Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis presents a robust, sampling-based path planning algorithm for commercial airliners that simultaneously performs collision avoidance both with intruder aircraft and terrain. The existing resolution systems implemented on commercial airliners are fast and reliable; however, they do possess certain limitations. This thesis aims to propose an algorithm that is capable of rectifying some of these limitations. The development and research required to derive this conflict resolution system is supplied in the document, including a detailed literature study explaining the selection of the final algorithm. The proposed algorithm applies an incremental sampling-based technique to determine a safe path quickly and reliably. The algorithm makes use of a local planning method to ensure that the paths proposed by the system are indeed flyable. Additional search optimisation techniques are implemented to reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm. As the number of samples increases, the algorithm strives towards an optimal solution; thereby deriving a safe, near-optimal path that avoids the predicted conflict region. The development and justification of the different methods used to adapt the basic algorithm for the application as a confiict resolution system are described in depth. The final system is simulated using a simplified aircraft model. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is able to successfully resolve various conflict scenarios, including the generic two aircraft scenario, terrain only scenario, a two aircraft with terrain scenario and a multiple aircraft and terrain scenario. The developed algorithm is tested in cluttered dynamic environments to ensure that it is capable of dealing with airport scenarios. A statistical analysis of the simulation results shows that the algorithm finds an initial resolution path quickly and reliably, while utilising all additional computation time to strive towards a near-optimal solution. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis bied 'n robuuste, monster-gebaseerde roetebeplanningsalgoritme vir kommersiële vliegtuie aan, wat botsingvermyding met indringervliegtuie en met die terrein gelyktydig uitvoer. Die bestaande konflikvermyding- stelsels wat op kommersiële vliegtuie geïmplementeer word, is vinnig en betroubaar; dit het egter ook sekere tekortkominge. Hierdie tesis is daarop gemik om 'n algoritme voor te stel wat in staat is om sommige van hierdie tekortkominge reg te stel. Die ontwikkeling en navorsing wat nodig was om hierdie konflik-vermyding-algoritme af te lei, word in die dokument voorgelê, insluitende 'n gedetailleerde literatuurstudie wat die keuse van die finale algoritme verduidelik. Die voorgestelde algoritme pas 'n inkrementele, monster-gebaseerde tegniek toe om vinnig en betroubaar 'n veilige roete te bepaal. Die algoritme maak gebruik van 'n lokale beplanningsmetode om te verseker dat die roetes wat die stelsel voorstel inderdaad uitvoerbaar is. Aanvullende soektog-optimeringstegnieke word geïmplementeer om die berekeningskompleksiteit van die algoritme te verlaag. Soos die aantal monsters toeneem, streef die algoritme na 'n optimale oplossing; sodoende herlei dit na 'n veilige, byna-optimale roete wat die voorspelde konflikgebied vermy. Die ontwikkeling en regverdiging van die verskillende metodes wat gebruik is om die basiese algoritme aan te pas vir die toepassing daarvan as 'n konflik-vermyding-stelsels word in diepte beskryf. Die finale stelsel word gesimuleer deur 'n vereenvoudigde vliegtuigmodel te gebruik. Die simulasie resultate dui daarop dat die voorgestelde algoritme verskeie konflikscenario's suksesvol kan oplos, insluitend die generiese tweevliegtuigscenario, die slegs-terreinscenario, die tweevliegtuig-met-terreinscenario en die veelvuldige vliegtuig-enterreinscenario. Die ontwikkelde algoritme is in 'n beisge (cluttered), dinamiese omgewing getoets om te verseker dat dit 'n besige lughawescenario kan hanteer. 'n Statistiese ontleding van die simulasie resultate bewys dat die algoritme vinnig en betroubaar 'n aanvanklike oplossingspad kan vind, addisioneel word die oorblywende berekeningstyd ook gebruik om na 'n byna optimaleoplossing te streef.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1192954 bytes, checksum: 9fbba6380e199231af731670b2d1d20d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Airport environments consume large amounts of water in order to maintain its infrastructure and routine operation, and most of the activities performed do not require potable water quality. Greywater, which is the domestic effluent without toilet contribution, can be an important alternative to meet the nonpotable demand in airports, once it represents most of the domestic sewage volume and presents low pollutant concentrations. The objective of this study was to assess the potential and feasibility of using greywater to meet nonpotable demands in airports, and it was carried out at the Tancredo Neves International Airport, in Confins, Minas Gerais. The quality assessment of greywater from different sources at the airport was performed and the data obtained was analyzed using descriptive multivariate statistics. Also, a survey was carried out to obtain information regarding greywater production. A treatment plant consisting of an anaerobic filter followed by ultraviolet disinfection was proposed and its efficiency was evaluated. The results showed that there are no impediments to greywater reuse in airport environments. The greywater volume produced can meet the non-potable demand after inexpensive and simplified treatment. Therefore, greywater reuse at airports should be strongly encouraged, as it can provide great savings in financial and environmental resources. / Ambientes aeroportuários consomem grandes volumes de água para a manutenção de sua infraestrutura e rotina de operação, sendo que muitas das atividades exercidas não necessitam da água potável. As águas cinza, que são efluentes domésticos sem a contribuição de bacias sanitárias, podem representar alternativa importante a essa demanda não potável, uma vez que representam grande parte do volume do esgoto doméstico, e por outro lado, possuem menores concentrações de diversos poluentes. Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar o potencial e a viabilidade para reuso de águas cinza em aeroportos para atender às demandas não potáveis, a partir de estudo realizado no Aeroporto Internacional Tancredo Neves, em Confins, Minas Gerais. Foi realizada a caracterização qualitativa das águas cinza segregadas, e os dados foram analisados com auxílio de estatística descritiva e multivariada. Além disso, procedeu-se o levantamento dos aspectos relacionados à produção desse efluente no aeroporto. Uma unidade de tratamento composta por filtro anaeróbio e dispositivo de desinfecção ultravioleta foi proposta e avaliada. Os resultados mostraram que não existem empecilhos para o reuso de águas cinza em ambiente aeroportuários. O volume produzido desse efluente pode suprir a demanda por água não potável, através de tratamento simplificado e de baixo custo. Portanto, o reuso de águas cinza em aeroportos deve ser fortemente incentivado, podendo propiciar grande economia de recursos financeiros e ambientais.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1839882 bytes, checksum: 7b04313dfd0b066f5ee10b45f9495ac7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Airports present large water consumption and a great potential for the implementation of measures for its rational and efficient use. Knowing the future water demand is essential for assessing investments destined to increase capacity and the potential benefit from adopting such measures. However, for such environments, there is a lack of studies on water consumption profiles, factors which affect water demand and forecast models. Thus the objectives of this study were to assess the influence of airport movement variables on water consumption and develop multiple regression models to predict it. The database was provided by Infraero and consisted of the annual number of passengers and flights, the annual amounts of cargo and mail, and the annual water consumption for the most important airports in Brazil. The models were developed considering airports grouped in terms of passenger capacity and category (domestic or international flights), and the performance was assessed by the determination (R2) and the Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) coefficients. The model developed for airports with capacity to transport at least 10 million passengers a year were able to explain 81% of water consumption variation, whereas the model for airports with inferior capacity explained 62% of the variation. The models developed for international and domestic airports presented R2 of 90% and 89%, respectively. The NSE coefficients were 0.93 and 0.88 for the models considering capacity and category, respectively. The model developed specifically for the Airport of Confins-MG showed good performance (NSE = 0.98) and presented great potential to enable the inclusion of other variables that can reflect characteristics of each airport which are not considered by movement variables. / Aeroportos consomem grandes volumes de água e possuem grande potencial para a implementação de medidas de uso racional. Conhecer a demanda futura é essencial para avaliar investimentos destinados à ampliação de capacidade e o potencial benefício advindo da adoção dessas medidas. Para esses ambientes, no entanto, são poucos os estudos sobre o perfil de consumo de água, fatores que o influenciam e modelos para sua previsão. Portanto, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a influência das variáveis de movimentação aeroportuária sobre o consumo de água e utilizá-las na obtenção de modelos de regressão linear múltipla para estimar este consumo. A base de dados disponibilizada pela Infraero contém informações sobre a movimentação anual de passageiros, voos, carga e mala postal, além do consumo anual de água para os principais aeroportos do Brasil. Os modelos foram desenvolvidos considerando a distinção dos aeroportos em termos de porte e categoria, e os coeficientes de determinação (R2) e de Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) foram utilizados para avaliação do desempenho. Os modelos desenvolvidos considerando o porte apresentaram R² iguais a 0,81, para aeroportos de grande porte, e 0,62, para aeroportos de médio e pequeno porte. Para aeroportos que operam apenas voos domésticos, foi obtido um modelo linear simples com r² igual a 0,89; para aeroportos que operam voos internacionais e domésticos, o modelo apresentou R² igual a 0,90. Os coeficientes NSE foram 0,93 e 0,88 para os modelos considerando o porte e a categoria, respectivamente. O modelo desenvolvido especificamente para o Aeroporto de Confins-MG apresentou melhor desempenho (NSE = 0,98) e o potencial para viabilizar a inclusão de outras variáveis capazes de refletir características específicas de cada aeroporto não consideradas pelas variáveis de movimentação.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1701770 bytes, checksum: df336a3ba31c20c51b489e214ecd333b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-29 / Airport environments are great water consumers and use significant amounts of these resources to attend non-potable demands. The need for non-potable water and the presence of large roof areas, as well as the existence of bird control programs and the absence of large trees all make airports potential places for the implementation of processes and technologies for water conservation through rainwater use systems. This study had the objective to assess the potential for rainwater collected from the roofs in the Tancredo Neves International Airport Complex, in Confins, Minas Gerais, to attend its non-potable water demands, and also to propose a treatment which is economically feasible and ease to be replicated. / Ambientes aeroportuários são pontos de consumo significativos de água e utilizam quantidades expressivas desse bem no atendimento a demandas não potáveis. A elevada necessidade de água não potável, em consonância com a presença de grandes áreas de telhados, existência de programas de controle de pássaros e ausência de árvores de grande porte, configuram os aeroportos como ambientes potenciais à implementação de medidas, processos e tecnologias com vistas à conservação da água através de sistemas de aproveitamento de água pluvial. Este estudo pretendeu avaliar o potencial do Aeroporto Internacional Tancredo Neves AITN, Confins, Minas Gerais, na utilização de água pluvial provenientes de telhados para atendimento de demandas não potáveis e a proposição de uma tecnologia de tratamento economicamente viável e de fácil replicação.