com retenção de gases vedados e os sem retenção permaneceram abertos. Após sete dias, parte do solo de cada saco foi acondicionada separadamente em 16 células de bandeja de isopor de 128 células, sendo semeadas duas sementes de beterraba por célula. A outra parte do solo foi colocada em vasos de 2 litros de capacidade, para realização da quantificação da atividade microbiana, por meio do método de desprendimento de CO2, aos 21 dias após da montagem do experimento. Foram realizadas diariamente avaliações de emergência e tombamento de plântulas, por 21 dias consecutivos. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância, e quando significativos foram submetidos à análise de regressão ou Teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Os experimentos foram repetidos por duas vezes. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, houve efeito supressivo do CS no controle de rizoctoniose. Para a variável emergência, a dose 10% de CS foi a que apresentou o maior número de plantas emergidas nos dois níveis de pH de solo estudado, submetidos ou não à retenção de gases. O tombamento de plantas diminuiu em função do aumento dos volumes de CS incorporados ao solo. O solo com nível de pH 7,2 apresentou menos tombamento de plântulas de beterraba do que o solo com nível de pH 4,8. A retenção dos gases proporcionou o maior controle da rizoctoniose nas maiores doses de CS e em solos com nível de pH 7,2. Neste estudo constatouse também aumento significativo da atividade microbiana nas doses crescentes de CS, quando aplicado ao solo nos níveis pH 4,8 e 7,2. Com base nestes resultados, concluiu-se que a dose 10% de CS é a que proporciona melhor controle da rizoctoniose, sem prejudicar a emergência das plântulas. / The fungus Rhizoctonia solani is a soil borne pathogen that causes damage to various crops. The chemical control, when managed incorrectly, can be harmful to the environment, which makes the study of alternative control important. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of different doses of Liquid swine manure (LSM), with and without the retention of gases, at different soil pH levels, to control R. solani in beet. An inoculum of the fungus R. solani was on rice grains, which had been previously sterilised. The experiments were set up in a greenhouse in a completely randomised block design, arranged in a three-factor 2 x 2 x 5 scheme, comprising of soil pH levels (4.8 and 7.2) x with and without gas retention x LSM dose (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%), with four replications per treatment. To setup the experiments, 4 kg of soil of each pH level were packed separately into plastic bags. Subsequently, the soil of each bag was infested with 15 g of fungus inoculum/kg of soil, and moistened as necessary. After seven days of infestation of the soil with the pathogen the different doses of LSM were incorporated separately into the bags, the bags designated as the gas retention treatment were closed, while those designated as the gas release treatment were left open. After seven days, part of the soil from each bag was packed separately into 16 cells of 128 cell Styrofoam trays, which were then seeded with two beet seeds per cell. The other part of the soil was placed in 2 litre pots, to conduct the quantification of microbial activity, through the method of CO2 release, 21 days after the experiment was setup. Seedling emergence and damping-off evaluations were performed daily for 21 days consecutively. The data was submitted to analysis of variance, and when significant were submitted to regression analysis or Tukey at 5% probability of error. The experiments were repeated twice. According to the results obtained, there was a suppressive effect of LSM on R. solani. For the variable emergence, the 10% dose of LSM resulted in the largest number of emerging plants in the two soil pH levels studied, whether or not gas was retained. Seedling dampingoff decreased with increasing volumes of LSM incorporated into the soil. The soil with the pH level of 7.2 presented less seedling damping-off than the soil with a pH level of 4.8. The retention of gases provided greater control of R. solani in the higher LSM doses and in soil with a pH level of 7.2. Also noted in this study that there was a significant increase in microbial activity with increasing doses of LSM when applied to soil with pH levels of 4.8 and 7.2. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 10% dose of LSM provided the best control of R. solani without harming seedling emergence.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-20. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:47:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000829026.pdf: 336457 bytes, checksum: 8b02bbfade913853e331d4f14b9e3cc1 (MD5) / A cultura de cana-de-açúcar é de grande importância para a economia brasileira. Os fitonematoides são um dos fatores limitantes na maioria dos canaviais causando grandes perdas à cultura. O manejo dos nematoides é feito através de nematicidas químicos que são prejudiciais ao homem, meio ambiente e produtos colhidos, devido sua alta toxicidade. O controle biológico tem sido uma alternativa viável e sustentável para o manejo dos nematoides. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar espécies de Bacillus no controle de Meloidogyne incognita e M. javanica in vitro e na cana-de-açúcar. Foram instalados experimentos em condições de laboratório com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com os tratamentos: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha); B. subtillis; B. firmus e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), além de uma testemunha (água). Os ensaios em vasos, à céu aberto, tiveram delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC (5 L/ha - tratamento padrão) e uma testemunha, com cinco repetições e duas avaliações (100 e 150 dias após inoculação e aplicação dos tratamentos). No ensaio in vitro, B. firmus (10 L/ha) é o mais eficiente para diminuir a eclosão de J2 de M. javanica, sendo estasticamente semelhante ao produto químico testado. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. javanica, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), causam a mortalidade do nematoide, porém inferior ao padrão químico testado. Para M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) proporciona maior eclosão de J2. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. incognita, Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha) causou a maior mortalidade. Nos ensaios em vasos, todos os tratamentos aumentam o número de perfilhos, mas não controlam os nematoides / The sugar-cane crop is very important to Brazilian economy. Phytonematodes are among the main limitating factors of such culture causing great losses. Chemical nematicides are harmful to humans, environment, harvested products, and are the main method used to manage the populations of these nematodes. Biological control have been a sustainable alternative to manage these nematodes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate Bacillus species for control Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica in vitro and in sugar cane plants. We set assays in laboratory conditions in a completely random design with the treatments: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha), B. subitilis, B. firmus, B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) and a control (water). The pot assay, in a semi-field condition, had a completely random design with the treatments: B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC, with five replicates and two evaluation periods (100 and 150 days after inculation and application of treatments). At laboratory assay B. firmus (10 L/ha) was the most efficient in decreasing the M. javanica J2 eclosion and were statistically similar to the chemical nematicide tested. For M. javanica J2 mobility, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) and B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) cause nematode mortality, but lower than that presented by the chemical. To M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) provides higher J2 eclosion. For the M. incognita J2 mobility, Cadusafos 200CS (14 L/ha) caused higher mortality. In the pot assay, all treatments increase the number of tillers but do not control the nematodes

O uso de ferramentas matemáticas e computacionais se faz cada vez mais presente nos estudos da dinâmica predador-presa devido à complexidade das populações que sofrem influências externas relativas à interação com o ambiente. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as equações de Lotka-Volterra e aplicá-las para modelar e descrever a dinâmica da interação entre o inseto Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (predador) e sua presa, a cochonilha-do-carmim (Dactylopius opuntiae) visando identificar cenários que conduzam ao combate da cochonilha. Esta é uma praga que tem atacado severamente as áreas de cultivo da palma forrageira, utilizada para alimentação de caprinos, ovinos e bovinos causando prejuízos econômicos, ambientais e sociais à região do semiárido nordestino. A destruição dos palmais devido ao ataque da cochonilha obriga os agricultores a se desfazerem dos seus rebanhos, migrarem para outras regiões ou devastar áreas da Caatinga para realizar novos plantios de palma. Diante do exposto, verifica-se a necessidade de prover suporte para uma cultura sustentável da palma forrageira, essencial para o gado leiteiro. Para fins de controle de pragas, órgãos como a Embrapa e o IPA têm recomendado o controle biológico da cochonilha através da introdução de seu inimigo natural (C. montrouzieri) que tem se mostrado eficiente no combate à praga. Neste trabalho foram realizadas simulações da evolução das populações de D. opuntiae e de C. montrouzieri utilizando as equações que representam o modelo Lotka-Volterra e suas variantes. Os resultados desta pesquisa têm tornado possível sugerir a quantidade de predadores a ser inserida no ambiente natural para buscar combater e controlar a infestação de pragas que tem causado danos à região do Semiárido do Nordeste. O uso do modelo não apenas possibilita sugerir a população de predadores para interagir com a espécie presa numa relação trófica, como também permite o monitoramento da conformidade da evolução populacional das espécies estudadas / The use of mathematical and computational tools have been found within studies of the dynamics of predator-prey due to the complexities of the population evolution that suffer external influences of their interaction with the environment. Within this context, this work aims at investigating the Lotka-Volterra model and apply them to capture and describe the dynamics of the interaction between the Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (predator) and its prey, the cochineal-carmine (Dactylopius opuntiae) in order to identify scenarios that aim at reducing the amount of ladybug. This a pest that has infested a large area in the semiarid region of the Northeast Brazil where the cactus pear has been used as a base of supply for ruminants. As a result, environmental damages as well as social and economic losses have occurred. This pest infestation has caused farmers migration to other areas. Given the above, there is a need to provide support for a sustainable cultivation of cactus pear. For the purpose of pest control, agencies such as Embrapa and IPA have recommended biological control of ladybug by introducing natural enemies such as C. montrouzieri that has been effective at reducing the pest. In that sense, within this work simulations of population evolution for D. opuntiae and C. montrouzieri have been made by using the Lotka-Volterra equations as well as its variants. Results of this research has made possible to suggest the amount of predators that might be inserted into the natural environment aiming at reducing and control pest infestation in a case study of the semiarid region of the Northeast Brazil. The use of the model not only allows suggesting the population of predators for species within a trophic interaction, but also allows the monitoring of compliance of the evolution of the species under study

O equilíbrio entre insetos-praga e inimigos naturais existentes na cultura da soja, pode ser influenciado pelo manejo do solo, produtos fitossanitários e cultivares de soja. O presente estudo avaliou a diversidade de lepidópteros associados à cultura da soja, no continente Americano, e a abundância específica destes insetos e seus inimigos naturais (parasitóides e fungos entomopatogênicos), em soja convencional e transgênica RR, com aplicação de herbicidas seletivos (Amplo® e Aramo®) e uma formulação de glifosato (Gliz®), sendo o cultivo da soja BRS 133-convencional e BRS Charrua RR-transgênico realizado em Vacaria, RS, sob manejo de solo convencional, em três lotes de um hectare cada. Nas amostragens semanais, os lepidópteros foram coletados com pano-de-batida, mantidos em criação laboratorial até a obtenção dos adultos, dos parasitóides ou dos fungos entomopatogênicos. Também realizaram-se amostragens de solo para isolamento de fungos entomopatogênicos. Elaborou-se uma listagem dos lepidópteros associados à cultura da soja no continente Americano, relacionando-se 71 espécies cujas formas larvais já foram referidas alimentando-se de soja. No presente estudo foram coletadas 1634 larvas de lepidópteros identificados em 22 táxons, destacando-se Anticarsia gemmatalis, Pseudoplusia includens e Rachiplusia nu como as mais representativas (83,05% das larvas coletadas). A aplicação da formulação de glifosato afetou negativamente o número médio de lagartas em relação aos demais lotes tratados com herbicidas seletivos. Os himenópteros, dípteros e strepsípteros foram responsáveis pelo parasitismo de 34,52% das lagartas. Entretanto com relação ao parasitismo específico, observou-se que entre as lagartas parasitadas, 93,05% pertenciam às três espécies mais freqüentes, destacando-se os plusiíneos que foram mais parasitados que A. gemmatalis. N. rileyi foi o único fungo entomopatogênico isolado a partir de lagartas, sendo responsável por 1,41% da mortalidade das três espécies mais abundantes. Os números de unidades formadoras de colônias de Beauveria, Metarhizium e Paecilomyces, isolados das amostras de solo não diferiram estatisticamente entre os lotes. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-30T17:11:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Aline Carraro Formentini.pdf: 342643 bytes, checksum: 93c716533f6eda2fbf2bb806b35f1c62 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-30T17:11:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Aline Carraro Formentini.pdf: 342643 bytes, checksum: 93c716533f6eda2fbf2bb806b35f1c62 (MD5) / In soybean plantations, the equilibrium between insect pests and their natural enemies can be influenced by various factors such as soil management, use of phytosanitary products and soybean cultivar. This study evaluated the diversity of Lepidoptera associated with soybean crops in the Americas, and the specific abundance of these organisms and their natural enemies (parasitoids and entomopathogenic fungi) on conventional and transgenic RR soybean, treated with selective herbicides and glyphosate formulations. The experiment was carried out in Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul state. Conventional BRS 133 and transgenic RR soy were each planted on three, one-hectare plots and treated with either selective herbicides or a glyphosate formulation. During weekly sampling, Lepidoptera were collected using the drop cloth method and maintained in the laboratory until adults and associated parasitoids and fungi could be obtained. Entomopathogenic fungi were isolated from soil samples. Based on literature data one list of 71 species of Lepidoptera that had been previously reported as feeding on soybean crop was prepared. In the present study, 1634 Lepidoptera larvae were identified in 22 taxa, including the following well-represented species: A. gemmatalis, P. includens e R. nu (83.05% of the larvae collected). The glyphosate treatments reduced the mean number of larvae when compared with the selective herbicide treatments. Hymenopterans, dipterans and strepsipterans were responsible for 34.52% of the total caterpillar parasitism. A large percentage of the larvae parasitized (93.05%) belong to the three most common species of Lepidoptera in our sampling, particularly to the Plusiinae, which were more heavily parasitized than A. gemmatalis. The entomopathogenic fungus N. rileyi was the only species isolated from the caterpillars and was responsible for 1.41% of the deaths amongst the three most common species. The numbers of colony-forming unities of Beauveria, Metarhizium and Paecilomyces, isolated from soil samples, did not differ among the plots.

Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-11T11:58:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eliza Zorzi.pdf: 100212 bytes, checksum: a2f4d30cc621123f87431ed0eebc2ae9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T11:58:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eliza Zorzi.pdf: 100212 bytes, checksum: a2f4d30cc621123f87431ed0eebc2ae9 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2017-08-18T17:31:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Elisa Zorzi Tomazoni.pdf: 191280 bytes, checksum: 07463b9c79d05d601047956fb2e76abf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-18T17:31:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Elisa Zorzi Tomazoni.pdf: 191280 bytes, checksum: 07463b9c79d05d601047956fb2e76abf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES.

Orientador: Pedro Luiz Martins Soares / Coorientador: Jaime Maia dos Santos / Banca: Bruno Flávio Figueiredo Barbosa / Banca: Rita de Cássia Panizzi / Resumo: A cultura de cana-de-açúcar é de grande importância para a economia brasileira. Os fitonematoides são um dos fatores limitantes na maioria dos canaviais causando grandes perdas à cultura. O manejo dos nematoides é feito através de nematicidas químicos que são prejudiciais ao homem, meio ambiente e produtos colhidos, devido sua alta toxicidade. O controle biológico tem sido uma alternativa viável e sustentável para o manejo dos nematoides. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar espécies de Bacillus no controle de Meloidogyne incognita e M. javanica in vitro e na cana-de-açúcar. Foram instalados experimentos em condições de laboratório com delineamento inteiramente casualizado com os tratamentos: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha); B. subtillis; B. firmus e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), além de uma testemunha (água). Os ensaios em vasos, à céu aberto, tiveram delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC (5 L/ha - tratamento padrão) e uma testemunha, com cinco repetições e duas avaliações (100 e 150 dias após inoculação e aplicação dos tratamentos). No ensaio in vitro, B. firmus (10 L/ha) é o mais eficiente para diminuir a eclosão de J2 de M. javanica, sendo estasticamente semelhante ao produto químico testado. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. javanica, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) e B. amyloliquefaciens (1 e 10 L/ha), causam a mortalidade do nematoide, porém inferior ao padrão químico testado. Para M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) proporciona maior eclosão de J2. Quanto a motilidade de J2 de M. incognita, Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha) causou a maior mortalidade. Nos ensaios em vasos, todos os tratamentos aumentam o número de perfilhos, mas não controlam os nematoides / Abstract: The sugar-cane crop is very important to Brazilian economy. Phytonematodes are among the main limitating factors of such culture causing great losses. Chemical nematicides are harmful to humans, environment, harvested products, and are the main method used to manage the populations of these nematodes. Biological control have been a sustainable alternative to manage these nematodes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate Bacillus species for control Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica in vitro and in sugar cane plants. We set assays in laboratory conditions in a completely random design with the treatments: Cadusafós 200 CS (14 L/ha), B. subitilis, B. firmus, B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) and a control (water). The pot assay, in a semi-field condition, had a completely random design with the treatments: B. subtilis (10 L/ha), B. firmus (10 L/ha), B. amyloliquefaciens (10 L/ha), Carbofurano 350 SC, with five replicates and two evaluation periods (100 and 150 days after inculation and application of treatments). At laboratory assay B. firmus (10 L/ha) was the most efficient in decreasing the M. javanica J2 eclosion and were statistically similar to the chemical nematicide tested. For M. javanica J2 mobility, B. subtilis (10 L/ha) and B. amyloliquefaciens (1 and 10 L/ha) cause nematode mortality, but lower than that presented by the chemical. To M. incognita, B. firmus (10 L/ha) provides higher J2 eclosion. For the M. incognita J2 mobility, Cadusafos 200CS (14 L/ha) caused higher mortality. In the pot assay, all treatments increase the number of tillers but do not control the nematodes / Mestre