No description available.

<p>Alkohol har sedan länge varit starkt förknippat med sjöfarten. Detta fick oss intresserade och vi valde att fördjupa oss i ämnet. I vårt examensarbete har vi valt att fokusera på huruvida rederiernas alkoholpolicy efterföljs ombord på fartygen.</p><p>För att få en uppfattning så använde vi oss av metodtriangulering. Vi utförde en enkätundersökning bland skolans nautiska elever angående den rådande alkoholkulturen till sjöss, därefter intervjuades de tre rederier som nämnts mest i enkätundersökningen för att få deras kommentarer på resultatet.</p><p>Resultatet av vårt arbete visar att alkoholpolicyn inte efterföljs till fullo, då 70 % av eleverna uppfattat att policyn brutits en eller flera gånger. Detta trots att rederierna i de intervjuer som genomförts, upplever det som detta. En generell uppfattning bland eleverna visar att flertalet är emot att besättningsmedlemmar dricker sig berusade ombord. De anser dock att det bör vara accepterat med öl eller vin i samband med måltid.</p> / <p>For many years alcohol have been strongly associated with shipping. This got us interested and therefore we chose to find out more about this subject. In our thesis we have chose to focus on how the shipping companies' policy about alcohol is followed onboard.</p><p>To get an understanding we created a questionnaire about the alcohol culture onboard, that was answered by the merchant academy's nautical students. Thereafter we interviewed the three companies that were most represented in the questionnaire to get their opinion about the result.</p><p>The result of our thesis shows that the alcohol policy isn't followed onboard even if the shipping companies have this opinion. It is stated by 70 percent of the students that they once or more got the opinion that the policy was broken. The general opinion among the students is that they are against heavy drinking onboard, but that the crewmembers that aren't on duty should be allowed drinking beer or wine when having dinner.</p>

Alkohol har sedan länge varit starkt förknippat med sjöfarten. Detta fick oss intresserade och vi valde att fördjupa oss i ämnet. I vårt examensarbete har vi valt att fokusera på huruvida rederiernas alkoholpolicy efterföljs ombord på fartygen. För att få en uppfattning så använde vi oss av metodtriangulering. Vi utförde en enkätundersökning bland skolans nautiska elever angående den rådande alkoholkulturen till sjöss, därefter intervjuades de tre rederier som nämnts mest i enkätundersökningen för att få deras kommentarer på resultatet. Resultatet av vårt arbete visar att alkoholpolicyn inte efterföljs till fullo, då 70 % av eleverna uppfattat att policyn brutits en eller flera gånger. Detta trots att rederierna i de intervjuer som genomförts, upplever det som detta. En generell uppfattning bland eleverna visar att flertalet är emot att besättningsmedlemmar dricker sig berusade ombord. De anser dock att det bör vara accepterat med öl eller vin i samband med måltid. / For many years alcohol have been strongly associated with shipping. This got us interested and therefore we chose to find out more about this subject. In our thesis we have chose to focus on how the shipping companies' policy about alcohol is followed onboard. To get an understanding we created a questionnaire about the alcohol culture onboard, that was answered by the merchant academy's nautical students. Thereafter we interviewed the three companies that were most represented in the questionnaire to get their opinion about the result. The result of our thesis shows that the alcohol policy isn't followed onboard even if the shipping companies have this opinion. It is stated by 70 percent of the students that they once or more got the opinion that the policy was broken. The general opinion among the students is that they are against heavy drinking onboard, but that the crewmembers that aren't on duty should be allowed drinking beer or wine when having dinner.

