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This study explores the impact of post-apartheid agricultural changes on citrus farmers in the Peddie area. The case study focused on the Craighead Citrus Farm at Kwatho as well as the Naudeshoek Citrus Farm, Ripplemead Citrus Farm and Siyamila Citrus Farm in the Balteni area. The study considered the effect of agricultural changes on citrus production, productivity of the farms in question, as well as the impact on poverty alleviation in Peddie District. In the study, the challenges encountered by both farmers and communities due to the agricultural changes in the new democratic dispensation were also considered. The study further considered the role played by the Department of Agriculture and Ngqushwa Local Municipality in assisting these farmers to increase citrus production in order to create employment opportunities. To achieve these objectives, a review of literature and collection of evidence in the form of interviews, and observations were conducted in the research areas. The research findings indicated that the Craighead Citrus Farms is state owned land, which belonged to Ulimocor, a parastatal under the former homeland government (Ciskei). This farm is no longer operational and is abandoned. During the period of this study the Naudeshoek Citrus Farm, Ripplemead Citrus Farm and Siyamila Citrus Farm were operational and progressing. Citrus farming in this area has potential to boost the economy, which would only be possible with the establishment of partnerships between the emerging farmers, government, commercial farmers and Ngqushwa Local Municipality.

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Orientador: José Maria Ferreira Jardim da Silveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T09:40:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Borges_IzaiasdeCarvalho_D.pdf: 3979836 bytes, checksum: 7c9e18b48e3ecdadc3004f5b5e8dd5de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nos últimos 15 anos a engenharia genética vem sendo usada para o desenvolvimento de cultivos geneticamente modificados (GM) com diversos atributos de interesses para a produção agrícola, tais como tolerância a herbicidas, resistência a insetos e modificações nas características nutricionais de diversos cultivos. Os cultivos GM estão sendo utilizados na produção de produtos de grande importância no mercado mundial de commodities agrícolas, tais como algodão, milho e soja. Agricultores de diversos países, incluindo dos grandes produtores agrícolas mundiais, como Argentina, Brasil, Estados Unidos, China e Índia, estão sendo beneficiados com o uso de cultivos GM. Além dos benefícios econômicos, como a redução dos custos de produção e das perdas causadas pelos ataques de pragas, os cultivos GM estão apresentando também benefícios ambientais e sociais, ambos associados com a redução no uso de pesticidas. Mas a despeito da ampla aceitação pelos agricultores e dos benefícios ambientais e sociais observados, os cultivos GM estão enfrentando rejeição por uma parte da opinião pública e diversos governos estão adotando políticas regulatórias de restrições à produção, à importação e ao uso dos cultivos GM para a produção de alimentos. Assim, o objetivo desta tese foi entender as razões pelas quais tanto a opinião pública quanto os governos de diversos países estão se posicionando contra o uso dos cultivos GM na produção agrícola, a despeito dos benefícios observados pelos agricultores. Os estudos de opinião pública mostram que a rejeição aos cultivos GM é maior do que a rejeição as aplicações da engenharia genética em outras áreas, como por exemplo, na indústria farmacêutica. Esta diferença sugere que a rejeição aos cultivos GM está relacionada com as peculiaridades dos cultivos GM. A primeira é que na maioria dos casos eles são utilizados na produção de alimentos, um segmento no qual a variável segurança tem um grande peso nas decisões dos consumidores. A segunda característica é que a maior parte dos cultivos GM produzidos atualmente foram desenvolvidos para melhorar o processo produtivo, o que resulta em uma assimetria de percepção dos seus benefícios ao longo da cadeia produtiva, ou seja, os agricultores tendem a perceber mais os seus benefícios do que os consumidores. Uma terceira característica dos cultivos GM é que ao contrário das aplicações da engenharia genética na indústria farmacêutica, eles são expostos ao meio ambiente. Estas três características resultam em grande percepção de riscos, tanto para a saúde humana quanto para o meio ambiente, e baixa percepção dos benefícios. Entre os especialistas - público não leigo - também existem rejeição aos cultivos GM, embora em menor grau do que entre o público leigo. Um estudo empírico realizado no Brasil como 65 especialistas, incluindo pesquisadores de instituições públicas de pesquisa, professores universitários e profissionais de empresas privadas, mostrou que entre eles não só há discordância quanto aos benefícios e aos riscos dos cultivos GM, mas principalmente quanto aos tipos de riscos e de benefícios que devem ter maior peso nas decisões políticas com relação à estes cultivos / Abstract: Over the past 15 years genetic engineering has been used to develop genetically modified crops (GM) with several attributes of interest to agricultural production, such as herbicide tolerance, insect resistance and changes in nutritional characteristics of different crops. GM crops are being used to produce products of great importance in the agricultural global market, for commodities such as cotton, corn and soybeans. In several countries, including the world's major agricultural producers like Argentina, Brazil, United States, China and India, farmers are having the benefits of GM crops use. Besides economic benefits such as reduced production costs and reduced losses from pest attacks, GM crops are also presenting environmental and social benefits, both associated with a reduction in pesticide use. But despite the wide acceptance by farmers and the observed environmental and social benefits, GM crops are facing rejection by part of the public and many governments are adopting policies of regulatory restrictions on production, importation and the use of GM crops for food production. The purpose of this thesis was to understand the reasons why the public opinion and the governments of several countries are positioning themselves against the use of GM crops in agricultural production, despite the benefits observed by farmers. Studies of public opinion show that the rejection of GM crops is greater than the rejection of genetic engineering applications in other areas, such as the pharmaceutical industry. This difference suggests that the rejection of GM crops is related to their peculiarities. The first peculiarity of GM crops is that in most cases they are used in food production, a segment in which food safety weighs heavily on consumers' decisions. The second peculiarity is that most of the GM crops currently produced were made to improve the production process, resulting in an asymmetry in the perception of their benefits throughout the supply chain, ie, farmers tend to perceive more of such benefits than consumers. A third peculiarity of GM crops is that, because they are produced in extensive contact with nature, they arouse concerns about possible impacts on biodiversity. These three features result in increased awareness of risks for both human health and for the environment, and low perceived benefits. This study aimed to analyze the perception of risk and benefits of GM crops in Brazil. The methodology used was the application of questionnaires to experts. We used a multiple criteria method of hierarchical analysis for the preparation of the questionnaire. The results showed that among Brazilian specialists there is disagreement about the benefits and risks of GM crops, and especially regarding the types of risks and benefits that should have greater weight in policy decisions related to the use of GM crops in Brazilian agriculture / Doutorado / Teoria Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

Orientador: Pedro Paulo Zahluth Bastos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T12:49:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_IlianeJesuinada_D.pdf: 3383780 bytes, checksum: 4ad71875021e579deb838122ad74cf79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O período compreendido entre 1930 e 1945 caracteriza-se pela alteração na relação entre Estado e economia, notadamente entre Estado e agricultura, principal setor produtivo da economia brasileira à época da Revolução de 1930. O setor agropecuário e a política agrícola, adotada no primeiro governo Vargas, influenciaram e foram influenciados pela transformação estrutural da economia nacional. As mudanças que ocorreram no país nos âmbitos econômico, político e social, alteraram significativamente as relações entre classes e frações de classes e entre Estado e economia. Este trabalho procura verificar a inter-relação entre as medidas de desenvolvimento rural implementadas e as questões econômicas e políticas. O estudo qualitativo dessas relações apóia-se na discussão da bibliografia relevante e é amparado por dados quantitativos extraídos de documentos oficiais da época. Contemplou-se a história do Ministério da Agricultura e sua atuação nesse período de transição da economia brasileira. Foram destacados aspectos macro e microeconômicos, enfatizando-se as questões das finanças públicas, do setor externo e os instrumentos de política agrícola utilizados pelo executivo federal. A importância da agricultura para o processo de desenvolvimento econômico, associada à ausência de estudos específicos sobre o tema, justificam este estudo. Constatou-se que o governo Getúlio Vargas privilegiou, sobretudo, os estados política e economicamente mais fortes com a implementação das medidas de política agrícola, sem deixar de incorporar interesses de estados mais fracos. Concluiu-se que a condução da política agrícola foi influenciada não somente pela necessidade de desenvolvimento econômico imposta pelo ambiente de crise que se instalou no país, no período em referência, mas também por fatores políticos. Assim, a política agrícola favorecia determinadas regiões e, em contrapartida, garantia a sustentação política do executivo federal. A partir deste trabalho pode-se compreender os determinantes da política agrícola e das medidas implementadas na área agropecuária durante o primeiro governo Vargas, sendo essa uma contribuição significativa para os estudos em economia. / Abstract: The period between 1930 and 1945 is characterized by the change in the relationship between