Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-12-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:06:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lourenco_msn_dr_jabo.pdf: 595650 bytes, checksum: 1a674a74c6c121235358d42b7a1a4db4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Foram realizados dois experimentos, objetivando-se avaliar quantitativamente diferentes metodologias propostas em análises de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), visando à precisão dos resultados analíticos, a redução nos custos e no tempo das análises, bem como a minimização no descarte de resíduos químicos. Foram utilizados seis alimentos de uso corrente na alimentação animal: feno de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.), cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), silagem de milho (Zea mays L.), capim-xaraés (Brachiaria brizanta cv. Xaraés), capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizanta cv. Marandu) e um concentrado protéico, o farelo de babaçu (Orbignya phalerata). No primeiro experimento foram comparados os teores de FDN e FDA obtidos pelo método convencional com três métodos alternativos que utilizam a autoclave como sistema digestor e no segundo experimento foi avaliada a possibilidade de reutilizar, por uma vez, as soluções detergentes e a acetona recuperada, utilizadas no desenvolvimento das primeiras análises. O delineamento experimental utilizado na análise de cada alimento foi o inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema fatorial 4x2 (4 metodologias e 2 formas de análises), no primeiro experimento e 2x4x2 (2 utilizações, 4 metodologias e 2 formas de análises), no segundo experimento. Observou-se que a implantação das metodologias alternativas permitiu ganhos significativos com a redução dos custos operacionais e do tempo da análise, minimizando os impactos ambientais. A precisão analítica dos métodos alternativos variou entre os alimentos estudados, tendo sido recomendados nas determinações dos teores de FDN no feno de Tifton 85, farelo de babaçu e cana-de-açúcar e nas determinações dos teores de FDA apenas no farelo de babaçu pelo método alternativo que utiliza a autoclave e saquinhos... / Two experiments were conducted, aiming to quantitatively evaluate different methods proposed for the analysis of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). This evaluation included the precision of analytical results, the reduces costs and time analysis and minimizes waste generation. Six typical foods in animal nutrition were used: Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp.), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), corn silage (Zea mays L.), grass xaraés (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés) grass marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) and a proteic concentrated, the babassu meal (Orbignya phalerata). The first experiment compared the NDF and ADF results of the conventional method with three alternative methods that use autoclave as system digester and on the second experiment the possibility of reuse, for once, of detergent solutions and recovered acetone applied on the first experiment, were studied.The experimental design used in the analysis of each food was completely randomized in a 4x2 factorial scheme (four methods and two forms of analysis) in the first experiment and 2x4x2 (2 uses, four methods and two forms of analysis) in the second experiment .It was observed that alternative methodologies has allowed significant gains by reducing operating costs, time of analysis, minimizing environmental impacts. The analytical precision of alternative methods varied among studied foods. NDF alternative methods were recommended for Tifton 85, babassu meal and sugarcane samples. ADF determinations by alternative methods are not recommended for samples studied; except for babassu meal that can be analyzed by the alternative method using an autoclave and bags of ANKOM. All analytical results of the determinations of NDF and ADF showed the same behavior in both forms of analysis used (non-sequential and sequential), except the determination of ADF in corn silage... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

La réduction de la dépendance aux pesticides des systèmes de culture de laitue constitue un objectif à relativement court terme, partagé par les pouvoirs publics et les acteurs de la filière de production. Atteindre cet objectif suppose de disposer de moyens techniques permettant de substituer aux pesticides d’autres méthodes limitant les dégâts de bio-agresseurs de la laitue.Ces techniques peuvent être destinées à minimiser l’entrée d’inoculum dans les parcelles, à limiter la propagation des bio-agresseurs, à diminuer la sensibilité des plantes, ou à éradiquer les bio-agresseurs présents sur les cultures. L’évolution des systèmes de culture repose sur la démonstration de l’efficacité, en termes de protection des plantes, de ces techniques alternatives aux pesticides lorsqu’elles sont intégrées et combinées dans les itinéraires techniques. Elle dépend aussi de l’impact socio-économique et environnemental des itinéraires techniques alternatifs, dans un contexte commercial et réglementaire exigeant. L’objet de cette thèse a été de développer des stratégies alternatives de gestion des bio-agresseurs de