<p>The purpose of this study is to find out how IOGT-NTO conducted the debate about the Swedish negotiations with EU concerning the accession. The essay investigates how the debate was conducted between the years 1993, 1994 and 1995. A further distinction lies in five requirements IOGT-NTO delivered before the negotiations.</p><p>The material for this study lies primarily in the editorial pages of IOGT-NTO's magazine Accent. The background content comes primarily from secondary sources and deals with the temperance movement and IOGT-NTO, and dealing with the EU and the Swedish alcohol policy.</p><p>In July 1991, Sweden submitted its membership application to EU and subsequently in the 1993 the negotiations began. During the same time IOGT-NTO began its debate on a possible EU membership in the Accent magazine. Foremost is the weight of three requirements, the maintenance of monopoly, the preservation of national freedom of action and a Nordic cooperation during the negotiations and later after membership in EU. On January 1th 1995 Sweden was included in EU and the negotiations have led to that Sweden has lost three out of four monopolies, only Systembolaget was allowed left.</p><p>Of the requirements the monopoly highlights the most, seven out of 17 editorial pages are about the monopoly. Of the four arguments aspects of health, economic, moral, and the national aspect it is foremost the health and the national aspect that is discussed. The overall objectives with IOGT-NTO’s debate on membership in EU were short-term and concerned the outcome of negotiations.</p><p>Based on the results of the negotiations it can be concluded that IOGT-NTO could not influence the negotiations enough for Sweden to retain all its restrictive alcohol policy. However, they did not surrender, but started with the temperance movement in Europe the group EUROCARE with its new base in Brussels to be closer to those decisions.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna undersökning är att ta reda på vilket sätt som IOGT-NTO förde debatt kring de svenska förhandlingarna med EU och inträdet. Avgränsningen ligger framför allt i tid, åren 1993, 1994 och 1995. En ytterligare avgränsning ligger i fem krav som IOGT-NTO yttrat innan förhandlingarna.</p><p>Materialet för denna undersökning ligger främst i ledarsidorna i IOGT-NTO:s tidning Accent. Bakgrundens innehåll kommer främst från sekundärkällor som dels behandlar nykterhetsrörelsen och IOGT-NTO, dels som behandlar EU och svensk alkoholpolitik.</p><p>I juli 1991 lämnade Sverige in sin medlemsansökan till EU och senare i 1993 påbörjades förhandlingarna. Under samma tid påbörjar IOGT-NTO sin debatt kring ett eventuellt medlemskap i EU i tidningen Accent. Främst läggs tyngden på tre krav, bevarandet av monopolet, bevarandet av den nationella handlingsfriheten och ett nordiskt samarbete under förhandlingarna och senare efter inträdet. 1 januari 1995 ingår Sverige i sitt EU-medlemskap och förhandlingarna har lett till att det svenska monopolet har tappat tre av fyra, endast Systembolaget fick vara kvar.</p><p>Av kraven är det monopolet som belyses mest, sju av 17 ledarsidor handlar om monopolet. Av de fyra argumentationsaspekterna hälso-, det ekonomiska, det moraliska och den nationella aspekten är det främst hälso- och den nationella aspekten som behandlas. De övergripande målen med IOGT-NTO:s debatt om EU var kortsiktiga och gällde att påverka utgången av förhandlingarna.</p><p>Utifrån förhandlingarnas utgång kan slutsatsen dras att IOGT-NTO inte kunde påverka förhandlingarna tillräckligt för att Sverige skulle få behålla hela sin restriktiva alkoholpolitik. Dock gav de inte upp utan startade tillsammans med nykterhetsrörelser i Europa gruppen EUROCARE med sin nya bas i Bryssel för att ha närmare till beslutsfattarna.</p>

The purpose of this study is to find out how IOGT-NTO conducted the debate about the Swedish negotiations with EU concerning the accession. The essay investigates how the debate was conducted between the years 1993, 1994 and 1995. A further distinction lies in five requirements IOGT-NTO delivered before the negotiations. The material for this study lies primarily in the editorial pages of IOGT-NTO's magazine Accent. The background content comes primarily from secondary sources and deals with the temperance movement and IOGT-NTO, and dealing with the EU and the Swedish alcohol policy. In July 1991, Sweden submitted its membership application to EU and subsequently in the 1993 the negotiations began. During the same time IOGT-NTO began its debate on a possible EU membership in the Accent magazine. Foremost is the weight of three requirements, the maintenance of monopoly, the preservation of national freedom of action and a Nordic cooperation during the negotiations and later after membership in EU. On January 1th 1995 Sweden was included in EU and the negotiations have led to that Sweden has lost three out of four monopolies, only Systembolaget was allowed left. Of the requirements the monopoly highlights the most, seven out of 17 editorial pages are about the monopoly. Of the four arguments aspects of health, economic, moral, and the national aspect it is foremost the health and the national aspect that is discussed. The overall objectives with IOGT-NTO’s debate on membership in EU were short-term and concerned the outcome of negotiations. Based on the results of the negotiations it can be concluded that IOGT-NTO could not influence the negotiations enough for Sweden to retain all its restrictive alcohol policy. However, they did not surrender, but started with the temperance movement in Europe the group EUROCARE with its new base in Brussels to be closer to those decisions. / Syftet med denna undersökning är att ta reda på vilket sätt som IOGT-NTO förde debatt kring de svenska förhandlingarna med EU och inträdet. Avgränsningen ligger framför allt i tid, åren 1993, 1994 och 1995. En ytterligare avgränsning ligger i fem krav som IOGT-NTO yttrat innan förhandlingarna. Materialet för denna undersökning ligger främst i ledarsidorna i IOGT-NTO:s tidning Accent. Bakgrundens innehåll kommer främst från sekundärkällor som dels behandlar nykterhetsrörelsen och IOGT-NTO, dels som behandlar EU och svensk alkoholpolitik. I juli 1991 lämnade Sverige in sin medlemsansökan till EU och senare i 1993 påbörjades förhandlingarna. Under samma tid påbörjar IOGT-NTO sin debatt kring ett eventuellt medlemskap i EU i tidningen Accent. Främst läggs tyngden på tre krav, bevarandet av monopolet, bevarandet av den nationella handlingsfriheten och ett nordiskt samarbete under förhandlingarna och senare efter inträdet. 1 januari 1995 ingår Sverige i sitt EU-medlemskap och förhandlingarna har lett till att det svenska monopolet har tappat tre av fyra, endast Systembolaget fick vara kvar. Av kraven är det monopolet som belyses mest, sju av 17 ledarsidor handlar om monopolet. Av de fyra argumentationsaspekterna hälso-, det ekonomiska, det moraliska och den nationella aspekten är det främst hälso- och den nationella aspekten som behandlas. De övergripande målen med IOGT-NTO:s debatt om EU var kortsiktiga och gällde att påverka utgången av förhandlingarna. Utifrån förhandlingarnas utgång kan slutsatsen dras att IOGT-NTO inte kunde påverka förhandlingarna tillräckligt för att Sverige skulle få behålla hela sin restriktiva alkoholpolitik. Dock gav de inte upp utan startade tillsammans med nykterhetsrörelser i Europa gruppen EUROCARE med sin nya bas i Bryssel för att ha närmare till beslutsfattarna.

Since the mid 1990s, alcohol policy in Sweden has undergone major changes and the restrictive policy instruments have been weakened. Alternative and compensatory preventive measures have been sought and the workplace is repeatedly referred to as an important and appropriate arena for prevention. Universal methods, such as disseminating information and education programs, are seen as crucial in order for individuals to be able to make informed choices about their alcohol consumption. The overall purpose of this thesis is to analyze the prerequisites for and the possibilities and barriers associated with alcohol education programs at workplaces. The first paper investigates the general interest in alcohol prevention at workplaces where no interventions had been undertaken. The second paper is an effect study which investigates the effects of a short alcohol education program provided to those employed at a company in Stockholm. In the third paper, the effects of a day-long alcohol education program provided to all persons employed by a municipality are studied. The fourth paper is an interview study, in which the aim is to analyze how the participants in alcohol education programs view their participation and the content and legitimacy of the intervention. The findings suggest that interest in prevention at workplaces is low among employers. In addition, there are difficulties linked to implementation and evaluation, and in achieving and registering any substantial effects. The effect studies noted a significant increase in alcohol-related knowledge and that binge drinking decreased among those who drank the most. The employees found the education programs interesting and valuable but mostly for others, i.e. those who drink too much. Taken together, the studies suggest that it is not reasonable to believe that workplace-based prevention will become a common and effective measure or that it will compensate for the weakened alcohol policy in Sweden. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Accepted. Paper 3: Submitted.</p>

Introduction: The majority of the European population live in urban areas (UAs). Policy making in urban areas is complex and the use of summary and aggregate measures for public health are important tools. Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are important for national and international comparison. However, DALYs have not been calculated at urban level. Alcohol is an important European urban public health problem. Therefore the aim of this study was to calculate urban level DALYs attributable to alcohol consumption in Europe(AA-DALYs) and years of life lost (AA-YLL). This work was one of the deliverables of the European Urban Health Indicator System Part II (EURO-URHIS 2), a European Commission funded project. Methodology Design: This is a cross sectional study with four components to be able to calculate comparable DALYs. The boundary study determined the denominator to ensure comparability and facilitate identification of the UAs to be included in the study. The systematic review and national level DALY calculations were used to develop the methodology for calculating AA-DALYs, including AA-YLL. The main methodology was to calculate AA-DALYs and AA-YLL were calculated for comparison between UAs, but also to measure the relationship between alcohol policy strength (measured using the Alcohol Policy Index) and harms to health. Results: It was possible to calculate urban level AA-DALY and AA-YLL for males and females and for different age groups in 20 different UAs. There was no association at either national (p=0.15) or urban level with AA-DALYs and AA-YLL and API score. Clustering of the countries by European region may have influenced the lack of association as well as the need for further refinements of the API to include enforcement. Mean male (female) AA-YLL was 12.75 (3.23) per 1000 population (p<0.0001). Mean male (female) AA-DALYs was 18.85 (3.88) per 1000 population (p<0.0001). There were significant differences between mean male and female AA-DALYs and AA-YLL which were not present when the protective indicators were removed from the calculation. The mean effect size between all ages and the 15-79 year age groups were significant for AA-DALYs and AA-YLLs (p<0.0001).Conclusions: Comparable AA-DALYs and AA-YLL can be calculated at urban level. National level DALYs mask the intra-national differences observed within cities. AA-DALYs and AA-YLL can be used as a summary measure to help policy makers determine the outcomes of their alcohol policy strategies in cities of Europe. Morbidity data availability undermines AA-DALY estimates, but AA-YLL estimates were based on robust data on causes of death at the urban level. Future work will replicate this method for more risk factors for YLL.

No description available.

In this thesis I evaluate the impact of an experiment with free sales of strong beer in two Swedish counties that took place in the 1960s. I do this by studying adult earnings of persons in utero during the experiment. My data includes date and place of birth and allows me to evaluate the impact of the experiment using a difference-in differences methodology, comparing earnings across cohorts and counties. Since the availability of alcohol increased most heavily for persons under the age of 21, and male fetuses are less physiologically robust than female fetuses, I choose to study persons born by mothers younger than 21 separately and also estimate the impact of the experiment separately for men and women. I find that persons born by mothers under the age of 21 during the experiment have lower average earnings than persons born before the experiment, and that the impact is larger on men. My results indicate that the experiment has led to adverse effects on adult earnings, probably caused by the prenatal alcohol exposure’s negative impact on fetal development. This means that alcohol consumption have long-term consequences that represent large costs to society. Since these costs are generally disregarded when evaluating the cost of alcohol consumption, society’s cost of alcohol is probably higher than usually estimated.

<p>The aim of this paper was to examine which discourses of women that could be found in Swedish policy documents concerning alcohol from the seventies until today. The questions asked were in which ways women’s drinking was described and how these descriptions could be analyzed and understood by critical discourse analysis and gender theory. The results indicated two main discourses, one replacing the other over time. According to the first discourse, most clearly expressed in the official report from the seventies, women were not consumers of alcohol to the same extent as men. Their lower consumption was explained structurally, by referring to restricting sex-roles. The next discourse, beginning in the nineties, discussed women as consumers of alcohol. At the same time differences between male and female consumption was emphasized. This was especially manifested by the fact that reasons for women’s drinking were to be searched for on an individual, mostly psychological, level. Frequently young girls, alcohol and sexuality were associated and alcohol-free pregnancies were declared being one of the priority goals for the alcohol policy. Referring to underlying psychological causes women addicted to alcohol were also supposed to need a different and more extensive type of treatment than men.</p>