Orientador: Marcio Antonio Cataia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T03:18:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_SilvanaCristinada_M.pdf: 3431358 bytes, checksum: 83ebb8200b5dedc0c194b13c11199b99 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o processo de criação de novos municípios no front agrícola do estado do Mato Grosso. Partimos da hipótese de que o município promove a atividade da moderna agricultura nessa região. A produção de commodities, em particular a soja, gerou centros urbanos que se emanciparam politicamente, originando a família de municípios do agronegócio, expressão concreta da necessidade do poder político da urbanização no front. Isso se deve ao fato do município no Brasil ser uma esfera do poder Estatal, ou seja, ele regula o território mediante criação de leis e organiza-o através de suas políticas públicas territoriais locais. Na família de municípios do agronegócio o poder político local direciona os investimentos para o uso corporativo do território. Os investimentos em fluidez e, mesmo a política local voltadas à população em geral, garante as condições para a racionalidade econômica do circuito espacial produtivo da soja, reforçando a especialização produtiva desses lugares. Dessa maneira, o município apresenta-se frágil frente à ação dos agentes hegemônicos do mercado global. A família de municípios do agronegócio constitui pontos luminosos no território, revelando a imposição da competitividade entre os lugares, uma vez que fora criada para dotar o território com normas e objetos técnicos orientados à atividade produtiva de commodities. A federação brasileira oferece facilidades à expansão da produção capitalista ao privilegiar a competição, ao invés da cooperação entre os municípios / Abstract: The present thesis aims to understand the creation process of new borough in the agricultural front of the Mato Grosso state. We begin from the hypothesis that the borough promotes the activity of the modern agricultural in that region. The commodities production, at special the soya, generates urban centers that has became borough with self political administration, giving origin to the agribusiness family of borough, one concrete expression of the political power necessity of the urbanization in the front. This is due to the fact the borough in Brazil to be a sphere of the power state, i.e., it regulates the territory by creation of laws and organizes it with its local territory political publics. In the agribusiness borough family the local political power directs the investment for the corporative use of the territory. The investments in fluidity and, even local political for the general population, guarantee the conditions for the economical rationality of soya productive spatial circuit, reinforcing the productive specialization of those places. In this ways, the borough self-presents weak in front of the hegemony agent actions of the global sale. The agribusiness borough family constitutes bright spots in the territory, revealing the obligatory imposition of the competitiveness among the places, since it was created to endow the territory with norms and technical objects oriented to productive activity of commodities. The Brazilian federation offers facilities to capitalist production of the expansion, to favour the competition in stead of the cooperation among the borough / Mestrado / Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial / Mestre em Geografia

Este trabalho mede o impacto econômico que as mudanças climáticas projetadas para as regiões brasileiras podem ter até o final do século. Em particular, estima o impacto direto que essa mudança no padrão climático terá sobre a produtividade das principais culturas agrícolas do país e o impacto indireto dessas mudanças na economia brasileira como um todo. Ademais, constrói um índice de vulnerabilidade que permite detectar quais são as regiões brasileiras mais vulneráveis em termos de mudanças climáticas para o período estudado. Por fim, utiliza metodologia proposta na literatura a fim de tratar da incerteza dos resultados de maneira explícita. A análise é realizada com dados de soja, cana-de-açúcar, milho, feijão café e laranja entre 1994 e 2015. Essas culturas representam cerca de 82% área de cultivo agrícola do país. Além disso, o modelo inter-regional de EGC usa os dados mais recentes disponíveis em sua calibragem e capta a interdependência regional dos 27 Estados brasileiros. Por fim, o trabalho usa as projeções para o padrão regional de mudanças climáticas fornecido pelo 5º Assessment Report do IPCC (AR5). Os resultados apontam para um impacto econômico bastante heterogêneo entre as regiões brasileiras. Em termos diretos, as perdas agrícolas totais até o final do século variam de 9,7% a 55,6% do PIB brasileiro até o final do século. Sob o aspecto regional, os Estados que apresentam maiores perdas são São Paulo, Paraná e Minas Gerais em todos os cenários. Os impactos de 2ª ordem derivados dessas perdas de produtividade variam de R$2,2 trilhões à R$ 9,2 trilhões a depender dos cenários e se estão mais concentrados nos Estados da região Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. / This study measures the impact Brazil has to have until the end of the century. In