the state and economy, especially among state and agriculture, the main productive sector of Brazil's economy during the Revolution of 1930. The agricultural sector and agricultural policy adopted by the first President Vargas' administration influenced the structural transformation of the Brazilian economy and, in turn, were also influenced by this transformation. The economic, social, and political changes in the country altered the relationship between class and class fractions and between state and economy significantly. This paper aims to verify the inter-relationship between implemented rural development measures and economic and political issues. The qualitative study of these relations is based on relevant literature discussion and is supported by quantitative data drawn from official documents from that period. The history of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and its role in the Brazilian economic transition period is approached here. Macro and micro economics aspects are highlighted, emphasizing the issues of public finance, foreign affairs and the agricultural policy measures used by the federal government then. The importance of agriculture to economic development associated with the absence of specific studies on this field justifies this study. The present study found that Getúlio Vargas' administration favored, above all, the politically and economically stronger states with the implementation of these agricultural policy measures, while incorporating the interests of weaker states. In conclusion, this agricultural policy implementation was influenced not only by the need for economic development imposed by the global crisis atmosphere of that period, but also by political factors. Thus, while this agricultural policy favored certain regions, it also guaranteed the political support to federal government. From this paper one can understand the determinants of agricultural policy and the measures implemented in the agricultural area during the first President Vargas' administration, and is also a significant contribution to studies in economics. / Doutorado / Historia Economica / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / This research investigated whether local economic development interventions necessarily improve the livelihoods of poor communities. More specifically, the goal of this thesis was to explore some of the reasons why land-based economic development interventions often struggle to meet their main objective of improving the livelihoods of local poor people. / South Africa

Magister Legum - LLM / The objectives of the research was to critically analyse arguments for and against agricultural trade liberalization and its impact on food security, investigating the nexus between the three pillars of agriculture and food security, considering how the Agreement on Agriculture and the Food Aid Convention addressed the concerns that were raised by the different parties during the negotiation period, and finally it considered how the current multilateral negotiations in agriculture can provide a secure framework within which developing African countries can pursue effective policies to ensure their food security. / South Africa

In this dissertation, the socio-ecological transformations that occurred during Cuba’s Revolución Agrícola are explored, against the backdrop of the historical subalternisation of the country as a consequence of Spanish and American imperialism, and in relation to the continuing subalternisation of the country and its people through the neoliberal mass media. To contextualize such exploration, the origins of large-scale privatization of common land, and the subsequent process of urbanization in the West, are investigated, before Cuba’s similar developmental path – as a result of Spanish colonialism, U.S. imperialism, and communist influence – is detailed. Thereafter, the way in which Cuba established an alternative food paradigm, characterised by local, communal, and urban production during the country’s ‘Special Period’ in the 1990s, is discussed, with a view to illustrating how this eco-socialist model of food production, in both rural and urban areas, led to new relations between people and nature. This Cuban model is then posited as a socio-ecologically sustainable model of food production, deserving of the attention of communities around the world, who seek to gain a degree of autonomy from neoliberal agribusiness. Conversely, the efforts of mainstream neoliberal mass media to silence the immensely positive characteristics of the revolution are also investigated, and framed in terms of the historical subjugation of Cuban voices in the American mass media, and the contemporary marginalisation of the country and its people in the neoliberal mass media. Finally, the dissertation concludes by examining the alternative media response, on the part of several prominent Cubans and those sympathetic to their cause, to bring attention to the value of the socio-ecological transformations that have occurred on the island, against the backdrop of various theorisations of the importance of alternative media platforms as a radical counterforce to neoliberal mass media hegemony.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (Agric) Extension)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted