Thesis (M.A.)--Villanova University, 2008. / Political Science Dept. Includes bibliographical references.

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Mon sujet de thèse porte sur une étude des chaînes d’informations internationales. À travers une étude comparative entre la chaîne qatarie Al Jazeera et le canal arabophone de France 24. J’essaie de traiter la problématique du rôle de ce genre d’acteurs dans le paysage médiatique international. Je pars de l’hypothèse que ce genre de chaines peut avoir au-delà de leur rôle médiatique informatif d’autres rôles, notamment géopolitiques et diplomatiques. Etant conscient que derrière ce genre de médias se cachent des instances des pays qui ont bien compris à l’air de l’information internationale, l’intérêt de se doter de ce genre d’arme que des spécialistes appellent « soft power ». Les cas de France 24 et d’Al Jazeera sont assez révélateurs des stratégies différentes mises en place pour intégrer l’arène des médias internationaux. Ces deux cas que je propose de comparer sont intéressants de plusieurs points de vue. En premier, d’un point de vue chronologique, l’apparition de ces deux chaines d’informations est séparée de presque dix ans, ce qui donne deux contextes complètement différents qui ont abouti à leurs créations. Deuxièmement en termes d’intérêt suscité par ces deux chaines au sein de la communauté scientifique, là aussi une grande différence est constatée. En dernier le poids de ces deux chaines dans leur espace public et en dehors de ce dernier, qui est aussi différent. Mais malgré ces différences des points communs résident entre ces deux dernières. Les similitudes commencent par le format et le genre des deux chaines, puis l’espace public qu’elles ciblent et enfin le rôle qu’elles tendent à jouer. Ma démarche comparative est motivée par ma volonté d’analyser ces différences et similitudes entre deux acteurs de l’information internationale qui immergent dans deux contextes différents, logique de « flux et contre flux » (Lochard 2008). Mais cette démarche est aussi motivée par mon besoin d’aller chercher le rôle réel que ces deux chaines négocient au sein de leur zone d’influence. Une zone qui vit depuis la décolonisation des bouleversements à répétition et qui n’arrive pas à trouver un équilibre définitif. Ce terrain instable que constitue le monde arabe est devenu un terrain propice aux chaines d’informations internationales notamment au début du siècle actuel. Cet engouement pour cette région n’est pas dicter par une logique commerciale, celle de combler un manque d’offres en télévisions satellitaires comme peuvent le prétendre certains. Mais plutôt par une logique géostratégique et diplomatique. / My thesis deals with a study of international news channels. Through a comparative study between Al Jazeera and the Arabic-language channel France 24. I try to treat the problem of the role of such actors in the international media landscape. I am assuming that this kind of channels may have beyond their informative media role of other roles, including geopolitical and diplomatic. Being aware that behind this kind of media are hiding the bodies of the countries that understand the air of international information, interest to acquire this type of weapon that experts call "soft power." The case of France 24 and Al Jazeera are quite revealing different strategies in place to integrate the arena of international media. These two cases I compare offers are interesting from several points of view. First, from a chronological point of view, the appearance of these two channels of information is separated from almost ten years, giving two completely different contexts that resulted in their creations. Second in terms of interest in these two channels within the scientific community, there is also a large difference is found. Finally the weight of these two channels in their public space and outside it, which is also different. But despite these differences commonalities reside between these two. The similarities begin with the size and type of the two channels, and the public space they target and the role they tend to play. My comparative approach is motivated by my desire to analyze the differences and similarities between two actors of international information that immerse in two different contexts, logic of "flow and flow against" (Lochard 2008). But this approach is also motivated by my need to go for the real role these two channels negotiate within their area of influence. An area that has lived for the decolonization of repeated upheavals and does not find a final balance. This unstable ground that is the Arab world has become a breeding ground for international news channels in particular at the beginning of this century. This enthusiasm for this region is not dictated by a commercial logic, that fill the lack of deals in satellite television as some may claim it. But rather by a diplomatic and geostrategic logic.

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Depuis l’accession au pouvoir de l’Emir Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani en 1995, le Qatar a considérablement évolué pour devenir un acteur incontournable dans la médiation internationale. Ce travail a pour objet d’étudier et d’analyser les évolutions de la politique étrangère qatarie depuis 1995, la nouvelle place de l’Émirat dans les relations internationales, ainsi qu’au sein des pays du Golfe. Il permet d’observer que le Qatar joue un rôle désormais prépondérant tant dans la médiation que dans les relations internationales / Since the arrival of the Emir Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Al Thani to the power in 1995, Qatar has become a major player in international mediation. This thesis aims to study and analyze the evolution of Qatari foreign policy since 1995, the new position of the Emirate in international relations and within the Gulf region. It can be observed that Qatar plays now a new role in the mediation as well in the international relations

The 15th of March 2019, the city of Christchurch in New Zealand was exposed to two mosque attacks that left at least 50 people killed and many people wounded. The attacks were described as a terrorist attack performed by a 28-year-old Australian man with right-wing extremist views. The two mosque attacks were broadcast live by the perpetrator on his social media accounts. By using a qualitative text analysis, the author has studied the reports of the attacks of three news channels, CNN, RT English and al- Jazeera English, with a selection of nine articles. The study has investigated the description and the framing of the mosque attacks by each news channel. With the aid of a framing analysis, the author was able to identify which frames that has occurred in the reports by CNN, RT English and al-Jazeera English. The aim of the study was to study the framing of the mosque attacks by the news channels with different culture valuations and whether there were any similarities or differences in their descriptions of the attacks. The result of the analysis could show that there were both similarities and differences in the reports of the news channels. CNN and al-Jazeera English used the affective and attributive framework and RT English used the descriptive framework in their reports of the mosque attacks.

Dans le monde arabe comme partout dans le monde, le numéro d’utilisateurs des réseaux sociaux ne cesse de croître reléguant ainsi le vieux media au second plan. Ce nouveau media par son accessibilité, est devenu le nouveau lieu de pèlerinage où se rencontre tout chercheur de la vérité. Or, malgré l’absence d’une vraie crédibilité des institutions médiatiques arabes, Al-jazeera était la seule chaîne qui a su gagner la confiance des spectateurs et qui a réussi à regrouper autour d’elle des millions de fidèles arabophones. Durant les révolutions arabes, le quêteur de la vérité a été témoin d’une concurrence de taille entre ces deux sacrées plates-formes, imposés comme alternatif susceptible de satisfaire la soif de l’homme pour la liberté longuement absente dans le media tout comme en société. Cette étude a donc pour ambition d’étudier la rivalité et puis la réconciliation entre « vieux media » en l’occurrence la chaîne satellitaire et les nouveaux medias (les réseaux sociaux) durant le printemps arabe. Il s’agit également d’analyser l’analogie entre la révolution en terre arabe et celle en ligne et d’examiner le potentiel de chacun à provoquer un changement sociopolitique commun. / The co-production of information with the Arab viewer has always been the directive editorial line that distinguished the Qatari channel Al Jazeera since its creation in 1996. Over the years, the recipe has paid off, making Al Jazeera the most watched international news channel in the Arab world. The strategic choice of the channel to make the Arab spectator, long marginalized in the media, an ally is explained by a desire for legitimacy by the emir Hamad ben Khalifa al-Thani especially after the coup against his father in 1995. Nevertheless, cutting off from the old regime imposes substantial changes. With the first political debates on Al Jazeera, the status of the Arab viewer changes dramatically. They become actors and participate with their questions and comments at the cost of a simple phone call. But at the same time, Al Jazeera becomes the enemy of the Arab regimes. Over the years, the Qatari channel won the trust of many viewers, especially during its coverage of major crises in the Arab world, like the second Intifada in 2000 and the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. Through its media coverage from the ground in hot zones, it differentiates itself from other news channels. The year of 2011 was a major turning point in the history of the channel. From day one, Al Jazeera covered the rising demonstrations in the Arab countries. The declared war of autocratic regimes against Al Jazeera does not prevent it from covering stories. Aware of the contributions of digital media, the channel gives spectators the means to participate in the creation and circulation of information. The promotional videos of Al Jazeera are a concrete example. Throuh their short form which enables them to travel from one medium to another; they become an object of media activism. As for the digital platform Sharek, it shows how the channel involves the Arab spectator in the process of spreading and archiving information.

The media conflates and distorts in its coverage on the war on terror- simultaneously misrepresenting and constructing the political and historically complex conflict between the Middle East and the West. Due to the current social-political climate of increasing xenophobia and the normalisation of Islamophobia, this study attempts to expand previous studies conducted on the media in relation to the war on terror. This is a comparative quantitative analysis of media framing between a Western news source and an Arab news source, examining their coverage of the November 2015 Paris attack and the March 20th Sana’a, Yemen attack. The findings revealed a deep complexity and intertwining of the media and its representation on the war on terror: the U.S. news source engaged more so in forms of biased framing of when covering the Paris attack and held a Western gaze of superiority when covering the Yemen attack, while the Arab news source proved to be overall less biased but was found to be susceptible to Westernisation.

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This thesis seeks to identify the main sources of news in the coverage of the 2003 war in Iraq by the Arab channel Al-Jazeera and CNN. It distinguishes the news sources that journalists of CNN and Al-Jazeera have depended on while covering or reporting the events of the war and examines why they gave more airtime to certain news sources than others. Content analysis is used as the main research method and the Glasgow University Media Group's work is adopted as a model. The data for the research is five prime time news hours chosen from five-day intervals during the war from the coverage by both channels.This study also examines the two channels' different perspectives towards the event. This takes into account their histories, their stated position regarding their role and their editorial practices. At the same time there will be an attempt to further contextualize this issue by looking at the flow of the world news across borders, the development of Arab media before and after the emergence of satellite broadcasting and by briefly reviewing the history of Western media war reportage.The thesis concludes that the main sources on CNN were the 'coalition' military and official sources. By contrast, Al-Jazeera's coverage gave almost equal time to other perspectives such as anti-war voices and 'independent' analysts. Consequently it is argued that Al-Jazeera's coverage was more balanced and multiperspectival.