particular, estimating the impact that does not refer to a climate model on the Brazilian economy as a whole. In addition, construct the index of vulnerability that could detect those that are the most vulnerable regions in terms of climatic changes for the studied period. Finally, in the critical analysis, in order to treat the uncertainty of the results explicitly. The analysis is performed with data on soybean, sugarcane, corn, beans and orange between 1994 and 2015. The 6 countries represent 86% of the country\'s agricultural area. In addition, the CGE interregional model uses the most recent data on its calibration and capture in a regional interdependence of the 27 Brazilian states. Finally, the paper uses as projections for the regional pattern of change control by the IPCC\'s 5th Assessment Report (AR5). The results point to a very heterogeneous economic impact among the Brazilian regions. In direct terms, as the successive exchange rates until the end of the year, they vary from 9.7% to 55.6% of Brazilian GDP by the end of the century. Under the regional aspect, the states of which are most important are São Paulo, Paraná and Minas Gerais in all scenarios. The second-highest ratings ranged from R $ 2.2 trillion to R $ 9.2 trillion from the scenarios and are more concentrated in the states of the South, Southeast and Midwest

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A erosão hídrica é uma das principais causas da degradação das terras no Brasil e no Mundo, causando sérios danos nas propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo, além de favorecer a redução da capacidade de infiltração de água no solo, e afetar diretamente a produtividade agrícola. Neste contexto, objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar as perdas de solo, água, nutrientes (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ e P) e caborno orgânico em diferentes culturas, solo descoberto e savana natural, sob chuva natural. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (solo descoberto - SD, feijão-caupi - FC, Brachiaria brizantha - BB, milho - MI e savana natural - SN) e duas repetições. As maiores perdas de solo e água ocorreram em solo descoberto, seguido pelo solo cultivado com feijão-caupi; Solos cultivados com Brachiaria brizantha, Milho e Savana Natural foram mais eficazes na diminuição das perdas de solo e água, durante todos os meses avaliados; O mês de agosto apresentou precipitações mais erosivas que os meses de junho e julho; As maiores perdas de Ca2+ e Mg2+ ocorreram no mês junho, sendo que as maiores perdas de Ca2+ ocorreram no tratamento de FC com 0,206 kg ha-1, seguido do SD com 0,103 kg ha-1 e MI com 0,114 kg ha-1, para o Mg2+ as maiores perdas foram observadas no tratamento de SD com 0,270 kg ha-1 seguido do FC com 0,161 kg ha-1; O controle das perdas de nutrientes e carbono orgânico foi mais eficiente nos tratamentos com Brachiaria brizantha - BB, Milho - MI e Savana Natural SN; Os maiores perdas P e K+ ocorreram no tratamento de FC com 0,248 kg ha-1 de P no inicio do desenvolvimento vegetativo, e 0,006 kg ha-1 de K+ durante o ciclo vegetativo. As perdas de fósforo e potássio, nos tratamentos seguiram a respectiva sequência de FC > SD > MI > SN > BB; As maiores perdas de CO ocorreram no mês de agosto, mês de maior precipitações de chuvas erosivas para o tratamento de SD com 1,875 kg ha-1. / Water erosion is a major cause of land degradation in Brazil and worldwide, causing serious damage in the physical, chemical and biological soil properties, and promote the reduction of infiltration capacity of the soil water, and directly affect the agricultural productivity. In this context, this study aimed to determine the loss of soil, water, nutrients (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and P) and organic carbon in different cultures, bare soil and natural savannah, under natural rainfall. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with five treatments (bare soil - SD, cowpea - CF Brachiaria brizantha - BB Corn - MI and natural savannah - SN) and two repetitions. Large losses of soil and water occurred in bare soil , followed by soil cultivated with cowpea; Soils under Brachiaria brizantha, Corn and Natural Savannah were more effective in reducing the loss of soil and water during all months evaluated; The month of August showed erosive rainfall over the months of June and July; The greatest losses of Ca2+ and Mg2+ occurred in the month June, with the largest losses of Ca2+ occurred in the treatment of CF with 0.206 kg ha-1, followed by SD with 0.103 kg ha-1 and MI with 0.114 kg ha-1 for Mg2+ the greatest losses were observed in the treatment of SD with 0.270 kg ha-1 followed by FC with 0.161 kg ha-1; The control of nutrient losses and organic carbon was more effective in the treatments with Brachiaria brizantha - BB Corn - Natural and MI Savannah - SN; The biggest losses P and K+ occurred in the treatment of CF with 0.248 kg ha-1 P at the beginning of vegetative growth, and 0.006 kg ha-1 of K+ during growth. Losses of phosphorus and potassium treatments followed in their wake CF > SD > MI > SN > BB; The greatest losses of CO occurred in the month of August, the month of greatest rainfall for the treatment of erosive SD with 1.875 kg ha- 1 rain.

