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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
521

Fatigue life evaluation of A356 aluminum alloy used for engine cylinder head

Angeloni, Mauricio 27 April 2011 (has links) (PDF)
The studied material is an A356 Al alloy, used to produce engine cylinder heads for the automotive industry by die casting process. The material displays a quite coarse dendritic microstructure in a eutectic matrix, with a mean grains size of 25 microns, intemetallic precipitates and porosities. The tensile properties are strongly affected by testing temperature, with a quite sensitive drop of the Young's modulus, the Yield stress as the temperature was raised. The isothermal fatigue life dropped of markedly (approximately 10 times) when the testing temperature is raised from 120 to 280 °C, under strain control. From the themomechanical in-phase cyclic tests, with temperature varying from (120 to 280 oC), it was possible to observe that life is quite similar to the isothermal fatigue test at 280 oC. In this case, the more sensitive damage caused the in-phase mechanical and thermal cycle take place at the highest temperature. Relaxation tests indicated two distinct behaviors, with the temperature of 240°C being a threshold. At lower temperatures, the material hardens cyclically whereas it softens cyclically at higher temperatures. From the fatigue crack growth results, it was observed that temperature and wave shape has a strong influence on the crack growth rate as well as on the stress intensity threshold. Considering sinusoidal wave shape (10 Hz), as the temperature increased the DKth decreased and the crack propagation rate increased. However, the rate as da/dN change with temperature is quite similar, as an indicative that the micromechanism of crack growth has not changed due to the high frequency used, and it was due only to loss of mechanical strength. An elastic-visco-plastic non-isothermal constitutive law was identified for the material. For the cast material studied in this work, the mechanical behavior parameters are statistically distributed. However, it was shown that the model was able to reproduce, with a reasonable approximation, the stress - strain relationship at different temperatures, for the isothermal and anisothermal cases.
522

Rôle des inclusions dans la germination de la phase a-aluminium des intermétalliques contenant du fer dans le coin riche en alumimium du système ternaire Al-Si-Fe /

Khalifa, Waleed, January 2003 (has links)
Thèse (D.Eng.) -- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2003. / Bibliogr.: f. [325]-340. Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU
523

Efeito do tratamento térmico de solubilização na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas da liga de alumínio A356 / Efeito do tratamento térmico de solubilização na microestrutura e nas propriedades mecânicas da liga de alumínio A356 / Effect of solution heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy / Effect of solution heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy

Haskel, Tatiane 23 July 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5 Conclusoes - Referencias.pdf: 87748 bytes, checksum: 317ace1061109510ffacdade715d092a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work examines the effects of solution heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy. Tensile bars were molten to tensile tests and solution treatment in several conditions of time and temperature were performed. The A356 alloy with different weight percentage of magnesium and with its respective as-casting specimens were also analysed to evaluate the heat treatment. To evaluate the results tensile tests, alloy hardness and matrix microhardness, and metallographic analysis and fractographs were performed. The microstructural analysis allowed to evaluate the evolution of microstructural transformation. Results changes were attained to alloy with less percentage of Mg (0,15wt. %). However, to the alloy with higher percentage of Mg (0,3wt. %) the results indicated increase in all properties analysed, increasing the time and the temperature of solution. Only to the temperature of 570°C, a property drop of ultimate tensile strength and elongation were observed. The best properties were obtained to 10 hours of the solution in 540°C, as a result of a better distribution and coalescence of the Si particles. The fractographs showed changes on the fracture mode in function of increase in the solution time and temperature, evidencing the increase of the ductility observed through mechanical tests. The kind of alloy fracture and the matrix fracture mode and Si particles were evidenced in fracture surfaces. / Este trabalho avalia os efeitos do tratamento térmico de solubilização sobre a microestrutura e as propriedades mecânicas da liga de alumínio A356. Foram fundidos corpos de prova para ensaios de tração e realizados tratamentos de solubilização em diversas condições de tempo e temperatura. A liga A356, com diferentes percentuais em peso de magnésio e com suas respectivas amostras brutas de fundição, também foram analisadas para avaliação dos efeitos do tratamento térmico. Para avaliação dos resultados foram realizados ensaios de resistência à tração, de dureza da liga e microdureza da matriz e, análises de metalografias e fractografias. As análises microestruturais permitiram avaliar a evolução da transformação microestrutural. Variações nos resultados foram obtidos, para liga com menor teor de Mg (0,15% em peso). Porém, para liga com maior teor de Mg (0,3% em peso) os resultados indicaram aumento em todas as propriedades analisadas, com o aumento do tempo como da temperatura de solubilização. Apenas para temperatura de 570°C uma queda nas propriedades de máxima resistência e alongamento foram observadas. As melhores propriedades foram obtidas com 10 horas de solubilização a 540°C, como resultado de uma melhor distribuição e coalescimento das partículas de Si. As fractografias mostraram alterações no modo de fratura, em função do incremento no tempo e na temperatura de solubilização, evidenciando o aumento de ductilidade observada através dos ensaios mecânicos. O tipo de fratura da liga, e o modo de fratura da matriz e das partículas de Si também foram evidenciados pelas superfícies de fratura.
524

Tratamento de envelhecimento artificial das ligas 356 e a 356: efeitos da composição química, do tempo e da temperatura nas propriedades mecânicas / Artificial aging heat treatment of 356 and A356 aluminum alloy: effect of chemical composition, time and temperature on the mechanical properties

Ronsani, Greice Scarduelli 08 July 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1 inicio-introducao.pdf: 82164 bytes, checksum: d209d70a553021390cbccad3fd2d33e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study evaluates the effect of chemical composition and heat treatment of aging on the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy 356. The variables of heat treatment were the magnesium content, time and temperature. Additionally, the effect of alloying elements present as Fe and Mn were also evaluated by comparing with the A356 which is the purest version of the 356.0 alloy. For alloy 356, two amount of magnesium were used, 0.3% and 0.5% in weight and the alloy was called the 356 low Mg and 356 high Mg, respectively.The samples were treated at constant temperature and varying times and after analysis of mechanical strength more specimens were cast that were treated at constant temperature, varying the time. In addition to tensile tests, other techniques were used to evaluate the material.Microhardness tests, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis with point EDX were used.Comparing alloys with low and high magnesium content were observed significant variations in the mechanical properties .Besides this variable, the time and temperature of heat treatment also caused changes in the mechanical properties.At high temperatures can be observed the possible effect of over aging, where a decrease in mechanical strength was obsserved.In the microstructural analysis of the alloy 356 was noticed the presence of intermetallic iron-rich and the same was not found when we evaluated the microstructure of the alloy A356.As mechanical properties of A356 alloy showed values slightly lower than those obtained for the mechanical properties of alloys 356.This fact may be related to the presence of hardening elements such as copper and other alloying elements such as iron and manganese present in the alloy 356. / Este trabalho avalia o efeito da composição química e do tratamento térmico de envelhecimento sobre as propriedades mecânicas da liga de alumínio 356. As variáveis estudadas foram o teor de magnésio, o tempo e a temperatura de tratamento térmico. Adicionalmente, os efeitos de elementos de liga presentes como o Fe e o Mn também foram avaliados, através da comparação com a liga A356 que é a versão mais pura da liga 356.0. Para a liga 356, dois percentuais de magnésio foram utilizados, 0,3% e 0,5% em peso e a liga foi denominada 356 baixo Mg e 356 alto Mg respectivamente.Os corpos de prova foram tratados a temperatura constante e tempos variados e após análises de resistência mecânica foram fundidos mais corpos de prova que foram tratados a temperatura constante, variando o tempo.Além dos ensaios de tração, outras técnicas foram usadas para avaliar o material.Ensaios de microdureza, microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura com análises pontuais EDX foram utilizadas.Comparando as ligas com baixo e alto teor de magnésio foram observadas variações significativas nas propriedades mecânicas.Além desta variável, o tempo e a temperatura de tratamento térmico também causaram variações nas propriedades mecânicas.A altas temperaturas pode ser observado o possível efeito de superenvelhecimento, onde uma queda na resistência mecânica foi observada.Nas análises microestruturais da liga 356 pode se perceber a presença de intermetálicos ricos em ferro e o mesmo não foi encontrado quando foi avaliada a microestrutura da liga A356.As propriedades mecânicas da liga A356 apresentaram valores menores do que aqueles obtidos para as propriedades mecânicas das ligas 356.Este fato pode ser relacionado com a presença de elementos endurecedores como o cobre e outros elementos de liga como o ferro e o manganês presentes na liga 356.
525

