Cities today are suffering from public dependence on the automobile and a tendency to sprawl. The preference afforded to privatized means of mobility and dwelling has diminished opportunities for interaction and exchange in the public realm. The role of public transportation infrastructure must be elevated to reconnect our fractured communities. To achieve this, the identity of place must be translated into infrastructure- something that is by definition a regularized system of support. Combining the utility of infrastructure and a contextual reading of place, stations have a unique opportunity to communicate to the public. One station simultaneously reflects the identity of the regional network, the particular line it is located along, and the neighborhood it serves. An investigation into the need for redesign of transportation infrastructure in New Orleans explores the relationship between the ephemeral experiences of mobility through a city of shifting identity. Stations designed along a local and an express line demonstrate an approach to transportation planning and design that reinforces local identity in order to redefine the city. / Yes

Cities today are suffering from public dependence on the automobile and a tendency to sprawl. The preference afforded to privatized means of mobility and dwelling has diminished opportunities for interaction and exchange in the public realm. The role of public transportation infrastructure must be elevated to reconnect our fractured communities. To achieve this, the identity of place must be translated into infrastructure- something that is by definition a regularized system of support. Combining the utility of infrastructure and a contextual reading of place, stations have a unique opportunity to communicate to the public. One station simultaneously reflects the identity of the regional network, the particular line it is located along, and the neighborhood it serves. An investigation into the need for redesign of transportation infrastructure in New Orleans explores the relationship between the ephemeral experiences of mobility through a city of shifting identity. Stations designed along a local and an express line demonstrate an approach to transportation planning and design that reinforces local identity in order to redefine the city. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

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This dissertation analyses the endurance of colonial logics of assimilation and cultural segregation in contemporary urban France by connecting them with their origins in colonial Algeria. French urban planning and policy in Algeria emphasized the capacity of the urban environment to establish the cultural supremacy of imperial France, to ‘evolve’ Algerians toward French lifestyles and civility, and to provide stable and controllable social environments. The migration en masse of Algerians to France following the Second World War, and in the context of the Algerian war of independence, prompted the creation of new state institutions in France to house, integrate, monitor and police France’s purportedly suspect, hostile immigrant population. This paper argues the refraction of this colonial apparatus during the post-war period has rippled into the contemporary era, posing significant obstacles to social cohesion between immigrants – and their descendents – and the white ethnic majority in France.

Architecture has been pushed towards the realms of theorization, conceptualization and design methodologies. It is apparent that design is becoming interrupted and more associated with the manufacturing of ideas. It has lost its essence as a phenomenon whose roots are embedded in history and man’s relationship with his specific habitat. Hence, the aim of the thesis is to redirect architectural attention to Ecology and its various implications on design. The study puts forward the notion that human achievements are an outcome of the interaction between ecology, Culture and Cognitive Structure. These relationships are thought to set the principles behind environmental qualities of stability, compatibility and fitness. Once designers arrive at an understanding of these principles, they will be able to manipulate their design ideas to accommodate ever changing circumstances of their physical and cultural environments. The title “Physical, cultural and cognitive interactions in the conception and the production of the built environment” implies a significant theme which could indicate major traits that characterize modern practices and theorisation within the area of Architectural and Environmental Design Studies. In this work, it will be seen why and how: First, a lack of consideration for the physical environment, its requirements and its role in producing diversified architectural forms. The most significant outcome of a such position lies in divorcing nature, its laws and the ecosystems on which man has spent the preceding history elaborating building patterns on the basis of utilising them for his interest free of charge and without consequences to his survival. The fact is that different cultures, ways of life and differentiated built environments, which can only be attributed to man’s adaptation to different ecological conditions, have been widely swept away under the mythical notion of “International style”. Second, because the architects and theorists of the contemporary architecture admire mental constructions and abstract philosophies of their own, they have advocated an alien and distorted meaning of the concept of culture. The most likely interpretation of this vital concept is that it is viewed as related to a kind of abstract intellectual capacity in the human brain that does not lend itself to variation in the physical setting. Tragically, the adoption of such view has resulted in sweeping away subcultures which have been developed in remote areas in accordance with their geographical setting. The most acceptable meaning of culture has been to imply the role of physical environment in shaping social relations, the modes of thought, norms, beliefs, ways of life, the ideologies and the total range of customary behaviour, all of which have been influenced by people’s adaptation to their environment. Therefore, building forms, patterns of growth, town morphology, in short, architectural phenomenon, has, like culture, evolved characteristics from its natural habitat. We now often observe that such an argument is totally diminishing in the present architecture and in the environmental activities of those in charge. Third, the interruption of continuity and flow of human cognitive knowledge by introducing techniques and thoughts whose practical values, aesthetical capacities and meanings do not correspond with people’s knowledge of the environment, building behaviour or activities associated with the history of people’s relation to their own habitat. This work is structured in two main parts; the first one will deal with the contribution of the different disciplines such as Ecology, Culture, Economy, Psychology, Architecture and Urban Design from the theoretical point of view in the development of the different concepts. In the second part, we will discuss the impact of these disciplines on the production of our built environment and we will end up by suggesting a model highlighting the interactions of these disciplines in the evaluation and the production of our built environment through a chosen case study which is Algiers. The main methods used in this study are: Descriptive for the first part which is dealing with the review of the current literature on Ecology, Culture and Cognition; Analytic for the proposed model and the case study; the third method is predictive and concerns the last part of this work.

Alger, Tlemcen et Constantine possédaient, vers la fin de la période ottomane, de nombreux sūq-s et funduq-s. Très peu d’études ont été consacrées à ces structures économiques qui ont pour la plupart disparu après la prise d’Alger, au début du XIXe siècle. En se basant principalement sur des sources d’archives aussi bien de la période ottomane que du début de l’époque coloniale française, cette étude propose l’établissement d’un inventaire des établissements commerciaux de ces trois villes. Leur localisation topographique, les spécificités de leur implantation urbaine, les aspects toponymiques et socio-économiques sont également abordés dans le cadre de cette recherche. La confrontation de ces données avec les réalités du terrain a confirmé la disparition des funduq-s d’Alger, mais a révélé l’existence de quelques rares exemples existant encore à Constantine et à Tlemcen. Par ailleurs, des sources inédites datant du début du XIXe siècle et émanant des archives militaires françaises ont permis la reconstitution architecturale de cinq funduq-s algérois et de deux funduq-s constantinois. / Algiers, Tlemcen and Constantine had, towards the end of the Ottoman period, many sūq-s and funduq-s. Very few studies have been dedicated to these economic structures that have mostly disappeared after the capture of Algiers, in the early nineteenth century. Based primarily on archival sources from the Ottoman period as well as the beginning of the French colonial era, this study proposes the establishment of an inventory of commercial establishments in the three cities. Their topographic location, the specifics of their urban settlement, geographical names and socioeconomic aspects are also covered under this research. The comparison of these data with the realities on the ground confirmed the disappearance of funduq-s of Algiers, but revealed the existence of a few surviving examples in Constantine and Tlemcen. In addition, unpublished sources from the early nineteenth century and from the French military archives have enabled the architectural reconstruction of five funduq-s in Algiers and two funduq-s in Constantine.

All over the world, Carnival is a time for a break in human activities, and inversion of the usual hierarchies. In New Orleans, Carnival is a time when the powerless take over the streets, and, for a time, invert control and ownership. One of the New Orleans carnival organizations are the Mardi Gras Indians, groups of African Americans who dress as Indians during the day and take over the streets of their neighborhoods, showing their power and beauty in a breathtaking display of costumes, music and dance. The Masking of the Mardi Gras Indian is a tradition dating back to at least the early nineteenth century. The Creole Wild West were the first named Indian tribe on record in 1884 but this does not mean they were the only or earliest tribe to mask. In the beginning some gangs would get together on Mardi Gras but did not mask under a proper name. The Mardi Gras Indian practice is a practice rooted in resistance to white oppression and African Americans’ demands for inclusion in the city’s Mardi Gras celebrations. The history of Mardi Gras Indians in New Orleans is not limited to the East Bank of the Mississippi River but is also includes residents on the West Bank, specifically in the neighborhood of Algiers. Within the Algiers neighborhood there are several different sections. Probably the most well known section, Algiers Point, consisted of mostly white residents. The Oakdale area, later known as the Fischer Housing Development, and the Cut-Off, an area that borders the bayous of Plaquemines Parish consisted of mostly African Americans. Although the origins of Indians masking on both sides of the River is a point of debate among scholars, some evidence suggests that Indians from Algiers masked as early as the early twentieth century. This thesis is an examination of the longest-running tribe in Algiers, the Mohawk Hunters who started out in the Oakdale area but currently most of their members now reside in the Cut-Off area. Using archival material as well as recently conducted oral histories, it explores the relationship between the Algiers Indian tradition and the more well-known groups on the East Bank. By their deep attachment to their neighborhood, despite its separation from the rest of New Orleans by the Mississippi River, they have helped to strengthen the Mardi Gras Indians’ neighborhood-bound traditions of community service and youth education. Not many people are privy to some of the information that was passed along to me through the oral interviews conducted but my personal connection to some the Mohawk Hunters, including my cousin Charles “Cubby” Dillon, possibly allowed me to gain a deeper look into the organization. I was able to use text messages for follow-up questions and this was access most interviewers may not have had. Although few residents on the East Bank know of their existence, they are a model of the community-engaged, twenty-first century Mardi Gras Indians.

121 exploitations des bassins laitiers de la Mitidja et d’Annaba ont fait l’objet d’une enquête pour recueillir les informations relatives à leur structure, à l’utilisation des terres, à la main d’œuvre et à la gestion économique de l’exploitation. Une typologie des exploitations a permis d’identifier huit types d’élevages qui diffèrent par les effectifs humains et bovins, et les pratiques agricoles.La durabilité de ces exploitations a été évaluée à l’aide de 37 indicateurs décrivant les échelles agro-environnementale, socio-territoriale et économique. Cinq groupes d’exploitations ont été identifiés selon leurs scores de durabilité. Les exploitations de la région d’Annaba ont des scores de durabilité totale et agro-environnementale supérieurs à celles de la Mitidja.Cette étude montre l’influence du système de production sur les paramètres concourant à l’estimation de la durabilité des exploitations, en particulier la gestion des ressources fourragères et la diversification des cultures. Les objectifs économiques prennent le pas sur la composante sociale.L’étude de la dynamique des exploitations a permis d’analyser les évolutions passées à travers une comparaison avec l’état actuel de ces élevages ainsi que les évolutions prévisibles à partir de recommandations proposées à l’éleveur. Cette démarche a permis de soulever les atouts et les faiblesses de ces systèmes d’élevage, d’élaborer une méthode utilisable par les décideurs ainsi que par les acteurs du secteur agricole à différents niveaux de décision, leur permettant d’élaborer des stratégies dans une perspective de développement durable / 121 dairy farms of the Mitidja and Annaba basins were the subject of an investigation to collect information on their structure, the land use, and the economic management. A typology of the exploitations made it possible to identify eight types of farming systems differing by manpower, herd size, cultures and practices. The sustainability of these farms was evaluated using 37 indicators describing the agro-environmental, socio-territorial and economic scales. Five groups of systems were identified according to their sustainability scores. The farms of the area of Annaba have higher scores for total and agro-environmental sustainability than those of Mitidja. This study shows the influence of the production system on the parameters contributing to estimate the dairy farms sustainability, particularly with regard to the stock fodder management and the diversification of the cultures. The economic objectives are more important than the social component (formation, social link, isolation). The dynamics of the exploitations were studied by the way of the passed evolutions compared to their actual position as well as to their foreseeable evolutions from recommendations suggested to the stockbreeder. This study showed the assets and the weaknesses of these systems and provides a method usable by the decision makers as well as by the actors of the agricultural sector at various levels of decision, allowing them to elaborate strategies in a perspective of sustainable development

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