Doctorat en sciences politiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

M.Tech. (Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Technology) / Small scale farmers often lack the financial resources to purchase the necessary agricultural machinery to make their work easier and more efficient. Consequently they have to employ labourers to do the work manually, work that could otherwise be done by a machine faster and at a lower production cost. The majority of the existing agricultural machinery on the market is designed for large industrial scale farming and is unaffordable to the small scale farmer. After a small scale farming survey, it was found that there is an acute need for cheap agricultural machinery suitable to be used on a small farm, needing a maximum of 1-2 laborers to run the machine. A typical example in this regards is the production of hay bales. Hay is baled to make storage, transportation and selling easy. The most economically efficient hay bales are the large round bales with a mass of about 500 kg as they are durable with a low cost per unit mass of hay. However to produce round large bales expensive equipment and labour is needed. The objective of the present project was to design and manufacture a cheap easy to maneuver and efficient bale loader, affordable to the small farmers, who produce small rectangular bales, with limited material and labour resources. The main features of the new bale loader design are based on existing bale loaders, with the necessary changes and improvements to be fit for the purpose.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

The world agricultural industry, despite numerous supply and demand challenges, has to significantly increase its production capacity to satisfy the increased demand for food and successfully address the issues surrounding food security. Access to credit is however a key enabler in this regard, while a lack of it limits the adaptive capacity of agricultural producers. The financing needs of agricultural producers however vary and are influenced by the different production systems which have different investment, revenue and risk patterns. The sector is unique in that the risk and uncertainty in agriculture are increased by the nature of agricultural production systems, which is in many cases driven by unpredictable external factors such as adverse weather conditions. In addition agricultural production systems also function within the total food system which consists of a number of interrelated subsystems, each presenting agricultural producers with a unique set of risk factors that need to be taken into account. The development of new and innovative financing solutions for the sector therefore requires a thorough understanding of the multidimensional nature of agriculture and the unique characteristics of the sector. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the development of new and innovative financing solutions for the agricultural sector in South Africa.

Most farming at subsistence level is located in rural areas where the majority of smallholder farmers have low productivity which results in high rate of food insecurity. The areas are characterised by animal traction and poor farming practises, and monoculture is mostly preferred. In light of this, this study analyzed the impact of animal power on agricultural productivity. Smallholder farmers in the lowlands of Mohale’s Hoek district of Lesotho were investigated by means of a case study methodology. The aim of the study was to inform agricultural policy about the level and key determinants of inefficiency in the smallholder farming system so as to contribute to policy designed to raise productivity of smallholder farmers. The sampling frame comprised farmers and extension workers in the lowlands of Mohale’s Hoek district. From this frame, 118 farmers and 4 extension workers were randomly selected from four villages, namely‘Mapotsane, Potsane, Tsoloane and Siloe. The four groups of farmers include; the farmers owning and using cattle for ploughing, farmers owning tractor and cattle and using them for ploughing, farmers owning tractor only and using it for ploughing, and farmers who owned neither cattle nor tractor and normally hire these when ploughing operations are to be done on the farm. The interviews of these farmers and extension workers were conducted by means of semi-structured questionnaire which consisted of both open and close ended questions. The study used the stochastic frontier production model for the production efficiencies and linear regression model for the impact of animal traction on agricultural productivity. Both procedures provided insights into the relative contributions of animal power and traditional systems to poverty alleviation and food security in the project areas. Descriptive statistics were employed for farming systems and challenges facing small scale farmers. Gross Margins analysis was conducted for the animal power and tractor power yield levels for maize crop to compare the two types of power. Some diagnostic tests to detect serial correlation and heteroskedasticity and t-tests were also performed. The significant variables include the area of sorghum ploughed, members of the household that assist with family labour, education, quantity of fertilizer applied, time taken by the farmers in farming, members who are formally employed, household size, area of land ploughed, old age, costs of tractor and animal, marital status, income, area of maize ploughed, area of sorghum ploughed, quantity of fertilizers applied, costs of seeds and fertilizers applied, maize and sorghum yield and amount sold and consumed. The study revealed that monoculture is mainly practised and many smallholder farmers used traditional technologies that fail to replace nutrients in the soil. Nonetheless family labour was not a problem. During the farming season, tractors were used as the main source of power for ploughing. Most farmers hired these for maize production as it is a staple food crop even where animal power is available. It was noted that the tractors were few and in most cases old and malfunctioning. The cost of using animals in farming obviouslyplayed a role in the production of both maize v and sorghum in the lowland areas of Mohale’s Hoek district. Smallholder farmers who owned both tractors and animals produced more but they were mainly affected by high costs of maintaining the aging tractors, generally purchased on the used-equipment market. The increased challenges resulted in lower productivity of the smallholder farmers, including: unhealthy animals, drought, marketing problems, late ploughing, poor soils, lack of extension services, low yields, low income, lack of information, lack of appropriate implements, lack of support services, nutrition inadequacy, inappropriate farming systems. The study recommended the adoption and promotion of low-cost mechanization in the lowlands of Mohale’s Hoek district so as to increase the production of the smallholder farmers. Increased productivity will in turn improve household food security.

The paper examines significance of institutional environment for agricultural production. It adds to the extensive research of agricultural production functions. First, it reviews relevant theory of institutional economics that explains how institutions contribute to productivity in general, especially if interpreted as economic freedom. Then, a model of agricultural production is presented, which explains aggregate agricultural production using various inputs, as well as variables representing institutional environment. Results concerning elasticities of material inputs (land, labor, capital) are consistent with previous research. The paper proves some significance of institutional variables. Finally, it suggests some directions for further research.

