Straddling the Continental Divide, from the Chuska Mountains to the San Juan and Little Colorado rivers, mostly in Arizona, but partly in New Mexico and Utah, lies 23,574 square miles of desert; home to the estimate l75 to 90 thousand Navajo Indians. Unable to more than eke out a bare existence in a barren land where almost 30 acres of range are needed to sustain one sheep, unprepared after generations of isolation and neglect to leave this reservation for areas where a descend standard of living can be had, the Navajos, since 1950, have been the object of a "crash" program of rehabilitation by the United states Government.

Vattenhaltsbestämning är av stor vikt i många sammanhang. T.ex. kan vattenhalten påverka utbytet av en kemisk syntes, eller ha negativ inverkan på hållbarheten av läkemedel och livsmedel. Standardmetoden för vattenhaltsbestämning är Karl Fischer-titrering, baserad på antingen volymetri eller coulometri. I den här avhandlingen presenteras nya infallsvinklar för bestämning av mycket låga halter vatten i komplexa provmatriser, som t.ex. tekniska oljor och substanser som interfererar med alkoholbaserade Karl Fischer-reagens. Vattnet avskiljs ofta från oljematrisen före titrering genom förångning. I samband med framtagningen av nya referensmaterial för vatten i olja ifrågasattes förångningsteknikernas effektivitet av National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). NIST menade att en fraktion av vattnet bands hårt i oljefasen och att det inte kunde frigöras och detekteras annat än med en modifierad volymetrisk metod där reagenset innehöll minst 65% kloroform. I den här avhandlingen presenteras en alternativ metod som uppfyller det ställda kravet för en fullständig upplösning av oljefasen. Med denna metod visas att det inte finns någon anledning att ifrågasätta förångningsteknikernas effektivitet och att den modifierade metoden som NIST använder ger systematiskt för höga resultat. Fördelar som enklare handhavande, kortare konditioneringstider och att endast ett reagens behövs har gjort att diafragmafri coulometri har blivit allt mer populär. Spårhaltsbestämning med denna teknik ställer dock speciellt höga krav på reagensen eftersom strömtätheten vid katoden är låg. Med anledning av detta testades olika typer av kommersiella reagensblandningar för bestämning av små vattenmängder och kritiska parametrar identifierades. Dekanol visade sig ha en gynnsam effekt på katodreaktionen i reagens modifierade med xylen enligt standardmetodbeskrivningen för bestämning av vatten i oljor. För provtyper som inte går att analysera med alkoholbaserade reagenser presenteras en ny typ baserad på N-metylformamid. Med ett sådant reagens bestämdes vattenhalten i ett reaktivt salt som används i litiumjonbatterier. Liknande alkoholfria reagens undersöktes mer utförligt i en djupare studie som även inkluderade formamid och dimetylformamid. För- och nackdelar med dessa alternativa lösningsmedel diskuteras och möjliga reaktionsförlopp föreslås. Det visade sig att läget på jämvikten mellan svaveldioxid och vätesulfit är en avgörande faktor för att förklara den stora skillnaden i reaktionshastighet i dessa lösningsmedel. / Moisture determination is of great importance in the production and use of many substances. For example, the moisture content can affect the efficiency of a chemical reaction or determine the shelf life of pharmaceuticals or foods. The standard method for moisture determination is Karl Fischer (KF) titration, based on either volumetry or coulometry. This thesis concerns new approaches to trace determination in complex sample matrices and is focused on oils and substances that interfere with alcoholic KF reagents. Moisture is frequently separated from oil matrices before titration by means of evaporation techniques. In connection with the preparation of new reference materials for moisture in oil, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) questioned the efficiency of such evaporation techniques. NIST claimed that some of the moisture was sequestered in the oil phase and that it could only be released and detected by using a modified volumetric KF method with a reagent containing at least 65% chloroform. In this thesis, an alternative KF method that meets the proposed requirement for a complete dissolution of the oil sample is presented. With this method it is shown that there is no reason to question the efficiency of the evaporation techniques and that the criticized volumetric method used by NIST is biased high. Ever since its introduction diaphragm-free coulometry has gained popularity due to its ease of use, with a single reagent and short conditioning times. Trace determination with this technique sets great demands on the reagent due to the resulting low current densities at the generator cathode. The performance of several commercial reagents is evaluated under such unfavorable conditions and critical titration parameters are identified. It is also shown that decanol has a favorable effect on the cathode process when using reagents modified with xylene according to standard methods for moisture determination in oils. For samples that are incompatible with the alcohol component in ordinary KF reagent a new reagent based on N-methylformamide is presented. It is shown that is works well for determinations of moisture in a conductive salt used in lithium-ion batteries. The concept of alcohol-free KF reagents is taken a step further in a systematic investigation, also including formamide and dimethylformamide. Advantages and disadvantages with these solvents are discussed and possible reaction paths are surveyed. It is shown that the position of the sulfur dioxide/hydrogen sulfite equilibrium is the main explanation for the large differences in the KF reaction rates in these solvents.

Over the past five decades, per capita caloric intake has increased by approximately 28% in the United States. A hallmark of the current standard American diet is an excess of energy sources from saturated fat and refined carbohydrates. High energy diets such as the “Western” diet cause numerous pathologies, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and peripheral insulin resistance. High energy diets also negatively impact the hippocampus, a brain area important for learning and memory. It is not surprising, then, that high energy diets impair hippocampal-dependent memory. The experiments in this dissertation investigate possible diet-induced consequences that may contribute to the impairing effects of high energy diets on hippocampal-dependent memory. Our initial experiments found that diet-induced NAFLD impairs hippocampal-dependent memory, but these cognitive deficits were not due to decreases in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) or hippocampal insulin signaling. Next, we found that a high energy diet increased the ability of epinephrine to increase blood glucose concentrations, indicating a novel way in which high energy diets impair liver function. The final set of experiments found that high energy diets do not necessarily impair memory but instead may prevent the memory-enhancing effects of acute stress. Taken together, these results indicate that high energy diets interact with acute stress to negatively impact hippocampal-dependent memory, and that hippocampal insulin resistance and IGF-1are not likely involved.

Purpose: The thesis will contribute to an understanding of how the process of product placement functions and how the new Swedish Radio and Television law has, so far, influenced the different parties involved in the product placement process. The thesis will also give an insight in how the different parties involved , handle the ethical issues around product placement and product placement with alcoholic beverages. The purpose is also to give an understanding of if and how alcoholic beverages can be exposed in television despite the new conditions that the Swedish Radio and Television law has caused. Research questions: What impact has the new Swedish Radio and Television law had on the different parties involved in the product placement process? How do the different parties involved in the product placement process reflect upon and handle the ethical issues around product placement, specifically with alcoholic beverages? How do comapnies working with alcoholic beverages manage to place their products in Swedish television within the new law regulation? Method: The primary empirical investigation is qualitative and seventeen semi-structured interviews were conducted, both by telephone and personal. There were also four focus groups made. Conclusion: The interpretation of the law is different between the parties involved in a product placement process. Even though the parties have a clearer picture of what is defined as product placement , what is allowed and not, there are still differences about how to apply the law. The different parties involved did not have any major ethical issues with product placement in general or product placement with alcoholic beverages. Companies working woth alcoholic beverages manage to show their products in television, though it is illegal to place these products. After the study, it was evident that they instead chosse to sponsor with their products in different productions. The consumer have not been affected by the new law due to their lack of knowledge about the regulations about product placement.

BAKGRUND: Idag dricker allt fler svenskar alkohol allt oftare och i större mängder. Alkoholmissbruk innebär ett lidande för den drabbade och dennes anhöriga, samtidigt som det är ett omfattande och kostsamt problem för samhället. Sjukvårdspersonal har goda kunskaper om alkohol och dess påverkan och kan därför spela en mycket viktig roll i det hälsoförebyggande arbetet relaterat till alkohol och missbruk. SYFTE: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt är att beskriva vårdandet av patienter med ett alkoholmissbruk med speciellt fokus på bemötande och vårdrelationen. METOD: En litteraturöversikt där nio vetenskapliga artiklar analyserats. RESULTAT: Sjuksköterskor upplevde att frågor om alkoholkonsumtion var svåra att hantera i praktiken då frågorna kunde upplevas förolämpande och väcka starka känslor hos patienten. Samtidigt som patienten vill vara öppen med sitt missbruk och därför önskar att få frågor om sina alkoholvanor. KONKLUSION: Att bemöta och vårda personer med ett alkoholmissbruk kan medföra speciella svårigheter. Resultatet visar att balansgången mellan viljan att vårda och att inte alltid tro på patienten gör mötet svårare. Samtidigt som sjukvårdspersonalen måste ta steget att våga ställa frågor om alkoholkonsumtion. / BACKGROUND: Today, more and more Swedish people are drinking more frequently and in larger quantities. Alcohol abuse is painful for the victim and his family, while being a widespread and costly problem for society. Healthcare professionals are knowledgeable about alcohol and its effects and can therefore play a very important role in the healthcare prevention related to alcohol and substance abuse. AIM: The aim of this study is to describe the care of patients with an alcohol abuse with a special focus on treatment and care relationship. METHOD: A literature review in which nine research articles were analyzed. RESULT: Nurses felt that questions about alcohol consumption were difficult to handle in practice when the questions could be experienced as insulting and bring the patient strong emotions. While patients want to be open about their addiction and, therefore, which they are asked about their alcohol habits. CONCLUSION: To treat and care for people with alcohol abuse can cause special difficulties. The result shows that the balance between the desire to care and to not always believe the patient makes the meeting more difficult. While the health professionals must take the step to dare to ask questions about alcohol consumption.

A novel ambient ionization method which is so-called direct electrospray probe (DEP) has been developed in this study. This method provides rapid and high throughput analysis due to its advantages such as no sample pretreatment, low sample consumption, easily to change sample. In the study, we improved the interface of direct electrospray probe, and extend spray time to 1 minute for chemical analysis. Because of extending spray time, the method could be combined with principal component analysis (PCA), which is one kind of statistical method. Therefore, we applied the method for determination of alcoholic beverage which contains a lot of ions and alcohol. First, the conditions such as applying voltage, sample volume and shape of probe have been modified. The probes we used in the study were made by used metal pieces. These metal pieces with different thickness and tip angle to be test. Then, we found the optimize conditions as: voltage 7.0 kV, sample volume 3 £gL, thicknss of metal piece 0.1 mm, angle of metal piece 25 degree. Classification of 14 brands of wines which were purchased from supermarket was determined and analyzed by the method. Otherwise, we used the method to distinguish real wines from hedge wines we simulated. The hedge wines were prepared by adding flavor in alcohol solutions. Furthermore, we also used this method to observe fermentation process of wine production. Finally, deterioration of wine under exposure in air was also determined by the method. The results of the study demonstrated that the method we developed can be applied to distinguish hedge wines from real wines. And, it can used to monitor the fermentation process of wine production for quality control.

Includes vita. / Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 97 pages. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Alcohol expectancy theory suggests that genetically influenced personality characteristics may lead to differential acquisition of expectancy information, and that this information then may serve as one mediational pathway for alcoholism risk. Research has already shown that expectancy information can predict and even mediate risk, but it has yet to be shown that personality traits can influence the acquisition of alcohol expectancy information. To that end, personality characteristics known to be risk factors for the development of excessive alcohol use were assessed in 83 male undergraduates. In addition, each participant studied, in a paired-associate learning/cued-recall test paradigm, a list of word pairs matching alcohol content words (keg, beer), positive/arousing alcohol expectancy words (happy, fun), and neutral words (backpack, desk). / ABSTRACT: Their rate of learning the second word from each pair after being cued with the first word was then assessed across three trials of this task, and overall learning of the pairs was then assessed using free-recall. To determine whether learning rates for each type of word pair was a function of participants' status on the personality risk measures, hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for cued- and free-recall data. Results indicated that higher sensation seeking, more drinking-related problems, and a lesser degree of a family history of alcohol problems were predictive of greater recall for word pairs containing alcohol and expectancy information. Consistent with predictions, these risk indicators were also associated with a higher rate of learning for the alcohol and expectancy pairs. / ABSTRACT: These findings suggest that significant differences exist in the ability to learn alcohol to expectancy word associations, and lend support to recent theories that implicate individual difference factors as a predisposition for the development of problematic alcohol to expectancy associations in memory. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Compared with the population at-large, the Emergency Department (ED) population sees a high percentage of people with alcohol use and abuse problems. Therefore, the ED is well suited for the implementation of alcohol screening and interventions. It is important to be able to identify at risk drinkers who come to the ED for treatment for injury or other medical problems so that interventions may occur. Project ED Health conducted intensive interviews with harmful and hazardous drinkers presenting to the ED for treatment of injury or medical problem. The data was entered into a database and analyzed to find differences between injured and non-injured at risk drinkers. We found that 2/3 of at risk drinkers presented without injury. Compared to participants without injuries, injured individuals were significantly younger and more likely to be male. Injured and non-injured individuals had similar drinking patterns and health behaviors. Individuals at risk for alcohol-associated problems are similar in terms of drinking patterns and consequences and health status. Any screening tactic that is less than comprehensive, (i.e. that targets only injured individuals), will miss a significant number of at risk drinkers.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-151). Also available via the Internet.

Doctoral thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.