Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis investigates the problems in current naval aircraft cockpits as perceived by fleet naval aviators who are students at the U.S. Naval Aviation Safety School. A critical incident questionnaire provides data that examines the deficiencies of an individual aircraft. These individual aircraft deficiencies are then categorized into twelve major deficiency categories which are common to ore than one aircraft. Various recommendations are made concerning standards, specifications, cockpit research and cockpit design. / http://archive.org/details/pilotreportedhum00dani / Commander, United States Navy

Neste trabalho, cujo objetivo foi fornecer subsídios que permitam estabelecer um sistema de dosimetria para as tripulações de aeronaves que operam no território nacional, foi desenvolvida uma técnica para realizar medições do equivalente de dose ambiente em aeronaves. Foi testado um detector ativo, para uso embarcado em aeronaves, avaliando-se sua adequação a este tipo específico de medição, assim como sua suscetibilidade às interferências magnética e eletromagnética. O equipamento foi calibrado em campos metrologicamente rastreados e foi verificado em um campo especial do laboratório europeu CERN, que reproduz com grande proximidade o espectro de partículas existentes em altitudes de voo de aeronaves, sendo a seguir testado em diversos ensaios em voo, em uma aeronave da Força Aérea Brasileira. Os resultados foram avaliados e comparados com aqueles obtidos por diversos programas computacionais de estimativa de dose oriunda de radiação cósmica, com respeito à sua adequação para uso na região da América do Sul e foi selecionado o programa CARI-6 para avaliar as doses efetivas médias estimadas a que estão sujeitas as tripulações que operam nesta região. Foi efetuada uma avaliação estatística da distribuição de doses efetivas das tripulações dos voos que operam na região da América do Sul e Caribe e concluiu-se que grande parte destas tripulações estão sujeitas a doses efetivas anuais que ultrapassam o limite estabelecido para membros do público. Adicionalmente, foi proposto um dosímetro passivo preliminar, baseado em detectores termoluminescentes, e foram ainda estabelecidas colaborações internacionais com grupos de pesquisa do Reino Unido e da Itália, para a realização de medições conjuntas do equivalente de dose ambiente em aeronaves. / The objective of this work is the establishment of a dosimetric system for the aircrew in the domestic territory. A technique to perform measurements of ambient dose equivalent in aircrafts was developed. An active detector was evaluated for onboard aircraft use, testing its adequacy to this specific type of measurement as well as its susceptibility to the magnetic and electromagnetic interferences. The equipment was calibrated in standard radiation beams and in a special field of the European Laboratory CERN, that reproduces with great proximity the real spectrum in aircraft flight altitudes; it was also tested in several flights, in an Brazilian Air Force\'s aircraft. The results were evaluated and compared with those obtained from several computational programs for cosmic radiation estimatives, with respect to its adequacy for use in the South American region. The program CARI-6 was selected to evaluate the estimated averaged effective doses for the aircrew who operate in this region. A statistical distribution of aircrew effective doses in South America and Caribe was made, and the results show that a great part of this aircrew members are subjected to annual effective doses that exceed the dose limits for the members of the public. Additionally, a preliminary passive dosemeter, based in thermoluminescent detectors, was proposed; international collaborations with United Kingdom and Italy were established for joint measurements of the ambient equivalent doses in aircrafts.

Neste trabalho, cujo objetivo foi fornecer subsídios que permitam estabelecer um sistema de dosimetria para as tripulações de aeronaves que operam no território nacional, foi desenvolvida uma técnica para realizar medições do equivalente de dose ambiente em aeronaves. Foi testado um detector ativo, para uso embarcado em aeronaves, avaliando-se sua adequação a este tipo específico de medição, assim como sua suscetibilidade às interferências magnética e eletromagnética. O equipamento foi calibrado em campos metrologicamente rastreados e foi verificado em um campo especial do laboratório europeu CERN, que reproduz com grande proximidade o espectro de partículas existentes em altitudes de voo de aeronaves, sendo a seguir testado em diversos ensaios em voo, em uma aeronave da Força Aérea Brasileira. Os resultados foram avaliados e comparados com aqueles obtidos por diversos programas computacionais de estimativa de dose oriunda de radiação cósmica, com respeito à sua adequação para uso na região da América do Sul e foi selecionado o programa CARI-6 para avaliar as doses efetivas médias estimadas a que estão sujeitas as tripulações que operam nesta região. Foi efetuada uma avaliação estatística da distribuição de doses efetivas das tripulações dos voos que operam na região da América do Sul e Caribe e concluiu-se que grande parte destas tripulações estão sujeitas a doses efetivas anuais que ultrapassam o limite estabelecido para membros do público. Adicionalmente, foi proposto um dosímetro passivo preliminar, baseado em detectores termoluminescentes, e foram ainda estabelecidas colaborações internacionais com grupos de pesquisa do Reino Unido e da Itália, para a realização de medições conjuntas do equivalente de dose ambiente em aeronaves. / The objective of this work is the establishment of a dosimetric system for the aircrew in the domestic territory. A technique to perform measurements of ambient dose equivalent in aircrafts was developed. An active detector was evaluated for onboard aircraft use, testing its adequacy to this specific type of measurement as well as its susceptibility to the magnetic and electromagnetic interferences. The equipment was calibrated in standard radiation beams and in a special field of the European Laboratory CERN, that reproduces with great proximity the real spectrum in aircraft flight altitudes; it was also tested in several flights, in an Brazilian Air Force\'s aircraft. The results were evaluated and compared with those obtained from several computational programs for cosmic radiation estimatives, with respect to its adequacy for use in the South American region. The program CARI-6 was selected to evaluate the estimated averaged effective doses for the aircrew who operate in this region. A statistical distribution of aircrew effective doses in South America and Caribe was made, and the results show that a great part of this aircrew members are subjected to annual effective doses that exceed the dose limits for the members of the public. Additionally, a preliminary passive dosemeter, based in thermoluminescent detectors, was proposed; international collaborations with United Kingdom and Italy were established for joint measurements of the ambient equivalent doses in aircrafts.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The author examines the incremental costs and benefits associated with a change from six-month unit deployments to one-year unit deployments. The analysis is based primarily on five fighter squadrons participating in the Marine Corps' Unit Deployment Program and takes in the period July 1976 to October 1988. Regression analysis is used to project transportation cost savings of $4 million in real terms from FY 1989 through FY 1993. With a change to a one-year Unit Deployment Program, fighter squadrons should experience net increases in aircraft readiness, aircrew training readiness, and personnel retention. / http://archive.org/details/oneyearudpcostbe00hack / Lieutenant Colonel, United States Marine Corps

abstract: This thesis explores the human factors effects pilots have when controlling the aircraft during the takeoff phase of flight. These variables come into play in the transitory phase from ground roll to flight, and in the initiation of procedures to abort a takeoff during the ground run. The FAA provides regulations for manufacturers and operators to follow, ensuring safe manufacture of aircraft and pilots that fly without endangering the passengers; however, details regarding accounting of piloting variability are lacking. Creation of a numerical simulation allowed for the controlled variation of isolated piloting procedures in order to evaluate effects on field performance. Reduced rotation rates and delayed reaction times were found to cause significant increases in field length requirements over values published in the AFM. A pilot survey was conducted to evaluate common practices for line pilots in the field, which revealed minimum regulatory compliance is exercised with little to no feedback on runway length requirements. Finally, observation of pilots training in a CRJ-200 FTD gathered extensive information on typical piloting timings in the cockpit. AEO and OEI takeoffs were observed, as well as RTOs. Pilots showed large variability in procedures and timings resulting in significant inconsistency in runway distances used as well as V-speed compliance. The observed effects from pilot timing latency correlated with the numerical simulation increased field length outputs. Variability in piloting procedures results in erratic field performance that deviates from AFM published values that invite disaster in an aircraft operating near its field performance limitations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Human Systems Engineering 2017

The general purpose of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between emotional awareness and human error in aviation. A quantitative analysis approach was used to explore this by means of a cross-sectional survey design. The independent variable emotional awareness and the dependent variable human error were contextualised and operationalised. During the empirical phase, biographical information was collected and the Hartmann Emotional Boundary Questionnaire was administered to a purposive sample consisting of 173 aircrew members within the South African Air Force. Factor analysis revealed an eight-factor structure: involved; exactness; blend; openness; structured; unstructured; flexibility; and imagination. No differentiation was found between the mustering groups in relation to emotional awareness and human error. However, correlations differentiated between aircrew with zero human error and aircrew with “more than ten years’ aviation experience”. The test for differences between human error and the emotional awareness sub-construct "imagination" indicated a medium significance. From this relationship, the researcher deducted that “imaginative aircrew are prone to err”. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and organisational Psychology

Aircraft crew members are exposed to cosmic rays of galactic and solar origin and secondary radiations produced due to interaction of primary cosmic rays with the atmosphere. Thus, it is necessary to estimate the dose that aircrew members receive and to evaluate the risks associated with their exposure. Radiation exposure scenarios were elaborated in computational scope in order to provide conversion coefficients (CCs) that relate measurable quantities (fluence) with limiting quantities (such as the effective dose). Knowing the particle fluence rate in a specific altitude, latitude and longitude, it is possible to determine the effective dose rate using these CC's. Aircraft crews are usually in sitting posture when exposed to cosmic radiation at altitudes of common flights. There are no studies in the literature using anthropomorphic phantoms in the sitting posture to calculate the effective dose rate at flight altitudes. In this study, effective dose per fluence conversion coefficients were calculated using the MCNPX code and the male and female UFH/NCI hybrid anthropomorphic phantoms in standing and sitting postures. Conversion coefficients were obtained in the isotropic irradiation geometry. CCs were calculated for neutrons, protons, photons, electrons, and positrons sources, which are the particles that most contribute to the dose at flight altitudes. The effective dose rate was calculated from the effective dose per fluence conversion coefficients and the fluence rate spectrum obtained by the EXPACS data package. The effective dose rate was also obtained using the fluence rate spectrum calculated by the MCNP6 software. The differences between the effective dose rate calculated for the phantom in the standing and sitting posture are less than 1%, showing that the posture does not contribute considerably to the dose of aircrew members. However, the dose rate calculated using the UFH/NCI phantom in the standing posture are 7 to 12 % higher than the dose rate obtained from the EXPACS package (which uses reference phantoms of ICRP 110) and are very close to experimental values of dose equivalent presented in other studies. Thus, the calculation of the effective dose rate using the UFH/NCI phantoms presents conservative results compared to those calculated using the ICRP reference phantoms and close to values obtained experimentally. The aim of this study was also estimate the dose to the fetus of pregnant crewmembers in a common flight. To estimate the dose to the fetus, CCs were calculated in the isotropic geometry for neutrons, protons, photons, electrons, positrons, and muons using a pregnant woman phantom and the MCNPX code. The dose rate was obtained from the conversion coefficients of equivalent dose per fluence and the fluence rate of cosmic radiation at an altitude of 12.3 km and under typical conditions of a flight from Vancouver to Frankfurt, whose average flight time is 9 hours. The results indicate that the equivalent dose to the fetus can exceeds the ICRP recommended fetal dose limit of 1 mSv after 6 or 7 round trips flights between Vancouver and Frankfurt. / Os tripulantes de aeronaves estão expostos a níveis elevados de radiação cósmica que tem origem galáctica, solar e de radiações secundárias produzidas devido à interação com a atmosfera. Assim, é necessário estimar a dose que estes indivíduos recebem e avaliar os riscos associados à sua exposição. Para isto, cenários de exposição à radiação foram elaborados em âmbito computacional a fim de fornecer coeficientes de conversão (CC’s) que relacionam grandezas mensuráveis (como a fluência) com grandezas limitantes (como a dose efetiva). Sabendo a taxa de fluência de partículas numa região onde um indivíduo é exposto, é possível determinar a taxa de dose efetiva usando estes CC’s. Tripulantes de aeronaves normalmente se encontram na postura sentada quando expostos à radiação cósmica em altitudes de voos convencionais. Como não foi encontrado na literatura estudos utilizando simuladores antropomórficos na postura sentada para o cálculo da taxa de dose efetiva em altitudes de voos tripulados, nesse trabalho, foram realizados cálculos de coeficientes de conversão de dose efetiva por fluência utilizando o código MCNPX e os simuladores antropomórficos híbridos UFH/NCI masculino e feminino nas posturas vertical e sentada e na geometria de irradiação isotrópica. Os CC’s foram calculados para as partículas que mais contribuem para a dose em altitude de voos tripulados, que são nêutrons, prótons, fótons, elétrons e pósitrons. A taxa de dose efetiva foi calculada a partir dos coeficientes de conversão de dose efetiva por fluência e do espectro da taxa de fluência obtidos pelo pacote de dados EXPACS. A taxa de dose efetiva também foi obtida utilizando os espectros de taxa de fluência calculados pelo software MCNP6. As diferenças entre a taxa de dose efetiva calculada para o simulador na postura vertical e sentada são menores do que 1 %, mostrando assim que a postura não influencia no cálculo da taxa de dose em tripulantes de aeronaves. Contudo, os valores da taxa de dose calculados utilizando o simulador UFH/NCI na postura vertical são de 7 a 12 % maiores do que os obtidos do pacote EXPACS (que utiliza os simuladores de referência da ICRP 110) e muito próximo a valores experimentais de equivalente de dose apresentados em outros trabalhos. Assim, o cálculo da taxa de dose efetiva a partir de CC’s usando os simuladores UFH/NCI apresenta resultados conservadores em relação aos calculados utilizando o simulador de referência da ICRP e próximo de valores obtidos experimentalmente. Outro objetivo desse trabalho foi estimar a dose no feto de tripulantes gestantes, considerando parâmetros de um voo real. Para estimar a dose no feto, foram calculados CC’s na geometria isotrópica para nêutrons, prótons, fótons, elétron, pósitrons e múons utilizando o simulador de mulher grávida e o código MCNPX. A taxa de dose foi obtida a partir dos coeficientes de conversão de dose equivalente por fluência e da taxa de fluência da radiação cósmica a uma altitude de 12,3 km e nas condições típicas de um voo de Vancouver a Frankfurt, que tem duração média de 9 horas. Os resultados mostram que a dose equivalente no feto ultrapassam o limite de 1 mSv, que é o limite de dose no feto durante a gestação considerado aceitável de acordo com a publicação 103 da ICRP, em até 7 voos de ida e volta entre Vancouver e Frankfurt. / São Cristóvão, SE

The rapid expansion of the postwar commercial aviation industry in Canada was made possible, in part, by the thousands of wartime pilots who filled the ranks of the nation’s major airlines beginning in 1944. Through mentorship of subsequent generations of peacetime aviators, wartime pilots had lasting impacts on the Canadian commercial aviation industry during their time flying for companies such as Trans Canada Airlines (TCA). Following an examination of the agreements made between the Royal Canadian Air Force and TCA between 1944 and 1945 for the transfer of pilots between the two organizations, this thesis tracks the development of the professional culture of wartime RCAF aviators through an analysis of their training and subsequent operational flying during the war. It concludes that while there were numerous benefits for commercial aviation in Canada through this process, there were, likewise, a series of negative repercussions for the safety of the Canadian aviation industry.