Analise da solidificação sob fluxo de calor radial cilindrico / Analysis of the solidification uner radial heat flow

Eid, Marco Antonio 22 July 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Rezende Gomes dos Santos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T22:01:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eid_MarcoAntonio_M.pdf: 19245694 bytes, checksum: b272ecb88a2fa2a6affcf2a60d7e8d47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Apesar da importância tecnológica da solidificação de ligas metálicas sob fluxo de calor radial, relativamente poucos estudos estão sendo feitos nessa área. Neste trabalho, a solidificação da liga Al 4,5%Cu em molde de aço radial cilíndrico é analisada e comparada com a solidificação direcional em molde resfriado.Inicialmente a variação de temperatura em diferentes posições no metal e no molde foi medida durante a solidificação usando um sistema de aquisição de dados. Essas variações de temperatura foram introduzidas em um método numérico para determinar a variação do coeficiente de transferência de calor na interface metal/molde pelo método inverso. Os resultados para a solidificação unidirecional e radial foram comparados mostrando que o coeficiente de transferência de calor para o fluxo de calor radial é menor. A variação dos espaçamentos dendritos secundários foram medidos através de um microscópio óptico. Comparações entre os resultados mostraram maiores espaçamentos para fluxo de calor radial. Comparações entre variações e temperaturas calculadas numéricas e experimentalmente comprovaram que o método numérico descreve satisfatoriamente o processo de solidificação radial / Abstract: In spite of technological importance of solidification of metallic alloys under radial heat flow, relatively few studies have been carried out in this area. In this work the solidification of Al 4.5 wt% Cu cylinders against a steel massive mold is analyzed and compared with unidirectional solidification against a cooled mold. Initially temperature variations at different positions in the casting and in the mold were measured during solidification using a data acquisition system. These temperature variations were introduced in a numerical method in order to determine the variation of heat transfer coefficient at metal/mold interface by inverse method. The results for unidirectional and radial solidification were compared showing that the heat transfer coefficient is smaller for radial heat flux. The primary and secondary dendrite arm spacing variations were measured through optical microscopy. Experimental results for temperature variations were applied to estimate thermal parameters of the solidification process. Comparisons carried out between experimental and numerical data showed that the numerical method describes well the solidification processes under radial heat flux / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica
526

Estudo do comportamento em fadiga de alto ciclo das ligas de alumínio AA6005 T6, AA6063 T6 e AA6351 T6 / Study of high cycle fatigue behavior of AA 6005 T6, AA 6351 T6 and AA 6063 T6 alloys

Ana Márcia Barbosa da Silva 14 December 2012 (has links)
A indústria automotiva tem mostrado um crescente interesse pelas ligas de alumínio, em especial as ligas de alumínio da série 6xxx. Esta classe é amplamente empregada nas áreas de construção e de transporte, devido a sua boa resistência mecânica e excelente resistência à corrosão. No setor automobilístico sempre houve a necessidade de aprimoramento dos estudos do comportamento em fadiga, pois os componentes estruturais são submetidos a carregamentos vibratórios, esforços e tensões cíclicas e, como consequência, podem trincar e finalmente fraturar. A presença de um entalhe geralmente diminui a vida em fadiga, criando regiões de altas tensões triaxiais localizadas que restringem a deformação plástica, fragilizando o material. A resposta mecânica depende das solicitações, microestrutura, componentes da liga e propriedades do material. Neste trabalho foi realizado o estudo do comportamento em fadiga de alto ciclo e da sensibilidade ao entalhe de três ligas de alumínio da série 6xxx destinadas à fabricação de componentes de carroçarias para caminhões e ônibus: AA 6005, AA 6063 e AA 6351, todas na condição T6. As curvas S/N foram obtidas por meio de ensaios de fadiga em flexão rotativa (R = -1). Ensaios com peças entalhadas (Kt ? 3,0) permitiram determinar e comparar o fator de concentração de tensão em fadiga e a sensibilidade ao entalhe das ligas estudadas. Também foi estudada a influência da microestrutura e das partículas intermetálicas sobre as propriedades de fadiga. As superfícies das peças fraturadas foram observadas ao MEV e verificou-se que a maioria dos sítios de nucleação de trincas por fadiga ocorreram próximos a partículas de segunda fase que atuam como concentradores de tensão. / The automotive industry has shown a growing interest in aluminum alloys, particularly the AA 6xxx series. This class of alloys is widely used in construction and transportation because of their good mechanical strength, easy fabrication and excellent corrosion resistance. In the automotive sector there was always a need for improved studies of the fatigue behavior, because the structural components are subjected to vibratory loads and cyclic stresses and, as a consequence, may eventually crack and fracture. The presence of a notch generally decreases the fatigue life, creating regions of high triaxial stresses which restrain plastic deformation, weakening the material. The response depends on the mechanical solicitations, microstructure, the alloy components and the material properties. In this work it was conducted a study of the high cycle fatigue behavior and the notch sensitivity of three aluminum alloys used in components of truck and bus bodies: AA 6005, AA 6063 and AA 6351, all provided in T6 condition. The S/N curves were obtained by tests in rotating bending fatigue (R = -1). Tests with notched samples (Kt?3.0) allowed to determine and compare the fatigue concentration factor and the notch sensitivity of the studied alloys. It was also studied the influence of microstructure and the intermetallic particles on the fatigue properties. The surfaces of the fractured samples were observed via SEM and showed that most of the nucleation sites of fatigue cracking occurred near the second phase particles, which act as stress concentrators.
527

Estudo do comportamento em fadiga de alto ciclo das ligas de alumínio AA6351 e AA7050 para aplicação aeronáutica / Study of the high cycle fatigue behavior of the AA6351 and AA7050 aluminum alloys for aeronautics applications

Ana Márcia Barbosa da Silva Antunes 09 June 2017 (has links)
As ligas de alumínio são aplicadas em cerca de 70% dos componentes estruturais dos aviões e o processo de fadiga e o modo de falha predominante em estruturas aeronáuticas, para a maioria das quais a presença de concentradores de tensão e inevitável. O comportamento em fadiga e as propriedades mecânicas das ligas de alumínio endurecíveis por precipitação são fortemente influenciadas por parâmetros como tamanho, espaçamento e densidade dos precipitados endurecedores. Neste contexto, pesquisas anteriores tem mostrado que o envelhecimento interrompido (T6I4) pode proporcionar melhores combinações de propriedades mecânicas para estas ligas. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo das propriedades mecânicas e do comportamento em fadiga de alto ciclo das ligas de alumínio AA6351 e AA7050 nas condições de tratamento térmico convencionais (T6 e T7451, respectivamente) e na condição T6I4, bem como da influência das características microestruturais e do tratamento térmico sobre estas propriedades. Dentro deste contexto, analises de Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) da liga AA6351 mostraram que a condição T6I4 resultou em uma maior densidade de precipitados endurecedores com tamanho heterogêneo, quando comparada com a condição T6. Para esta liga, a condição T6I4 também resultou em menores valores de tensão limite de escoamento, resistência a tração, resistência a fadiga e sensibilidade ao entalhe, com maior ductilidade e tenacidade. Para a liga AA7050, as análises de MET mostraram que a condição T6I4 resulta em uma maior densidade de precipitados endurecedores com menor tamanho, promovendo um melhor impedimento ao movimento de discordâncias durante a deformação por fadiga, quando comparada com a condição T7451. Esta alteração microestrutural proporcionou a condição T6I4 valores de resistência ao escoamento e resistência a tração similares a condição T7451, com maior ductilidade e tenacidade. A resistência a fadiga da condição T6I4 foi similar a condição T7451, entretanto o envelhecimento interrompido resultou em um melhor comportamento em sensibilidade ao entalhe. / Aluminum alloys are applied in approximately 70% of the aircraft structural components and the fatigue process is the dominant failure mode in aeronautical structures, for the most of which, the presence of stress concentrators is unavoidable. The fatigue behavior and the mechanical properties of the age hardenable aluminum alloys are strongly influenced by parameters including the size, spacing and density of strengthening precipitates. Within this context, previous researches have shown that the interrupted ageing (T6I4) could provide an improved combination of mechanical properties for these alloys. This work aims to study the mechanical properties and the high cycle fatigue behavior of AA6351 and AA7050 aluminum alloys in the conventional heat treatment conditions (T6 and T7451, respectively) and in the T6I4 condition, as well as the influence of the microstructural characteristics and of the heat treatment on these properties. Within this context, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyzes of the AA6351 alloy showed that T6I4 condition resulted in higher density of hardening precipitates with heterogeneous size compared to T6 condition. For this alloy, the T6I4 condition resulted in lower values of yield stress, ultimate tensile strength, fatigue strength and notch sensitivity, with higher ductility and toughness. For the AA7050 alloy, TEM analyses showed that T6I4 condition presented a higher density of strengthening precipitates with smaller size promoting an improved dislocation pinning effect during the fatigue deformation compared to T7451 condition. This microstructural change provided to T6I4 condition yield stress and ultimate tensile strength similar to T7451, with higher ductility and toughness. The fatigue strength of T6I4 condition was also similar to T7451, however the interrupted ageing provided a better notch sensitivity behavior.
528

Estudo do comportamento em fadiga de baixo ciclo e fadiga sob cargas multiaxiais das ligas de alumínio AA6005, AA6063 e AA6351 / Low cycle and multiaxial fatigue behavior of aluminum alloys AA6005, AA6063 e AA635

Denise Ferreira Laurito Nascimento 23 February 2015 (has links)
O uso das ligas de alumínio em aplicações estruturais tem crescido consideravelmente nas últimas décadas. Nos transportes, a baixa massa específica do alumínio resulta em uma alta razão resistência/ peso, favorecendo a fabricação de aviões, trens e automóveis. Com a crescente preocupação em reduzir a emissão de gases poluentes, vem tornando-se promissora a alternativa de reduzir o peso dos veículos substituindo peças convencionalmente produzidas com outros materiais por peças de alumínio. As ligas tratáveis termicamente da série 6xxx são frequentemente escolhidas para estas aplicações. Assim, para que o emprego dessas ligas seja otimizado, é importante um estudo mais detalhado de suas propriedades mecânicas, principalmente sob solicitações cíclicas. Neste trabalho foram estudadas ligas de Al-Si-Mg que são amplamente utilizadas nas indústrias automotivas, em especial na fabricação de componentes de carroçarias para caminhões e ônibus. Foi realizado o estudo do comportamento em fadiga de baixo ciclo e fadiga multiaxial das ligas AA6005 T6, AA6063 T6 e AA6351 T6, fornecidas pela CBA (Companhia Brasileira de Alumínio) visando caracterizar e comparar essas ligas em sua microestrutura, propriedades de tração e fadiga. As propriedades básicas de fadiga foram determinadas por meio do método ε-N (fadiga de baixo ciclo) e os ensaios foram realizados com controle de deformação total, onda triangular e taxa de deformação 0,005 seg-1. As análises dos laços de histerese elasto-plástica permitiram inferir sobre aspectos microestruturais relacionados às propriedades mecânicas das ligas estudadas. O comportamento em fadiga multiaxial foi avaliado por meio de carregamentos combinados axial-torcional em fase e fora de fase. Para ajustar os dados experimentais obtidos, foram testados alguns dos modelos encontrados na literatura. Os cálculos baseados no modelo de plano crítico, proposto por Fatemi e Socie, apresentaram resultados satisfatórios. Também foram realizadas análises microestruturais e fractográficas para as três ligas. As superfícies de fratura dos ensaios de fadiga multiaxial mostraram resultados diferentes de acordo com o carregamento adotado. A avaliação comparativa das três ligas estudadas fornece subsídios para fundamentar a seleção de materiais para a fabricação de componentes estruturais para o setor automotivo. / The use of aluminum alloys in structural applications has grown considerably in recent decades. In transportation, the low density of aluminum results in a high strength-to weight ratio, proving attractive for production of aircrafts, trains and automobiles. With a growing concern for the reduction of pollutant gas emissions, aluminum alloys are becoming a promising alternative to diminish vehicle weight through the replacement of conventionally produced parts made from other heavier materials for aluminum parts. The heat treatable alloys from the 6xxx series are often chosen for these applications. Therefore, to optimize the employment of these alloys, a detailed study of their mechanical properties, primary under cyclic solicitations is necessary For the present study Al-Mg-Si alloys were chosen, which are widely used in automotive industries, particularly in the manufacturing of components for trucks and bus bodies. The low-cycle fatigue behavior and multiaxial fatigue of the three following aluminum alloys: AA6005 T6, AA6063 T6 and AA6351 T6, provided by CBA (Brazilian Aluminum Company), were assessed, with the aim of characterizing and comparing these alloys in their microstructure, tensile properties and fatigue. The basic properties of fatigue were studied by ε-N method (low cycle fatigue) and the experiments were performed with total strain control, triangular waveform and with a constant deformation rate of 5.0x10-3 s-1. The analyses of hysteresis loops elasto-plastic provided insight about microstructural aspects, related to mechanical properties of the studied alloys. Multiaxial fatigue behavior was assessed in combined axial-torsion loading in phase and out of phase. To adjust the experimental data, some models found in the literature were tested. Calculations based on critical plane model, proposed by Fatemi Socie, presented satisfactory results. Furthermore, microstructure analyses and fractography were performed for these three alloys. The fracture surface of multiaxial fatigue assays demonstrated different results according to the adopted loading. Comparative evaluation of the three studied alloys provides support for the selection of materials for manufacturing structural components of the automotive sector.
529

Contribution à la modélisation de la corrosion microstructurale des alliages d'aluminium : simulation numérique et vérification expérimentale sur systèmes modèles / Modeling of microstructural corrosion of aluminium alloys : numerical simulation and experimental validation of model systems

Sorriano, Claire 28 November 2012 (has links)
La corrosion localisée des alliages d'aluminium a pu être reliée qualitativement au rôle de la microstructure, des phases intermétalliques (IM) en particulier, qui provoquent la sensibilisation à la corrosion localisée des alliages d’aluminium contenant par exemple du cuivre. Mais un effort de modélisation est nécessaire si on veut aller vers de nouvelles méthodes d’essais.L’objectif de ce travail est d'étudier et de modéliser, sur des systèmes métallurgiques très simplifiés, les effets de couplage entre réactions électrochimiques et chimiques qui ne sont pas pris en compte dans l'analyse des essais conventionnels.L’endommagement lors de l’amorçage de la corrosion microstructurale a pu être simulé numériquement par résolution, par la méthode des éléments finis, de l’équation de Nernst-Planck décrivant les phénomènes de transport et les réactions des espèces chimiques en solution.Le comportement en milieu non chloruré de trois combinaisons où le couple IM (cathode)/matrice Al (anode) peut être assimilé à un couple Cuivre/Aluminium a été étudié, ceci de façon à rendre compte de la dissolution sélective qui fait que les phases S ou θ, présentes dans les alliages au cuivre, subissent un enrichissement en cuivre en surface. Pour valider le modèle « AlOH3 » on s’est donc appuyé sur la mesure de la vitesse de corrosion de l’anode pour trois combinaisons testées appelées systèmes modèles.En terme de mécanismes, la confrontation de l’ensemble de ces expériences aux résultats de la simulation numérique démontre que l’amorçage de la dissolution de l’anode nécessite un changement de pH local, et donc que la dépassivation locale de la surface d’aluminium par un effet chimique est l’élément déclenchant du couplage électrique. Pour aller vers une application industrielle et simuler successivement, l’amorçage et la propagation de la corrosion intergranulaire, il reste pour l’amorçage à intégrer les effets d’interaction entre phases et pour la propagation à construire à partir de ce modèle numérique, un modèle valable en milieu confiné et désaéré qui devra satisfaire aux règles physiques imposées par la dimension du système que constitue le joint de grain / In literature, localized corrosion of aluminum alloys has been qualitatively related to the role of microstructure, intermetallic phases (IM) in particular, which induces sensitization to localized corrosion of aluminum alloys containing copper, for example. But modeling effort is needed to go further in the development of new testing methods.The objective of this work is to study and model on very simplified metallurgical systems, the effects of coupling between chemical and electrochemical reactions that are not taken into account in the analysis of conventional tests.The damage induced by the microstructural corrosion initiation has been numerically simulated by resolution, by the finite element method, of the Nernst-Planck equation describing the mass transport phenomena and reactions of chemical species in solution.Behavior in non-chlorinated medium of three combinations where the couple IM (cathode) / Al matrix (anode) has been assumed to be close from a Copper / Aluminium couple has been studied, mimicking the selective dissolution of S or θ phases present in copper alloys leading to a surface copper enrichment. Validation of the model "AlOH3" defined in this study, was based on the measurement of the corrosion rate of the anode for the three model systems which were tested.In terms of mechanisms, the comparison of the experimental results of the numerical simulation clearly highlights that the initiation of the dissolution of the anode requires a change in the local pH, and therefore the local depassivation of the surface aluminum by a chemical effect is the triggering element of the electrical coupling.To transfer this numerical approach to an industrial application and simulate successively, the initiation and the propagation of intergranular corrosion, it remains, for initiation to introduce the effects of interaction between phases and for propagation to build, from this numerical model, a robust model in confined and deaerated environment which must comply with the rules imposed by the physical size of the system as defined by the grain boundary
530