Orientadores: Jansle Vieira Rocha, Rubens Augusto Camargo Lamparelli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T11:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_JefersonLobato_M.pdf: 2074887 bytes, checksum: af58e53746d7d186e6f1331527b3c3e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O atual sistema de previsão de safras para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar utilizado no Brasil depende, em boa parte, de informações subjetivas, baseadas no conhecimento de técnicos do setor e informações da cadeia produtiva. Apesar da experiência dos técnicos envolvidos, este sistema está sujeito a questionamentos sobre a qualidade dos números apresentados e abre margem a ações especulativas por parte de agentes externos. O monitoramento da cultura de cana-de-açúcar por meio de séries multitemporais de índices NDVI do sensor SPOT Vegetation, associado a dados meteorológicos provenientes do modelo do ECMWF, viabiliza o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento da cultura e sua correlação com a produtividade, diminuindo assim a subjetividade das estimativas. Este trabalho avaliou o potencial de uso de imagens decendiais do sensor SPOT Vegetation para a identificação de áreas canavieiras do estado de São Paulo e a capacidade de inferir sobre os dados de produtividade oficiais registrados em municípios e safras previamente selecionados, baseando-se em dados provenientes dos perfis temporais do NDVI - SPOT Vegetation e de variáveis meteorológicas do modelo do ECMWF. Foram selecionados 20 municípios do estado de São Paulo e sete safras compreendidas entre o período de 1999 e 2006. A identificação das áreas canavieiras foi realizada por meio do perfil temporal do NDVI de cada pixel, onde foram selecionados os pixels que ao longo da safra apresentaram comportamento característico da cultura. Para a determinação da produtividade média da safra por meio de dados espectrais e meteorológicos, foram extraídos valores dos perfis temporais do NDVI e das variáveis meteorológicas temperatura mínima, temperatura média, temperatura máxima, precipitação e radiação global, onde, utilizando-se técnicas de mineração de dados, separou-se a produtividade média da safra em 3 classes, baixo-média, média e média-alta. Os resultados de identificação de áreas canavieiras no estado de São Paulo foram avaliados em escala estadual e municipal. Para a escala estadual, o método proposto apresentou resultados satisfatórios. Os índices de determinação (R²), obtidos através da correlação entre a área colhida de cana-de-açúcar oficial e a estimada, por município e safra, considerando os 637 municípios do Estado, variaram entre 0,771 e 0,829. Para a escala municipal não foi possível determinar com exatidão a área de cana-de-açúcar colhida de cada município devido à baixa resolução espacial das imagens. Para o método de classificação da produtividade média municipal proposto, houve maior correlação com os dados os dados espectrais que com os dados meteorológicos. Valores extraídos do perfil temporal do NDVI entre os meses de dezembro e janeiro permitiram classificar a tendência do resultado de produtividade alcançado no final da safra. Os resultados foram mais efetivos para os casos onde a produtividade foi classificada como sendo média ou acima da média, com acertos de 86,5 e 66,7% respectivamente. Existe potencial no uso de imagens de NDVI do SPOT Vegetation para a identificação de áreas canavieiras em escala estadual e para a classificação da produtividade média municipal da safra. / Abstract: The current crop yield forecasting system for sugar cane used in Brazil is dependent on subjective information which are based on personal knowledge of technicians and information from the industry. Despite the experience of technicians, this system is vulnerable once it allows questioning about the quality of the figures presented, what could lead to speculation by market agents. Sugar cane monitoring through multitemporal series of the NDVI data from SPOT Vegetation, associated with meteorological data from the ECMWF model, provides information about the plant development and its correlation with yield, contributing to the decrease in the subjectivity of the forecasts. This study evaluated the potential use of decadal images of the SPOT Vegetation sensor to identify sugar cane areas in São Paulo state and the feasibility to estimate the official productivity registered in municipalities and crops previously selected by the use of NDVI - SPOT Vegetation and ECMWF meteorological data. For this study 20 municipalities of São Paulo state and seven cropping seasons were selected between 1999 and 2006. To identify sugar cane areas the temporal profile of each pixel was analysed during the cropping season, selecting pixels that presented a characteristic temporal NDVI profile of sugar cane. To determine the average yield using spectral and meteorological data, values of the temporal profiles of NDVI and minimum, mean and maximum temperature, precipitation and global radiation were extracted. Through data mining techniques, the average yield was classified in three classes: low-mean, mean and mean-high. Results for the identification of sugar cane areas in São Paulo state were evaluated at regional and local scale. For the regional scale the proposed method showed good results. The R² for the correlation between official and estimated sugar cane planted area, considering the 637 municipalities of the state, varied between 0,771 and 0,829. For the local scale, it was not possible to determine the sugar cane area due to the low spatial resolution of the images. For the classification of the average crop yield, by proposed method, spectral data was more relevant than meteorological data. Some values extracted from the temporal profile of NDVI between December and January permitted to classify the yield tendency. Best results were found when the yield was classified as mean or mean-high, with 86,5 and 66,7 percent correctively classified, respectively. The results showed that there is potential for the use of NDVI - SPOT Vegetation images to identify sugar cane areas at regional scale and to classify the average crop yield. / Mestrado / Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola