Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2016-11-14T18:59:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TalitaBAD_TESE.pdf: 1355424 bytes, checksum: 10c90b40333797c1f50b564fc944b569 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T14:42:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TalitaBAD_TESE.pdf: 1355424 bytes, checksum: 10c90b40333797c1f50b564fc944b569 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-01-24T14:43:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TalitaBAD_TESE.pdf: 1355424 bytes, checksum: 10c90b40333797c1f50b564fc944b569 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-21T15:07:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TalitaBAD_TESE.pdf: 1355424 bytes, checksum: 10c90b40333797c1f50b564fc944b569 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / With the use of new farming techniques, add high productive potential genetic material arises, the need to assess the nutritional requirements of tomato producing areas. Thus, in order to evaluate the accumulation of dry matter and nutrients by ‘Caeté’ tomato, and its response to nitrogen and phosphorus doses, two experiments were conducted. The first was conducted in Fazenda Terra Santa, municipality of Quixeré-CE, between the months of June and September 2013, in an area of commercial plantations, which were evaluated the accumulation dry matter and nutrients by sampling tomato plants to 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84 and 99 days after transplanting (DAT). The second experiment was conducted at Fazenda Boágua, municipality of Baraúna-RN, from August to October 2014. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of five nitrogen rates (0, 60, 120, 240 and 360 kg ha-1 of N) and five doses of phosphorus (0, 75, 150, 300 and 600 kg ha-1 P2O5). The total estimated production of dry matter was 912.84 g plant-1, with the largest accumulations of nutrients in the fruiting stage, the fruits being the preferred drains. The macro and micronutrients accumulation order by tomato plants at 99 DAT was respectively K> N> Ca> S> Mg> P and Fe> Mn> B> Zn> Cu. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were accumulated in large quantities in fruits. For micronutrient accumulation was higher in the vegetative to the fruit. Nitrogen and phosphorus doses that provided the highest commercial yields were 45 and 311 kg ha-1, respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus in the diagnostic sheet increased with the addition of N rates and P2O5 to the ground. Tomato 'Caeté' fertilized with 60 and 150 kg ha-1 of N and P2O5, accumulated 36.30 and 2.83 kg ha-1 of nitrogen and phosphorus in the fruits, respectively / Com o emprego de novas técnicas de cultivo, acrescidas de materiais genéticos de alto potencial produtivo, surge a necessidade de se avaliar os requerimentos nutricionais do tomateiro nas regiões produtoras. Desse modo, com o objetivo de avaliar o acúmulo de matéria seca e de nutrientes pelo tomateiro caeté, e sua resposta a doses de nitrogênio e fósforo, conduziram-se dois experimentos de campo. O primeiro foi conduzido na Fazenda Terra Santa, Quixeré-CE, entre os meses de junho e setembro de 2013, em uma área de plantio comercial, onde foram avaliados o acúmulo matéria seca e de nutrientes mediante a amostragem de plantas de tomateiro aos 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84 e 99 dias após o transplante (DAT). O segundo experimento foi desenvolvido na Fazenda Boágua, município de Baraúna-RN, no período de agosto a outubro de 2014. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de cinco doses de nitrogênio (0, 60, 120, 240 e 360 kg ha-1de N) e cinco doses de fósforo (0, 75, 150, 300 e 600 kg ha-1 de P2O5). A produção total de matéria seca estimada foi de 912,84 g planta-1, com os maiores acúmulos de nutrientes na fase de frutificação, sendo os frutos os drenos preferenciais. A ordem de acúmulo de macro e micronutrientes pelo tomateiro aos 99 DAT foi, respectivamente, K>N>Ca>S>Mg>P e Fe>Mn>B>Zn>Cu. O nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio foram acumulados em maiores quantidades nos frutos. Para os micronutrientes o acúmulo foi maior na parte vegetativa que nos frutos. As doses de nitrogênio e fósforo que proporcionaram as maiores produtividades comerciais foram 45 e 311 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Os teores de nitrogênio e fósforo na folha diagnóstica aumentaram com a adição de doses de N e de P2O5 ao solo. O tomate ‘Caeté’ adubado com 60 e 150 kg ha-1 de N e P2O5, acumularam 36,30 e 2,83 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio e fósforo nos frutos, respectivamente / 2016-11-10

L'utilisation de machines lourdes et la fertilisation des sols ont été la solution pour améliorer le rendement agricole et augmenter les aires des sols cultivés. Les pays émergeants Est-Méditerranéens souffrent d'un manque crucial des législations et des règlementations qui organisent l'usage des fertilisants chimiques. Cela est principalement dû à l'insuffisance des données sur les caractéristiques des sols et les pratiques agricoles. La fertilisation excessive est devenue une source potentielle de contamination des sols par les éléments traces métalliques (ETM) susceptible de migrer vers les différentes chaines alimentaires. Dans ce cadre, l'Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Libanais (IRAL) avait comme préoccupation principale d'évaluer les risques associés aux apports en ETM issus des engrais phosphatés en usage dans des sols de nature alcaline sous un climat aride à semi-aride. Ainsi, l'investigation sur les engrais phosphatés commercialisés au Liban et les pays voisins ont montré que le cadmium est porté principalement dans une phase sulfate quand cette dernière est présente dans les engrais. L'apport moyen annuel du Cd, Cu, Pb et Zn aux sols est trouvé inferieur aux limites recommandées dans certains pays comme le Brésil et la Grande-Bretagne. Cependant, dans le contexte régional où l'étude est réalisée, cet apport est relativement élevé quand la nature alcaline du sol est prise en considération. Ainsi, une norme établie pour un sol acide n'est pas nécessairement adaptable dans un sol alcalin, sachant que ce dernier est un milieu favorable pour stabiliser les ETM et limiter leurs disponibilités. Les Lactuca sativa (laitues), étant une espèce amplement consommée dans les pays du bassin méditerranéen, ont été choisis comme une espèce cible dans l'objectif de suivre la distribution du cadmium dans les différents tissus de l'espèce et le coefficient de partage entre les compartiments eau, sol et plante. Les effets de la densité des sols, en présence du cadmium et des engrais phosphatés ont été étudiés dans des colonnes de sols cultivés par les laitues. Les caractères morphologiques et physiologiques de la plante, la mobilité du cadmium dans le sol et son transfert vers les laitues, la population microbienne (le nombre de bactéries totaux, champignons totaux, bactéries résistantes au cadmium BRC et micro-organismes solubilisant le phosphore MSP) et l'activité enzymatique des phosphatases alcalines (ALP) et acides et les déshydrogénases (DHA) ont été suivis. La présence du Cd et du phosphore dans le sol a diminué la mobilité du cadmium et la compaction a augmenté l'accumulation du Cd dans la partie aérienne des laitues et l'infiltration des nitrates. La combinaison entre la compaction du sol, la présence de cadmium et du phosphore en même temps a montré une diminution du nombre de bactéries, des champignons totaux et de l'activité d'ALP mais une augmentation du nombre de MSP, de BRC et de l'activité de la phosphatase acide est notablement identifiable. En absence de toute matrice d'interaction avec les ETM et les fertilisants phosphatés autre que les laitues, les effets du cadmium et de l'engrais phosphatés ont été évalués sur les caractères morphologiques et physiologiques des laitues en culture hydroponique et sur l'absorption du cadmium par ces laitues. En présence d'engrais phosphaté, la culture des laitues en hydroponie avait une influence positive sur le développement de ce végétal plus qu'en culture dans le sol. Malgré la croissance rapide des laitues en hydroponie, ce système est désormais une source de cadmium disponible aux laitues puisque ce métal est transféré des racines vers la partie aérienne de Lactuca sativa en induisant des changements morphologiques. / Soil compaction and contamination with heavy metals were the response of the use of heavy machinery and phosphate fertilization to improve and expand agricultural productivity. The Eastern Mediterranean emerging countries suffer from lack in legislations and regulations organizing the chemical fertilizers use. This is due to the insufficient data on soil characteristics and agricultural practices. Thus, excessive fertilization can be considered as potential sources of soil contamination by trace metals susceptible to be transferred to the different food chains. One of the main occupations of the Lebanese Agriculture Research Institute (LARI) was to evaluate the associated risks to the trace metals inputs coming from phosphate fertilizers. The investigation of phosphate fertilizers used in Lebanon and neighboring countries showed that cadmium is well bonded to sulfate-phase when sulfate is present in the fertilizers. The annual average of the deposition of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in soil was found lower than the recommended limits in some countries like Brazil and Britain but such contribution is relatively high when considering the alkaline nature of the soil. Thus, norms and legislations for acidic soil cannot be necessarily adaptable and used for alkaline soil knowing that such soil is the best environment to stabilize the metals and limit their bioavailability. Lactuca sativa (lettuce), widely consumed specie in Mediterranean countries, has been chosen as target specie to be studied in order to follow cadmium in different parts of the plants and its partition between water, soil and plants. The effects of the compaction, cadmium and phosphate fertilizers were evaluated on morphological and physiological characteristics of Lactuca sativa cultivated in columns. Cadmium mobility in soil and its transfer to lettuce, the microbial population (the number of total bacteria, total fungi, cadmium resistant bacteria CRB and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms PSM) and the enzymatic activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) were also studied. Cadmium mobility was decreased in the soil amended with cadmium and phosphorus and compaction increased the Cd accumulation in the lettuce's aerial part and the nitrate infiltration. A decrease of the number of total bacteria, fungi, ALP and an increase in the number of PSM, CRB and acid phosphatase activity were observed in the treatment where the soil was compacted and amended with cadmium and phosphate fertilizers. In absence of any interactive matrix with the metals and the phosphate fertilizers other than the lettuces, the effects of cadmium and phosphate fertilizer were evaluated on morphological and physiological characteristics of lettuces grown in hydroponic culture. Cadmium absorption and transfer to aerial part was also studied. The lettuces development's was important in the hydroponic culture more than in soil cultivation in presence of phosphate fertilizer. Despite the rapid growth of lettuces in hydroponic culture, this system is a potential source of bioavailable cadmium that is absorbed by lettuces and transferred to roots and aerial parts conducting to morphological changes.