la laitue d’hiver cultivée sous abri froid,plus économes en pesticides, et d’évaluer leurs performances agronomiques, économiques et environnementales,garantes de la durabilité des systèmes de production.Sur la base des techniques déjà disponibles, deux stratégies alternatives, nommées stratégie intermédiaire et stratégie bas-intrant ont été conçues, et testées dans deux exploitations agricoles et un domaine expérimental de l’INRA pendant deux hivers, en comparaison avec une stratégie conventionnelle, représentative des pratiques actuelles. Les stratégies intermédiaire et bas-intrant ont permis de réduire de 32% et 48% l’usage des pesticides, respectivement, et ont été suffisamment efficaces pour obtenir une qualité visuelle et des rendements équivalents à la stratégie conventionnelle. Le bénéfice environnemental de leur mise en oeuvre a également été démontré. La mise en place de ces stratégies a cependant entrainé un surcoût de production,essentiellement lié à la lutte biologique, d’environ 10 à 13%. Parallèlement, deux orientations techniques originales, dont l’efficacité n’était pas caractérisée, ont été explorées. Une première série d’essais expérimentaux a porté sur l’influence du génotype de l’hôte et de l’environnement de la plante sur sa sensibilité à deux champignons pathogènes d’importance majeure, Botrytis cinerea et Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Il a été montré que le choix d’un génotype moins sensible couplé à une optimisation du rapport fructose : saccharose de la plante diminuait les symptômes observés après inoculation. Une deuxième démarche expérimentale, portant sur la lutte biologique contre le puceron Nasonovia ribisnigri, a révélé l’incapacité de parasitoïdes du genre Aphidius à contrôler les pucerons en fin de culture, lorsque la structure du couvert végétal devient trop complexe.En plus d’inscrire ces travaux de recherche dans un processus d’amélioration continue de l’efficacité et des performances des stratégies alternatives aux pesticides, la démarche scientifique utilisée, articulant approche analytique et approche intégrative, a permis d’étudier des techniques ayant potentiellement un impact sur plusieurs bio-agresseurs, telles que la réduction de la fertilisation azotée ou l’optimisation de l’espacement entre les laitues, qui pourraient permettre une meilleure gestion des pathogènes responsables de la pourriture du collet et des pucerons. / The reduction of pesticide reliance in lettuce cropping systems is a short term objective sharedby public authorities and by the stakeholders of lettuce market. Reaching this goal implies thesubstitution of pesticides by others techniques which may limit pest and pathogen damage. Thesetechniques can be intended to mitigate pest and pathogen invasion or propagation, to increaseplant defenses or to remove pests and pathogens from the crop. The improvement of currentcropping systems relies on i) the demonstration of the ability of alternative techniques to managediseases and pests when they are combined and integrated during the crop cycle; ii) theassessment of the socio-economic and environmental impacts of alternative strategies in a stringentcommercial and regulatory context. The objective of this thesis was to design alternativestrategies for pest and pathogen management of lettuce grown in winter under shelter, with fewerpesticide applications, and to assess their agronomic, economic and environmental performancesso as to ensure the sustainability of production.Based on currently available techniques, two alternative strategies, called intermediate andlow-input, were designed, and tested in two farms and an INRA experimental station duringtwo winters and compared to a conventional strategy representing current practices. The alternativestrategies enabled to reduce pesticide applications by 32% and 48% respectively. Theywere efficient enough to obtain similar yield and quality as compared to the conventional strategy.The environmental benefits of their implementation were also demonstrated. However, thesestrategies required a 10-13% extra production costs, almost exclusively due to biological controlproducts.In parallel, two original technical orientations, which efficacy had not been previously described,were examined. In a first set of experiments, the impact of lettuce genotype and growthconditions on plant susceptibility to two major pathogens, Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,was investigated. The use of a genotype displaying low susceptibility to these fungi,associated with an optimization of the ratio of fructose : sucrose in plants, appeared to reducethe symptoms after inoculation. A second experimental approach, dealing with biological controlagainst the aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri, highlighted the inability of Aphidius parasitoids tocontrol aphid populations at the end of the crop cycle, when the canopy structure becomes toocomplex.In addition to a contribution to cropping systems improvement, the scientific method used,combining analytical and integrative approaches enabled us to highlight the effect of techniquesacting on several pests and/or pathogens, such as the reduction of nitrogen fertilization or theoptimization of plant spacing, which could improve the management of fungi causing basal rotas well as aphids.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-09T18:14:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Carlos dos Rios.pdf: 923490 bytes, checksum: 0b91c1da944fdeeca4d3d70cbcb23b8b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T18:14:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Carlos dos Rios.pdf: 923490 bytes, checksum: 0b91c1da944fdeeca4d3d70cbcb23b8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-09 / This study has the purpose of considering the perceptiveness of the Public Defender’s Office as a tool for the access to efficient justice, hefting it as an affirmative action of the state for citizen participation in the democratic process. At first, the classical concept of access to justice aiming to establish an image of efficiency by the investigation of new principles, rules and concepts, is analyzed. A new paradigm in defense of vulnerable social groups, especially by the use of consensual means to solve conflicts, on the assumption that the judiciary currently does not hold structural conditions to meet the entire demand seated at your screen, is assigned to the Public Defender’s Office. The right to use the judiciary is only one way to give citizens access to justice, but not the only one ruling in the post-modern and globalized society. In this context, concepts about the Public Defender’s Office and its assignment in the Brazilian legal scenario in supporting individual, collective and diffuse rights of the hyposufficient, through a social variable measure aimed to constructively appease disputes, are analyzed. The legal and constitutional utilities of the Public Defender’s Office, especially in light of the Constitutional Amendment nº 80 and the new Code of Civil Procedure, addressing concepts about the institution and studying normative utilities that contribute to its performance as a social change agent, are reasoned. Free legal assistance in comparison with the Economic Analysis of Law in a contextualized approach of the Brazilian factual reality, assessing if the use of economic criteria from the appreciation enhances the effectiveness of free legal assistance in providing a legal system that ensure essential rights to citizens and, at the same time, ensure the best allocation of resources, is evaluated. Moreover, the celerity employed by the Brazilian Institution in the perspective of dispute dissolution to contribute to the social development of the country is highlighted. Finally, in the light of the Public Defender’s Office, the lead position to solve demands and address new situations, aiming to pursue the steps of a community bombed with high social, cultural and economic inconsistencies are investigated. In this work, the hypotheses are weighted with bibliographic and doctrinal research, aided by the historical method to study past events related to the addressed subject. Hypothetical-deductive methods are employed when random voids in knowledge are detected, by using the dialectical or critical methods at times when there is no consensus on certain issues. The inductive method is used to examine the succession of phases of the Institution accountable for free legal aid, in comparison with the normative characteristics that provide with efficiency the access to justice. This study is in line with the area of concentration Justice, Business and Sustainability of the research line Justice and the Paradigm of Efficiency of the Master's Program in Law of the Nove de Julho University, since it has focused on the sustainability of the justice system in face of the efficiency paradigm. / O presente trabalho detém o propósito de ponderar a acuidade da Defensoria Pública na categoria de veículo de acesso à justiça eficiente, sopesando-a como uma ação afirmativa do Estado para a participação do cidadão no processo democrático. De início, analisa-se a conceituação clássica de acesso à justiça com intuito de se impetrar imagem de eficiência pela averiguação de novos princípios, regras e concepções. Afere-se à Defensoria Pública um novo paradigma na defesa dos grupos sociais vulneráveis, sobretudo pelo emprego dos meios consensuais para solucionar conflitos, diante da hipótese de que atualmente o Poder Judiciário não apreende condições estruturais para atender toda a demanda assentada ao seu crivo. Anota-se que a ascensão ao Judiciário consiste apenas em uma das maneiras de conferir ao cidadão o acesso à justiça, porém não a única vigorante na sociedade pós-moderna e globalizada. Nesse contexto, analisam-se conceituações acerca da Defensoria Pública e da sua atribuição no cenário jurídico brasileiro no amparo dos direitos individuais, coletivos e difusos dos hipossuficientes, por meio de uma medida social variável vocacionada a apaziguar litígios de forma construtiva. Arrazoam-se os utilitários legais e constitucionais da Defensoria Pública, especialmente diante da Emenda Constitucional nº 80 e do novo Código de Processo Civil, abordando conceituações acerca da Instituição e estudando os mecanismos normativos que contribuem para o seu desempenho na qualidade de agente de transformação social. Avalia-se a assistência jurídica gratuita em cotejo com a Análise Econômica do Direito numa abordagem contextualizada da realidade fática brasileira, aferindo se a utilização dos critérios econômicos desta apreciação potencializa a efetividade da assistência jurídica gratuita a proporcionar um sistema jurídico que certifique direitos essenciais aos cidadãos e, ao mesmo tempo, assegure a melhor alocação de recursos. De mais a mais, gradua-se a celeridade empregada pelo Órgão brasileiro na perspectiva da dissolução de controvérsias a contribuir para o desenvolvimento social do país. Por fim, investiga-se, à luz da Defensoria Pública, posição de vanguarda para solucionar demandas e abordar situações inéditas, perquirindo escoltar os passos de uma coletividade bombardeada a carregadas incoerências sociais, culturais e econômicas. Nesta obra, as hipóteses são ponderadas com pesquisas bibliográficas e doutrinárias, auxiliando-se do método histórico para estudar acontecimentos pretéritos relacionados ao assunto abordado. Os métodos hipotético-dedutivos são empregados quando apurados aleatórios vácuos nos conhecimentos, utilizando-se dos métodos dialéticos ou críticos nos momentos em que não há consenso sobre determinadas temáticas. O método indutivo é aproveitado para examinar a sucessão de fases da Instituição responsável pela assistência jurídica gratuita, em cotejo com as características normativas que dotam de eficiência o acesso à justiça. Este estudo encontra-se em sintonia com a área de concentração Justiça, Empresa e Sustentabilidade, na linha de pesquisa Justiça e o Paradigma da Eficiência, do Programa de Mestrado em Direito da Universidade Nove de Julho, uma vez que focado na sustentabilidade do sistema de justiça diante do paradigma da eficiência.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-12T18:42:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Paula Daltro Lopes.pdf: 687796 bytes, checksum: 9056d4534b5dca7f73164ded810536a0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T18:42:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Paula Daltro Lopes.pdf: 687796 bytes, checksum: 9056d4534b5dca7f73164ded810536a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-18 / The introduction in the context of the Brazilian legal alternative methods of conflict resolution added aspects relating to access to justice and efficiency , since adopted these methods made it possible for all citizens to have access to justice without the necessity of the litigation process, with the consequent efficiency in obtaining a resolution to the conflict caused. This research is aimed , therefore, to examine the possibility of adopting mediation in controversies involving criminal law. In the criminal context, restorative justice, mediation adopts, aplicadando crimes in minor offenses, and capitalizing for themselves in order to reduce the demands of criminal procedure due to low lesividades the legal interest protected by the state, applying minimal intervention of law criminal, based on restorative principles, namely, understanding the conflict originated, restoring ties that were broken as a form of humanization of social relations. / A introdução no contexto jurídico brasileiro dos métodos alternativos de resolução de conflitos agregaram os aspectos relativos ao acesso à justiça e a eficiência, uma vez que adotados estes métodos possibilitaram que todos os cidadãos tivessem o acesso à justiça sem a necessidade de proceder à litigação do processo, com a consequente eficiência na obtenção de uma resolução ao conflito originado. Esta pesquisa tem por intuito, portanto, analisar a possibilidade de adoção de mediação dentro das controvérsias que envolvem o direito penal. No âmbito penal, a Justiça Restaurativa, adota a mediação, aplicadando nos crimes de menor potencial ofensivo, e capitalizando para si o intuito de reduzir as demandas processuais penais em razão das baixas lesividades ao bem jurídico protegido pelo Estado, aplicando a intervenção mínima do direito penal, baseada nos preceitos restaurativos, quais sejam, entender o conflito originado, restaurando os laços que foram rompidos, como forma de humanização das relações sociais.

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The thesis deals with the process of building up partnership between family, school and the class teacher at the very beginning of school attendance and the possible forms it can take. The theoretical part describes both, the family and school, as an educational institution, defines these concepts from the legislative and pedagogoical point of view. It proceeds further with showing the historical development and its logical continuation in contemporary tendencies to build up the relationship between family and school, which can happen in two ways; the first possibility is to view the position of the teacher as the dominant person in the process, another possibility is democratic, humanistic, child-oriented. The latter attitude is presented as "Step by step" (literally "Staring together"in the Czech usage). The empirical part brings up the author's actual research work, suggesting strategies and possibilities of partnership between parents and school, in the alternative offer of activites devised to involve the family into the educational process. The parents can choose according to their actual possibilities. This offer is reflected on the basis of the standards of the document "Competent Educators of the 21st Century" Principles of Quality Pedagogy. Furtheron, validity of the assertion "If the...

A glicação não enzimática das proteínas é um fator comum para a fisiopatologia de uma série de transtornos relacionados ao envelhecimento e a doenças como o diabetes mellitus (DM). O geração dos produtos de glicação, os AGEs (do inglês: Advanced Glycation End Products) se dá através de reações de glicação da mariz extracelular (MEC) na derme e têm sido apontado como um dos fatores responsáveis pela perda de elasticidade e deficiência de cicatrização da pele. A permeação cutânea de compostos anti-AGE é uma limitação importante para eficiência terapêutica de compostos que devem atingir camadas mais profundas da pele. Modelos de pele reconstruída contendo equivalente dérmico glicado são estruturas tridimensionais geradas in vitro que mimetizam a pele humana e representam um eficiente modelo para o estudo de células e modificações provocadas na MEC no processo de envelhecimento e DM. O modelo 3D de pele reconstruída tem características metabólicas, de permeabilidade e atividade semelhantes à da pele original, potencializando seu papel nas investigações sobre permeabilidade de drogas, toxicidade, irritação, eficácia e segurança de compostos e diferenciação de queratinócitos. Uma série de compostos naturais ou sintéticos inibidores de AGEs têm sido descobertos e apresentados recentemente e podem representar inovação terapêutica no tratamento de modificações causadas pela a formação e acúmulo destes AGEs também na pele. Este estudo avaliou o desenvolvimento da pele reconstruída glicada e posteriormente, a avaliação da eficácia e toxicidade de compostos anti-glicação como aminoguanidina e carnosina em modelo de pele reconstruída glicada. Em perspectiva, este estudo contribuiu para o desenvolvimento de uma nova tecnologia in vitro, a pele reconstruída glicada, que auxiliará a compreensão da biologia da interação célula-MEC mimetizando processos fisiopatológicos importantes como o envelhecimento e o DM. / The Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) of proteins is a common factor to the pathophysiology of a number of disorders related to aging and diseases such as diabetes mellitus (DM). The generation of the AGEs products on skin occurs mainly through non-enzymatic glycation reactions of the dermal extracellular matrix and has been touted as one of the factors responsible for loss of elasticity and disability of skin healing. The skin permeation of compounds is an important limitation for therapeutic/cosmetic efficacy of anti-AGE compounds, which must reach the deepest layers of the skin. Reconstructed skin model containing dermal equivalent modified by in vitro glycation is able to mimic the elderly human skin and represent an efficient model for the study of cells interactions and changes in extracellular matrix induced by aging and diabetes. The 3D reconstructed skin model has metabolic characteristics, permeability and activity similar to the original skin, reinforcing its role in drug permeability of investigations toxicity, irritation, safety and efficacy evaluation of compounds and differentiation of keratinocytes. A number of natural or synthetic AGEs inhibitor compounds have been recently discovered and displayed and can represent therapeutic innovation for the treatment of changes caused by the aging of the skin. In this study we performed the development of reconstructed glycated skin model and evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of anti-glycation compounds such as aminoguanidine and carnosine. In perspective, this study has contributed to the development of a new technology in vitro, and for the understanding cell-extracellular matrix interaction during the aging of skin.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paula Fernanda Vasconcelos Navarro Murda.pdf: 630063 bytes, checksum: bfdb3ad6cce3c1c051859deed6b2bfc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-15 / The present dissertation is about the judicial control and the role of the Justice s essential activities for the effectiveness of public policies and the role of the other institutions considered essential for the effectiveness of Justice. This work has as starting point an overview on the State functions and the criteria used to distinguish one from each other. Following this, an analysis over the concepts and characteristics surrounding the notion on public policies is carried on, among which special emphasis is given to the State s commisive and ommisive programs, stability, the possibility of judicial control, the teleological element and the conditions regarding the existence of public policies, that are the political decisions, the creation of laws and the execution of technical acts. In the sequence, the judicial control over public policies is analyzed, starting from the analysis of the grounds under which the judicial control is authorized, and over the acts of the other Powers, until the constitutional basis for the control over public policies. The assessment procedural study proposed by Robert Alexy, as well as the analysis of some of the guiding constitutional principles of judicial decisions are carried on. Following this, the author studies the favorable and non-favorable arguments regarding the judicial intervention over public policies and the required compatibility between the arguments, among which the highest effectiveness of constitutional rules, the minimal existentialism, the theory of happiness, the theory of regression blockage, the possible reservation and budget issues. In terms of instruments for the effectiveness of public policies, the constitutional control, the legislative omission and the control over administrative acts are assessed. The comprehension of illegal removal powers for the effectiveness of public policies is carried out pursuant to the analysis of judicial measures of coercion, among which mandatory rulings demanding actions, the sanctioning of daily penalties, federal or state intervention and the liability of the public agents. The alternative methods for conflict s resolution are examined. Finally, an analysis over the role of the other essential judicial activities for the effectiveness of public policies is carried on. The author assesses the activities of the Public Prosecutor Office on the control over the budget implementation, as well as the available tools given for that, among which the public civil lawsuit (class action), the civil investigation, the term of adjustment of conduct and the ministry recommendation. The role of the Public Defense Office is analyzed under the standpoint of the required structuring of the career in all Federative States, as well as under the protection of the interests of careless individuals, not only in Courts, but also through a global legal orientation. On the role of the Public Advocacy, the assessment of the public attorneys behavior in taking care of such procedures, the functional independence and the orientation from the federative body for the collaboration for the effectiveness of public policies is carried on / A presente dissertação trata do controle judicial das políticas públicas e do papel das demais instituições essenciais à justiça para sua efetivação. Para tanto, parte-se da abordagem da divisão das funções estatais e dos critérios para sua distinção. A seguir, analisam-se os conceitos e as características das políticas públicas. Dentre estas últimas destacam-se os programas comissivos ou omissivos do Estado, a noção de estabilidade, a possibilidade de controle judicial, o elemento teleológico e as condicionantes de existência das políticas públicas, que são a deliberação política, a atividade normativa e os atos de execução com conhecimento técnico. Após, examina-se o controle judicial das políticas públicas, inicialmente pelos fundamentos que autorizam o controle judicial sobre os atos dos demais Poderes, até o fundamento constitucional para o controle das políticas públicas. É realizado o estudo do procedimento de ponderação proposto por Robert Alexy, bem como a análise de alguns princípios constitucionais como norteadores das decisões judiciais. Após, passa-se ao estudo dos argumentos favoráveis e contrários à intervenção judicial nas políticas públicas e da necessária compatibilização dos argumentos, dentre eles a máxima efetividade das normas constitucionais, o mínimo existencial, a teoria da felicidade, a teoria da vedação do retrocesso, a reserva do possível e as questões orçamentárias. Em termos de instrumentos para a efetividade das políticas públicas, abordam-se o controle da constitucionalidade, da omissão legislativa e o controle dos atos administrativos. A compreensão das tutelas de remoção de ilícito para a efetividade das políticas públicas é feita mediante a análise das medidas judiciais de coerção, dentre elas a condenação em obrigação de fazer, a aplicação de multa diária, a intervenção federal ou estadual e a responsabilização do agente público. Examinam-se os métodos alternativos de solução de conflitos. Por fim, aborda-se o papel das demais funções essenciais à justiça para a efetivação das políticas públicas. É feita a análise da atividade do Ministério Público como controlador da implementação do orçamento, bem como dos instrumentos colocados à sua disposição, dentre eles a ação civil pública, o inquérito civil, o termo de ajustamento de conduta e a recomendação ministerial. O papel da Defensoria Pública passa pela necessária estruturação da carreira em todos os Estados da federação, bem como pela defesa dos interesses das pessoas carentes, não apenas no âmbito judicial, mas por meio de uma orientação jurídica global. Sobre a atuação da Advocacia Pública traz-se a verificação da postura dos advogados públicos na condução dos processos, a independência funcional e a forma de orientação do ente federativo para colaboração com a efetivação das políticas públicas

The aim of the thesis is to reveal general motives of motivation used in history lessons in elementary schools. The thesis connects the theory and practice based on investigation in elementary school and deals with a resit as sufficient motivation and other impulses that affect the motivation shown in normative evaluation.

This thesis deals with teaching English at Secondary school level considering the educational theory of Maria Montessori. The aim of the thesis is to find out specifics of teaching English. The theoretical part presents Maria Montessori, who is considered to be a founder of Montessori pedagogy, her methods, principles and specifics. In the next part the thesis is focused on the role of the teacher and the pupil in this educational system. Next part is focused on the language teaching and on the acquisition of mother tongue and foreign language. In the conclusion of the theoretical part there is an introduction of General Educational Program of English language. The practical part describes teaching English at the Secondary school level considering the General Educational Program and thus by observing the classes and thanks to conversations with the teacher of English and pupils.