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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Alquila??o de tolueno com propeno, atrav?s de complexo ferro (II) ?- diimina homog?neo e heterogeneizado em MCM-41, Al-MCM-41 e SBA-15

Pinheiro, Carlos Ant?nio de Albuquerque 25 September 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-02-22T21:48:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosAntonioDeAlbuquerquePinheiro_DISSERT.pdf: 22871335 bytes, checksum: ce4b9e60852cadad85bb17326e4f1ca4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-23T23:43:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosAntonioDeAlbuquerquePinheiro_DISSERT.pdf: 22871335 bytes, checksum: ce4b9e60852cadad85bb17326e4f1ca4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-23T23:43:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosAntonioDeAlbuquerquePinheiro_DISSERT.pdf: 22871335 bytes, checksum: ce4b9e60852cadad85bb17326e4f1ca4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-25 / Este trabalho descreve a s?ntese e aplica??o de catalisadores de ferro homog?neos e heterogeneizados na rea??o de alquila??o do tolueno com propeno, empregando planejamento de experimentos. O complexo homog?neo foi obtido atrav?s da s?ntese do ligante org?nico seguida da complexa??o de cloreto de ferro(II). Quanto aos complexos heterogeneizados, inicialmente foram sintetizados suportes inorg?nicos (SBA-15, MCM-41 e Al-MCM41). Em seguida sintetizou-se novamente o ligante org?nico, que atrav?s de funcionaliza??o com o cloropropiltrimetoxisilano (CPTMS), foi ancorado ao suporte previamente calcinado. A estes ligantes ancorados, foi complexado cloreto de ferro(II), previamente solubilizado em tetrahidrofurano (THF). A caracteriza??o do ligante org?nico foi realizada atrav?s de resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (RMN) e espectroscopia na regi?o do infravermelho (IV). Os suportes foram caracterizados por difra??o de raios-x (DRX), an?lises texturais por adsor??o/dessor??o de nitrog?nio (antes e depois do ancoramento), an?lise de termogravimetria (TG) e espectroscopia na regi?o do infravermelho (IV). A quantidade de metal foi quantificado atrav?s de espectrofotometria de absor??o at?mica (AAS). Os complexos foram testados em rea??es catal?ticas empregando-se sesquicloreto de etilalum?- nio (EASC) como co-catalisador, respons?vel pela ativa??o do complexo catal?tico, em reator de a?o, sob agita??o mec?nica. As condi??es reacionais variaram entre 4 e 36 ?C, para diversas raz?es alum?nio/ferro, sempre sob 6 atmosferas de press?o de propeno e com 30 minutos de tempo reacional. Os produtos das rea??es catal?ticas foram analisados atrav?s de cromatografia gasosa (CG). Os catalisadores se mostraram ativos tanto em meio homog?neo como heterogeneizados nos suportes. O complexo catal?tico homog?neo apresentou frequ?ncia de rota??o (FR) de at? 8,63 ?103 ? h ?1 , enquanto que, em algumas condi??es, os complexos ancorados apresentaram melhores resultados, com FR de at? 8,08 ?103 ? h ?1 . Adicionalmente, foi poss?vel determinar uma equa??o, para o sistema homog?neo, que relaciona a quantidade de produto em fun??o da temperatura reacional e da raz?o alum?nio/ferro. / This work describes the synthesis and aplication of homogeneous and heterogenized iron catalysts in the alkylation reaction of toluene with propene, empolying experimental design. The homogenous complex was obtained trough the synthesis of the organic ligand folowed by the complexation of the iron(II) chloride. As to the heterogenized complexes, first were synthetized the inorganic supports (SBA-15, MCM-41 and Al-MCM-41). Then, it was synthetized the ligand again, that through funcionalization with chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (CPTMS), was anchored on the support previously calcinated. To these anchored ligands, was complexed the iron(II) chloride, previously solubilizated in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The organic ligand characterization was accomplished trough nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Infrared spectroscopy (IV). The supports were characterized with x-ray diffraction (DRX), texture analysis with nitrogen adsorption/desorption (before and after the anchoring), termogravimetric analysis (TG) and infrared (IV). The metalic content was quantified trough the atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The complexes were tested in catalytic reactions emolying ethylaluminium sesquichloride (EASC) as co-catalyst in steel reactor, under mecanic stirring. The reaction conditions ranged from 4 to 36 ?C, with many aluminum/iron ratios. The catalysts were actives in homogeneous and heterogenized ways. The homogenous catalytic complex showed a maximum turnover frequency (TOF) of 8.63 ?103 ? h ?1 , while, in some conditions, the anchored complexes showed better results, with TOF of until 8.08 ?103 ? h ?1 . Aditionally, it was possible to determine an equation, to the homogenous catalyst, that describes the product quantity in function of reacional temperature and aluminum/iron ratio.
2

Complexos N?quel-?-diiminas heterogeneizados em MCM-41 e SBA-15: aplica??o em oligomeriza??o de olefinas

Rossetto, En?derson 31 July 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-30T22:35:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EnedersonRossetto_TESE.pdf: 3942346 bytes, checksum: 4f772d5bb76c7fedad3ac6471650a54d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-01T20:17:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EnedersonRossetto_TESE.pdf: 3942346 bytes, checksum: 4f772d5bb76c7fedad3ac6471650a54d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-01T20:17:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EnedersonRossetto_TESE.pdf: 3942346 bytes, checksum: 4f772d5bb76c7fedad3ac6471650a54d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Os ligantes ?-diiminas 2-(fenil)amino-4-(fenil)imino-2-penteno e o 2-(2,6-dimetilfenil)amino-4-(2,6-dimetilfenil)imino-2-penteno foram combinados com o grupo alcoxisilano cloropropiltrimetoxisilano (CPTMS) e ancorado covalentemente aos suportes mesoporosos MCM-41 e SBA-15, coordenados pela intera??o com os grupos silan?is da matriz das s?licas e complexados com n?quel. Os complexos Ni-?-diimina/mesoporosos foram sintetizados para aplica??o em rea??es de oligomeriza??o do etileno e do propileno e para compara??o dos resultados entre o sistema homog?neo com o sistema heterog?neo. O suporte foi primeiramente sintetizado e calcinado. Ap?s foi realizado o ancoramento dos ligantes e posterior complexac?o do n?quel. Estes materiais foram caracterizados por v?rias t?cnicas, tais como: RMN de 1H, 13C e 29Si, DRX de baixo ?ngulo, Infra-vermelho (IR), an?lise termogravim?trica, an?lise de isotermas de adsor??o-dessor??o de N2, microscopia eletr?nica de transmiss?o (MET) e de varredura (MEV), an?lise elementar e espectroscopia de absor??o at?mica para confirmar o sucesso das s?nteses dos materiais. Ambos os complexos homog?neos e os heterogeneizados s?o ativos e seletivos para as rea??es de oligomeriza??o do etileno e do propileno. Os materiais heterogeneizados foram menos ativos que os complexos an?logos homog?neos nas rea??es de oligomeriza??o do etileno, por?m, foram mais seletivos tanto para fra??es C4 quanto para ?-C4. Nas rea??es com o propileno os complexos homog?neos promoveram ? rea??o de dimeriza??o e os complexos heterogeneizados ? rea??o de alquila??o do tolueno com o propileno. / The ?-diimine ligands 2-(phenyl)amine-4-(phenyl)imine-2-pentene and 2-(2,6- dimethylphenyl)amine-4-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)imine-2-pentene were combined with the alkoxysilane group chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (CPTMS) and covalently anchored to a mesoporous MCM-41, Al-MCM-41 and SBA-15 support, ordered by interaction with the silanols of the silica matrix and complexed with nickel. The complexes were synthesized for application in ethylene and propylene oligomerization and for comparing results between homogeneous and heterogeneous systems. The support is first synthesized, calcined, anchored to the ligand, and then subsequent complexation of nickel is realized. These materials were characterized by several techniques such as 1H, 13C and 29Si NMR, small angle XRD, Infra-red, thermogravimetric analysis, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, to confirm the success of the synthesis. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous complexes are active and selective for the reactions of ethylene and propylene oligomerization. The heterogenized materials were less active than the homogeneous analogous complexes in the reactions of oligomerization of ethylene, however, were more selective for both C4 fractions and for ?-C4. In reactions with propylene, the homogeneous complexes promoted the dimerization reaction and the heterogenized complexes the alkylation reaction of toluene with propylene complex.Complexes were tested in recycle reactions proved to be efficient for use in large scale.
3

Alquila??o redutiva da quitosana a partir do glutaralde?do e 3-amino-1-pr / Reductive alkylation of chitosan by glutaraldehyde and 3-amino-1-propanol

Alves, Keila dos Santos 29 February 2008 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KeilaSA.pdf: 2159921 bytes, checksum: eaf4fb1bec7305fa007222908f6259ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Chitosan derivatives were prepared by reductive alkylation using glutaraldehyde and 3-amino-1-propanol. The reducing agent used was the sodium borohydride. Tests of solubility, stability and viscosity were performed in order to evaluate these parameters effects in the reaction conditions (molar ratio of the reactants and presence of nitrogen in the reaction system). The molecular structure of commercial chitosan was determined by infrared (IR) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). The intrinsic viscosity and average molecular weight of the chitosan were determined by viscosimetry in 0.3 M acetic acid aqueous solution 0.2 M sodium acetate at 25 ?C. The derivatives of chitosan soluble in aqueous acidic medium were characterized by 1H NMR. The rheological behavior of the chitosan and of the derivative of chitosan (sample QV), which presented the largest viscosity, were studied as a function of polymer concentration, temperature and ionic strength of the medium. The results of characterization of the commercial chitosan (the degree of deacetylation obtained equal 78.45 %) used in this work confirmed a sample of low molar weight (Mv = 3.57 x 104 g/mol) and low viscosity (intrinsic viscosity = 213.56 mL/g). The chemical modification of the chitosan resulted in derivatives with thickening action. The spectra of 1H NMR of the soluble derivatives in acid aqueous medium suggested the presence of hydrophobic groups grafted into chitosan in function of the chemical modification. The solubility of the derivatives of chitosan in 0.25 M acetic acid aqueous solution decreased with increase of the molar ratio of the glutaraldehyde and 3-amino-1-propanol in relation to the chitosan. The presence of nitrogen and larger amount of reducing agent in reaction system contributed to the increase of the solubility, the stability and the viscosity of the systems. The viscosity of the polymeric suspensions in function of the shear rate increased significantly with polymer concentration, suggesting the formation of strong intermolecular associations. The chitosan presented pseudoplastic behavior with the increase in polymer concentration at a low shear rate. The derivative QV presented pseudoplastic behavior at all concentrations used and in a large range of shear rate. The viscosity of chitosan in solution decreased with an increase of the temperature and with the presence of salt. However, there was an increase of the viscosity of the chitosan solution at higher temperature (65 ?C) and ionic strength of the medium which were promoted by hydrophobic associating of the acetamide groups. The solutions of the chitosan derivatives (sample QV) were significantly more viscous than chitosan solution and showed higher thermal stability in the presence of salt as a function of the hydrophobic groups grafted into chitosan backbone / Derivados de quitosana foram preparados atrav?s de alquila??o redutiva usando glutaralde?do e 3-amino-1-propanol. O agente redutor utilizado foi o boro hidreto de s?dio. Os efeitos das vari?veis reacionais (propor??es molares dos reagentes e nitrog?nio no meio reacional) nas caracter?sticas dos pol?meros em fun??o das mudan?as estruturais foram avaliados atrav?s de testes de solubilidade, estabilidade e viscosidade. A estrutura molecular da quitosana comercial foi determinada por espectroscopia de infravermelho (IV) e de resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear de hidrog?nio (RMN 1H). A viscosidade intr?nseca e a massa molar m?dia da quitosana foram determinadas por viscosimetria, em ?cido ac?tico 0,3 M acetato de s?dio 0,2 M, a 25 ?C. Os derivados de quitosana sol?veis em meio aquoso ?cido foram caracterizados por RMN 1H. O comportamento reol?gico da quitosana e do seu derivado (amostra QV), que apresentou maior viscosidade, foram estudados em fun??o da concentra??o de pol?mero, da temperatura e da for?a i?nica do meio. Os resultados da caracteriza??o da quitosana comercial utilizada neste trabalho demonstraram uma amostra de baixa massa molar (Mv = 3,57 x 104 g/mol) e de baixa viscosidade (viscosidade intr?nseca = 213,56 mL/g). O grau m?dio de desacetila??o foi 78,45 %. A modifica??o qu?mica da quitosana resultou em derivados com caracter?sticas viscosificantes. Os espectros de RMN 1H dos derivados sol?veis em meio aquoso ?cido mostraram a inser??o de grupos hidrof?bicos na estrutura da quitosana em fun??o da modifica??o qu?mica realizada. A solubilidade dos derivados de quitosana em solu??o aquosa de ?cido ac?tico 0,25 M diminuiu com o aumento da propor??o molar do glutaralde?do e 3-amino-1-propanol em rela??o ? quitosana. A presen?a de nitrog?nio e maior quantidade de agente redutor no meio reacional contribu?ram para o aumento da solubilidade, estabilidade e viscosidade dos sistemas polim?ricos. A viscosidade das dispers?es polim?ricas em fun??o da taxa de cisalhamento aumentou significativamente com a concentra??o de pol?mero, sugerindo a forma??o de fortes associa??es intermoleculares. A quitosana apresentou comportamento pseudopl?stico com o aumento da concentra??o de pol?mero em solu??o e a baixas taxas de cisalhamento, enquanto que o seu derivado, QV, apresentou comportamento pseudopl?stico em todas as concentra??es utilizadas e em uma larga faixa de taxa de cisalhamento. A viscosidade da solu??o de quitosana diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura e com a presen?a de sal. No entanto, houve um aumento da viscosidade da solu??o de quitosana ? temperatura mais alta (65 ?C) e em maior for?a i?nica, promovido por associa??es hidrof?bicas dos grupos acetamido. As solu??es do derivado QV foram significativamente mais viscosas do que as solu??es de quitosana e obtiveram maior estabilidade t?rmica em solu??o na presen?a de sal em fun??o dos grupos hidrof?bicos inseridos na estrutura da quitosana
4

Obten??o de pol?meros graftizados de quitosana e estudo das propriedades f?sico-qu?micas para aplica??o na ind?stria do petr?leo

Alves, Keila dos Santos 27 December 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KeilaSA_TESE.pdf: 6694216 bytes, checksum: df1754b48618e11f2ae95e003ae20c2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from the shells of crustaceans, biodegradable, inexpensive and renewable with important physical and chemical properties. Moreover, the different modifications possible in its chemical structure generate new properties, making it an attractive polysaccharide owing to its range of potential applications. Polymers have been used in oil production operations. However, growing concern over environmental constraints has prompted oil industry to search for environmentally sustainable materials. As such, this study sought to obtain chitosan derivatives grafted with hydrophilic (poly(ethylene glycol), mPEG) and/or hydrophobic groups (n-dodecyl) via a simple (one-pot) method and evaluate their physicochemical properties as a function of varying pH using rheology, small-angle Xray scattering (SAXS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential. The chitosan derivatives were prepared using reductive alkylation under mild reaction conditions and the chemical structure of the polymers was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and CHN elemental analysis. Considering a constant mPEG/Chitosan molar ratio on modification of chitosan, the solubility of the polymer across a wide pH range (acidic, neutral and basic) could only be improved when some of the amino groups were submitted to reacetylation using the one-pot method. Under these conditions, solubility is maintained even with the simultaneous insertion of n-dodecyl. On the other hand, the solubility of derivatives obtained only through mPEG incorporation using the traditional methodology, or with the ndodecyl group, was similar to that of its precursor. The hydrophilic group promoted decreased viscosity of the polymer solutions at 10 g/L in acid medium. However, at basic pH, both viscosity and thermal stability increased, as well as exhibited a pronounced pseudoplastic behavior, suggesting strong intermolecular associations in the alkaline medium. The SAXS results showed a polyelectrolyte behavior with the decrease in pH for the polymer systems. DLS analyses revealed that although the dilute polymer solutions at 1 g/L and pH 3 exhibited a high density of protonated amino groups along the polymer chain, the high degree of charge contributed significantly to aggregation, promoting increased particle size with the decrease in pH. Furthermore, the hydrophobic group also contributed to increasing the size of aggregates in solution at pH 3, whereas the hydrophilic group helped reduce their size across the entire pH range. Nevertheless, the nature of aggregation was dependent on the pH of the medium. Zeta potential results indicated that its values do not depend solely on the surface charge of the particle, but are also dependent on the net charge of the medium. In this study, water soluble associative polymers exhibit properties that can be of great interest in the petroleum industry / A quitosana ? um biopol?mero derivado de carapa?as de crust?ceos, de baixo custo, biodegrad?vel, renov?vel, que apresenta propriedades f?sico-qu?micas importantes e, ainda, proporciona diferentes possibilidades de modifica??es em sua estrutura qu?mica, gerando novas propriedades, o que torna esse polissacar?deo muito atraente do ponto de vista de aplica??o. Os pol?meros s?o utilizados em v?rias opera??es na produ??o do petr?leo. Entretanto, a crescente preocupa??o com as restri??es ambientais t?m promovido a busca por materiais ambientalmente sustent?veis pela ind?stria do petr?leo. Dessa forma, esse estudo prop?s a obten??o de quitosana graftizada com grupos hidrof?lico (poli(etileno glicol), mPEG) e/ou hidrof?bico (n-dodecila) por uma metodologia mais simples (one-pot) e a avalia??o de suas propriedades f?sico-qu?micas em fun??o da varia??o de pH, atrav?s das an?lises de reologia, espalhamento de raios-X a baixos ?ngulos (SAXS), espalhamento de luz din?mico (DLS) e potencial zeta. Os derivados de quitosana foram preparados utilizando a rea??o de alquila??o redutiva em condi??es reacionais brandas e a estrutura qu?mica dos pol?meros foi caracterizada por resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear de hidrog?nio (RMN 1H) e an?lise elementar CHN. Considerando constante a raz?o molar mPEG/Quitosana na modifica??o qu?mica da quitosana em diferentes metodologias, foi poss?vel melhorar a solubilidade da quitosana em uma ampla faixa de pH (?cido, neutro e b?sico) usando a metodologia one-pot, em que uma parte dos grupos amino foi reacetilada. Nesta condi??o, at? mesmo com a inser??o simult?nea do n-dodecila, a solubilidade se manteve. Por outro lado, a solubilidade dos derivados obtidos apenas com a incorpora??o de mPEG atrav?s de metodologia tradicional, ou com o grupo ndodecila, foi similar ao seu precursor. O grupo hidrof?lico promoveu a diminui??o da viscosidade das solu??es polim?ricas a 10 g/L em meio ?cido. Entretanto, em pH b?sico, esse grupo contribuiu para o aumento da viscosidade e da estabilidade t?rmica das solu??es, assim como, favoreceu um comportamento pseudopl?stico mais acentuado, sugerindo fortes associa??es intermoleculares no meio alcalino. Os resultados de SAXS apresentaram um comportamento de polieletr?lito com a diminui??o do pH para os sistemas polim?ricos. As an?lises de DLS revelaram que as solu??es dilu?das dos pol?meros a 1 g/L em pH 3, embora apresentem uma alta densidade de grupos amino protonados ao longo da cadeia polim?rica, o alto grau de cargas contribuiu significativamente para a agrega??o, promovendo o aumento do tamanho das part?culas com a diminui??o do pH. Al?m disso, o grupo hidrof?bico tamb?m contribuiu para aumentar o tamanho dos agregados em solu??o no pH 3 e o grupo hidrof?lico favoreceu para reduzi-los em toda faixa de pH. Entretanto, a natureza de agrega??o foi dependente do pH do meio. Os resultados do potencial zeta indicaram que seus valores n?o dependem apenas da carga da superf?cie da part?cula, mas ? resultante da carga l?quida do meio. Os sistemas polim?ricos associativos em solu??o aquosa obtidos neste estudo apresentam propriedades que podem ser atraentes em v?rias aplica??es na ind?stria do petr?leo

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