Comportement inclusionnaire dans un bain d’aluminium brassé par induction / Inclusion behavior in an Aluminum bath stirred by induction

Bansal, Akshay 13 July 2016 (has links)
Dans le secteur aéronautique, la performance des alliages d’aluminium connait une amélioration continue, grâce notamment à l’optimisation des procédés d’élaboration. Dans ce cadre, le travail de recherche vise à prédire le comportement des inclusions dans un bain d’aluminium brassé par induction afin d’améliorer la propreté inclusionnaire des alliages coulés. Un modèle numérique a été développé pour simuler le comportement magnétohydrodynamique du bain d’aluminium dans le creuset suivi par la modélisation du comportement d’une population d’inclusions non-métalliques. Le modèle 2D axisymétrique en régime transitoire s’appuie sur le code de CFD commercial ANSYS Fluent, bien que de nombreuses fonctions utilisateurs aient été introduites pour simuler les phénomènes spécifiques comme l’induction électromagnétique et la résolution des bilans de population. Le modèle MHD résout dans un unique maillage les phénomènes d’induction électromagnétiques, l’écoulement turbulent du bain d’Al, la déformation de la surface libre et les effets de la présence d’une couche de métal oxydée en surface du bain. Une méthode dite de vitesse de glissement (entre les particules et le fluide) a été choisie pour simuler à la fois le transport macroscopique des inclusions dans le bain d’Al et les interactions mésoscopique entre les inclusions (c.à.d. les mécanismes d’agrégation et de fragmentation). Des campagnes expérimentales à l’échelle d’un four de laboratoire et d’une installation industrielle accompagnent le travail numérique pour le valider. Les résultats de modélisation MHD exprimés sous la forme du profil de déformation du bain sont en accord raisonnable avec les mesures faites au laboratoire. Les résultats numériques démontrent également l'effet du frottement induit par la couche d'oxyde sur le profil du bain, ainsi que sur l'écoulement à proximité de la surface du dôme. Pour des conditions opératoires du four industriel en mode de maintien, l’évolution temporelle de la population au sein du bain est calculée. Il apparaît que la séparation magnétique est très intense, particulièrement dans la peau électromagnétique, et est ainsi responsable du transport et de la capture d’une grande fraction de la population d’inclusions à la paroi du four. / With an objective of improving processing and development of aerospace aluminum alloys, the current dissertation presents experimental and numerical tools which help comprehend the behavior of a non-metallic inclusion population in an Al bath stirred by induction. The mechanisms occurring in the metallurgical reactor were separated into two interlinked issues – (i) Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of the induction furnace, and (ii) Inclusion population dynamics in the Al bath, which were modeled using the ANSYS Fluent software and in-house User Defined Functions. For a 2D axisymmetric geometry, numerical simulations were performed in a single framework and calculated: (i) the electromagnetic forces using the A-V formulation, (ii) the free surface deformation using the Volume Of Fluid method, (iii) the turbulent stirring of the bath using a RANS-based k-omega model and (iv) the friction force due to the oxide layer by imposing a pseudo-wall condition on the bath free surface. The steady state MHD results and the physical properties of the inclusion population were used as input data for the transient inclusion behavior modeling. A combination of the Drift Concentration Method and the Population Balance Method was developed to respectively model the mean transport of inclusions within the bath at the macroscopic scale and the inclusion interactions (turbulent aggregation and fragmentation) at the mesoscopic scale. The performance of the MHD numerical tool was evaluated by comparing the model results with experimental results at laboratory and industrial scales. The simulation results in the form of the average bath surface profile were found to be consistent with the laboratory measurements. The results also illustrated the impact of the friction due to the oxide layer on the bath surface deformation as well as on the flow near the dome interface. The inclusion behavior simulations were performed for the holding mode operation of an industrial IMF. The deduced removal frequency compared the relative importance of each phenomenon. It was found that the electromagnetic migration, especially in the electromagnetic skin, dominates the inclusion dynamics and is responsible for the capture of a large fraction of the inclusion population.

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