It is well known that clays dispersed in a polymer matrix decrease the permeability of all gases through that membrane. Our objective was to explore the effects on transport when a microporous layered aluminophosphate was added to a polymer matrix. The clay like layered aluminophosphate used contains sheets with 8MR ring openings in the size range of 3-4 Ã . The molecular level dispersion of this material into a polymer matrix is theorized to increase selectivity by molecular sieving. A previous study performed in our laboratory showed an increase in He/CH4 selectivity when this aluminophosphate (8MR-AlPO) was dispersed in a fluorinated polyimide. The increase in selectivity was explained as size sieving by the aluminophosphate sheets where small gas species can pass through the microstructure and large gas species have to take a tortuous path around the sheets. We performed several studies with different polymer materials in the attempt to make composite membranes that corroborated the previously seen increases in gas selectivity. In some cases different surfactants were used to swell 8MR-AlPO. In the first set of studies the methods used to produce the fluorinated polyimide composites were repeated using polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS), a copolymer of a fluorinated polyimide and PDMS, polysulfone, Matrimid, and cellulose acetate as the matrix materials. In general gas permeation studies of these materials showed an overall decrease in permeability with increasing addition of 8MR-AlPO but no substantial increase in selectivity. In an attempt to increase the chances of exfoliating and dispersing the layered aluminophosphate, an in-situ method using poly(etherimide) (PEI) was polymerized in the presence of 8MR-AlPO was employed. Mixed matrix membranes of PEI with 5wt% 8MR-AlPO were successfully fabricated and the transport properties measured. Microscopy revealed that the composites made with the 8MR-AlPO treated with a reactive surfactant showed better dispersion than those treated with the nonreactive surfactants. The permeability of gases changed very little as the result of adding 8MR-AlPO to PEI and no substantial increase in selectivity was observed. Finally, we incorporated a similar layered aluminophosphate with larger 12MR (6-7Ã ) openings into polysulfone. These composites showed barrier behavior but no increases in selectivity. / Ph. D.

Les aluminophosphates microporeux AlPO4-n possèdent un large potentiel d'applications en tant que catalyseurs et adsorbants, et présentent une affinité très particulière avec l'eau. L'hydratation de ces composés à structure zéolithique provoque généralement une modification réversible de leur structure, ce qui entraîne une altération de leurs propriétés. Ici, l'utilisation conjointe de résultats expérimentaux (RMN de l'aluminium et du phosphore, diffraction des rayons X, analyse thermique, spectroscopie infrarouge) et de calculs théoriques basés sur la Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité (DFT) amène une meilleure compréhension des interactions entre molécules d'eau et AlPO4-n.<br /> L'étude d'une structure modèle, l'AlPO4-34, apporte des informations sur le comportement de l'eau dans les pores. Elle permet également de présenter les mécanismes d'hydratation et de déshydratation et de proposer une phase partiellement hydratée, en accord avec des résultats expérimentaux. Une synergie est proposée entre la diffraction et une approche par dynamique moléculaire. Une description des domaines de stabilité des phases hydratées est aussi développée.<br /> A l'aide de cette approche théorique, de nouvelles structures sont ensuite étudiées. Tout d'abord, grâce à la diffraction des rayons X et des calculs DFT, la maille complète de l'AlPO4-36 calciné déshydraté est décrite. Ensuite, une étude expérimentale détaillée est complétée par une approche théorique statique et dynamique pour proposer des éléments de réponses sur la phase hydratée de l'AlPO4-18.<br /> Afin de généraliser l'étude à des mailles plus complexes et des temps de calcul plus courts, une comparaison des méthodes théoriques avec des bases d'ondes planes ou des bases d'orbitales localisées est effectuée. Ce comparatif fournit, après optimisation de la base, des résultats structuraux similaires entre les deux méthodes. Enfin, une approche d'ordre N est mise en oeuvre avec succès sur les structures microporeuses étudiées.

Conventionally, crystalline microporous materials such as zeolites and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are synthesized through the hydrothermal route or the trial-and-error approach. Other synthetic strategies may lead to the synthesis of microporous materials with new architectures or interesting properties. The general aim of this thesis is to investigate some new synthetic routes towards crystalline microporous materials. A top-down and post-synthesis method is reported in Chapter 4. Some zeolites are built up by layers and double-4-ring pillars. Germanium is preferentially located in the double-4-ring sites of a zeolite framework and is hydrolytically unstable. The idea of the top-down method is to disassemble these zeolites to the layer structures by dissolving the Ge-containing pillars and reassemble them to a new framework. This method is applied to the germanosilicate IWW and ITH zeolites for the first time. The effects of framework chemical compositions, Ge distributions and disassembling conditions on the top-down treatment process are investigated. The products obtained from the top-down treatment are characterised. An ionic liquid assisted strategy for the synthesis of zeolites is described in Chapter 5. The ionic liquid assisted strategy is a solvent free reaction. The raw materials are transformed to zeolites through a solid state reaction. The ionic liquids are first used as structure-directing agents (SDAs) in this solvent free reaction to replace the expensive quaternary ammonium hydroxide. A TON zeolite is synthesized using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide as the SDA. Moreover, the ionic liquid assisted strategy is considered as a “green chemistry” synthetic route due to the high yield of the zeolites and the minor production of waste water. Many aluminophosphates have been successfully synthesized through ionothermal routes. Most of them are synthesized using 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids. A new ionic liquid, 1-(2-hydroxyl-ethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([HOEmim]Cl), is prepared and used for the ionothermal synthesis of aluminophosphate materials. A zeolite analogue with the CHA framework has been synthesized. At high synthetic temperatures, the products are large single crystals. The structures of the framework and the SDA are investigated by single crystal diffraction and other characterisation methods. Flexible MOF materials are usually synthesized by a trial-and-error approach. Recently a flexible MOF compound was synthesized using 5-sulfoisophthalic acid (SIP) as the ligand. It was proposed the sulfonate is weakly coordinated to the metal, which brings flexibility to the compound, and the carboxylate groups keep the framework intact. 2-sulfoterephthalic acid (STP) which also contains one sulfonate group and two carboxylate groups is believed to be an alternative ligand for the targeted synthesis of flexible MOFs. In Chapter 7, a MOF compound is synthesized using STP and 4, 4'-bipyridine (Bpy) as ligands to validate the proposed strategy can be generalized. Variable temperature single crystal diffraction analysis solves the structure and reveals a reversible structure transformation upon dehydration and rehydration.

Une nouvelle voie de synthèse de matériaux microstructurés à base de phosphore est présentée. Elle permet de réduire le nombre de réactifs et consiste à utiliser un composé phosphoré servant à la fois de source de phosphore et de précurseur d’agent structurant. Ce dernier est généré in situ dans le milieu de synthèse. Nous présentons le cas de l’utilisation de l’hexaméthylphosphoramide, l’oxyde de tripyrrolidinophosphine, l’hexaéthyltriaminophosphine et la trimorpholinophosphine dont la décomposition a fait l’objet d’une étude par RMN liquide 1H et 31P. Suite aux analyses effectuées à partir de mélanges de composition molaire différente, il apparait qu’une élévation de température, la présence d’ions H3O+ et de l’éthylène glycol soient des critères qui favorisent la décomposition des molécules d’alkylphosphoramides. Les synthèses réalisées en présence d’une source de gallium ont conduit à la cristallisation de gallophosphates de structure connue. De façon inattendue, deux agents structurants sont identifiés dans le fluorogallophosphate ULM-3 : la diméthylamine et NH4+. Les synthèses réalisées en présence d’une source d’aluminium ont conduit à la cristallisation d’une nouvelle phase dont la structure est en cours de résolution et à la cristallisation d’aluminophosphates de structure connue. Les analyses par RMN liquide 1H et 31P nous ont permis de proposer des mécanismes de décomposition d’alkylphosphoramides dans les différents milieux de synthèse. / This work focuses on the development of a new synthesis route by reducing the number of reactants for the synthesis of phosphate-based materials. This synthesis strategy was developed by using alkylphosphoramide which can play both the role of precursor of the structure-directing agent (SDA) and the phosphorus source. In this work we present the case of hexamethylphosphoramide, tris(N,N-tetramethylene)phosphoric acid triamide, tris(diethylamino)phosphine and trimorpholinophosphine oxide. 1H and 31P liquid NMR spectroscopy was used to fully characterize the decomposition of the alkylphosphoramide. It has been found that the heating temperature, the presence of an acid and ethylene glycol play a crucial role on the alkylphosphoramide decomposition. The synthesis results obtained for the gallophosphate and aluminophosphate systems are reported. The in situ generation of the SDA and the phosphorus source allowed preparing known crystallized gallophosphates and aluminophosphates. For the fluorogallophosphate ULM-3, the 1H liquid NMR spectrum shows clearly the presence of dimethylamine and ammonium cations as structure-directing agents. A new aluminophosphate has been obtained. Finally, a decomposition mechanism of the alkylphosphoramides was proposed for the different reaction media under study.

Une nouvelle voie de synthèse de matériaux microstructurés à base de phosphore est présentée. Elle permet de réduire le nombre de réactifs et consiste à utiliser un composé phosphoré servant à la fois de source de phosphore et de précurseur d'agent structurant. Ce dernier est généré in situ dans le milieu de synthèse. Nous présentons le cas de l'utilisation de l'hexaméthylphosphoramide, l'oxyde de tripyrrolidinophosphine, l'hexaéthyltriaminophosphine et la trimorpholinophosphine dont la décomposition a fait l'objet d'une étude par RMN liquide 1H et 31P. Suite aux analyses effectuées à partir de mélanges de composition molaire différente, il apparait qu'une élévation de température, la présence d'ions H3O+ et de l'éthylène glycol soient des critères qui favorisent la décomposition des molécules d'alkylphosphoramides. Les synthèses réalisées en présence d'une source de gallium ont conduit à la cristallisation de gallophosphates de structure connue. De façon inattendue, deux agents structurants sont identifiés dans le fluorogallophosphate ULM-3 : la diméthylamine et NH4+. Les synthèses réalisées en présence d'une source d'aluminium ont conduit à la cristallisation d'une nouvelle phase dont la structure est en cours de résolution et à la cristallisation d'aluminophosphates de structure connue. Les analyses par RMN liquide 1H et 31P nous ont permis de proposer des mécanismes de décomposition d'alkylphosphoramides dans les différents milieux de synthèse.

Open-framework inorganic materials constitute an important area of study in materials chemistry, because of their potential applications in areas such as sorption and catalysis. After the discovery of nanoporous aluminium phosphates (AlPOs) by Flanigen et al in 1982, there has been a tremendous growth in the area of porous solids that are based on phosphates. Apart from phosphates, phosphites, arsenates, sulfates, sulfites, selenates, selenites etc. have also been investigated. In addition to the different anions, the framework compounds now encompass almost all the elements of the periodic table. The compounds exhibit wide variety and structural diversity. New building units, such as thiosulfate and borate have also been explored as a network builder in the formation of framework structures. In this thesis, the results of the investigations on open-framework metal thiosulfates, metal borates and metal sulfates are presented. The studies are aimed not only at the synthesis of the new compounds based on the new anions, but also their possible applications. In Chapter 1 of the thesis an overview of inorganic open-framework materials with different anions is presented. In Chapter 2 (Part A), the synthesis, structure and transformation of inorganic-organic hybrid open-framework cadmium thiosulfate are presented. The lack of stability of the thiosulfate ion in solution prompted the exploration of new approaches such as low temperature solvothermal methods, use of rigid linkers etc. The transformations of lower to higher dimensional structures have been accomplished. The possible mechanisms for such transformations were investigated. In Part B, the physical and chemical properties of the hybrid cadmium thiosulfate frameworks are presented. The studies indicate that the anionic dyes selectively adsorb on the compounds in the water medium and also desorb reasonably in alcoholic medium. The cadmium thiosulfate compounds appear to be reasonable photocalysts for the photodecomposition of the cationic dyes under UV irradiation as well as under sunlight with good recyclability. The compounds also exhibit heterogeneous catalytic behavior (Lewis acidity) for the cyanosilylation of the imines. In Chapter 3, a new family of organically templated open-framework borate materials is presented. The zinc and aluminoborate structures, prepared in the present study, are rationalized using the HSAB theory. The [B4O9H2] units polymerize differently to form different zinc borate structures. The amine molecules act as a ligand by binding with the metal. The nature of the amine appears to control the dimensionality of the final zinc borate structures. The zinc borate compounds exhibit absorption of UV-light (λ = 365 nm) suggesting that the zinc borate compounds could be exploited for UV-blocking applications. Organically templated aluminoborates have connectivities between the Al3+ ions and the [B5O10] cyclic pentaborate units. The aluminoborate structures exhibit graphite layer and three-dimensional diamond structure. Detailed studies and comparison of the various amine templated open-framework aluminoborate structures reveals subtle relationships between the organic amines (shape and length of the amines) and the final framework structures. In Chapter 3, the synthesis, structure and catalytic studies of a variety of cadmium sulfate phases have been carried out. Polyazaheterocyclic ligands were employed to study their possible role in the formation of such structures. All the compounds have structures built up by the connectivity involving the cadmium octahedra and the sulfate tetrahedra in which the heterocyclic organic molecules act as the ligand. The connectivity between the Cd2+ and (SO4)2− ions form one-, two-and three-dimensionally extended cadmium sulfate phases, though the starting source is cadmium sulfate (CdSO4.8/3H2O) in all the cases. The connectivity between Cd2+ ion and the heterocyclic ligand also gives rise to one-and two-dimensional structures. The interconnectivity between the two units gives rise to the final observed structure. As part of the study, a variety of properties i.e. adsorption-desorption, photocatalytic degradation and cyanosilylation reaction, exhibited by the cadmium sulfate compounds have been investigated and the properties are comparable to the cadmium thiosulfate phases. AlPOs are well known for their many important properties. The wide varieties in their structures and heterogeneous catalytic properties have been extensively investigated. The photocatalytic behaviors, on the contrary, have not been investigated in detail. The photocatalytic properties of the metal-doped AlPOs, for the photodegrdation of organic dyes have been investigated in the Chapter 5. The metal ions (Mg2+, Zn2+ and Co2+) have been substituted in place of Al3+ and Ti4+ in place of both the Al3+ and P5+ in a variety in AlPO structures and the synthesized phases are characterized by a variety of techniques. Photodecomposition studies of organic dye molecules under UV-light were carried out in aqueous medium. The studies suggest that the photocatalytic activity is reasonable and appears to depend on the dopant concentration. Ti-substituted phase exhibits the maximum catalytic activity.

The unique physical properties of nanomaterials, attributed to the combined effects of their size, shape, and composition, have sparked significant interest in the field of nanotechnology. Fabrication of nanodevices using nanomaterials as building-blocks are underway to enable novel technological applications. A fundamental understanding on the structure-property relationships and the mechanism of synthesizing nanomaterials with tailored physical properties is critical for a rationale design of functional nanodevices. In this thesis, molecular simulations that employ a detailed atomistic description of the nanoscopic structures were used to understand the structure-transport property relationships in two novel classes of porous nanomaterials, namely, polymer/porous inorganic layered nanocomposite materials and single-walled metal oxide nanotubes, and provide predictions for the design of nanodevices using these nanomaterials. We employed molecular dynamics to study transport of gas molecules (in particular He, H2, N2 and O2) through a polydimethylsiloxane/porous layered silicate (AMH-3) nanocomposite membrane material as a function of its composition. Gas separation performance of the nanocomposite was found to be substantially enhanced for H2/N2 and H2/O2 compared to pure polymeric material due to the molecular sieving effect of AMH-3, suggesting the possibility of developing a new class of superior separation devices. We also developed force field parameters for layered aluminophosphates that are emerging as potential inorganic layers for construction of nanocomposite materials. We presented preliminary work on developing Transition State Approach-Monte Carlo simulation method for calculating gas transport properties of nanocomposite materials. We investigated in detail the diameter control phenomenon in single-walled metal oxide nanotubes using molecular dynamics simulations and demonstrated the existence of a thermodynamic 'handle' for tuning the nanotube diameters and derived a unique correlation between nanotube energy, composition, and diameter to precisely predict nanotube diameters. Finally, using a combination of molecular dynamics, monte carlo and sorption experiments, we investigated adsorption and diffusion properties of water in single-walled aluminosilicate nanotubes. We predicted high water fluxes in these nanotubes, due to short lengths, hydrophilic interior and near-bulk-water diffusivities. Overall, my research represents two examples of the progress in developing a predictive basis for the design and analysis of nanostructures for applications in separations, nanofluidics, and fuel cell technology.

This thesis uses solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study local structure and disorder in inorganic materials. Initial work concerns microporous aluminophosphate frameworks, where the importance of semi-empirical dispersion correction (SEDC) schemes in structural optimisation using DFT is evaluated. These schemes provide structures in better agreement with experimental diffraction measurements, but very similar NMR parameters are obtained for any structures where the atomic coordinates are optimised, owing to the similarity of the local geometry. The ³¹P anisotropic shielding parameters (Ω and κ) are then measured using amplified PASS experiments, but there appears to be no strong correlation of these with any single geometrical parameter. In subsequent work, a range of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are investigated. Assignment of ¹³C and ¹⁵N NMR spectra, and measurement of the anisotropic NMR parameters, enabled the number and type of linkers present to be determined. For ¹⁵N, differences in Ω may provide information on the framework topology. While ⁶⁷Zn measurements are experimentally challenging and periodic DFT calculations are currently unreliable, calculations on small model clusters provide good agreement with experiment and indicate that ⁶⁷Zn NMR spectra are sensitive to the local structure. Finally, a series of pyrochlore-based ceramics (Y₂Hf₂₋ₓSnₓO₇) is investigated. A phase transformation from pyrochlore to a disordered defect fluorite phase is predicted, but ⁸⁹Y and ¹¹⁹Sn NMR reveal that rather than a solid solution, a significant two-phase region is present, with a maximum of ~12% Hf incorporated into the pyrochlore phase. The use of ¹⁷O NMR to provide insight into the local structure and disorder in these materials is also investigated. Once the different T₁ relaxation and nutation behaviour is considered it is shown that quantitative ¹⁷O enrichment of Y₂Sn₂O₇ is possible, and that ¹⁷O does offer a promising future tool for study.