Abstract in English, Afrikaans and Zulu / The environment in which a business operates consists of various forces which exert positive or negative influences on the business. Since they contribute to or deter from the achievement of business objectives, it is essential that they be identified and investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the environmental forces which affect the operations of small, medium and micro independent caterers in Cape Town. In this context, the micro, market and macro-environments were examined. It is hoped that the results of the study will assist these caterers in their awareness of pertinent factors in their business environment, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats arising therein. They can use this information in strategy development, to reach their objectives, and to enhance their competitive advantage and profitability. Primary data was collected from the business owners or managers through an online survey. The survey covered firmographic business details, as well as demographic details of the owners/managers. Thereafter, their opinions were elicited regarding the impact of various factors in their business environment. The main findings are the following: The greatest positive impacts on the small, medium and micro independent caterers are the abilities of the owners/managers, relationships with suppliers, the internet, and the control of materials and production processes. The greatest challenges faced are financial resources, marketing strategies, online services, competitors, customer demands, the current state of the economy and legal regulations. / Die omgewing waarin 'n onderneming werksaam is, bestaan uit verskeie magte wat die onderneming positief of negatief kan beïnvloed. Aangesien dit tot die onderneming se doelstellings kan bydra of keer dat die onderneming dit bereik, is dit noodsaaklik dat dit geïdentifiseer en ondersoek word. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die omgewingsmagte te bepaal wat die werksaamhede van klein, medium en mikro-onafhanklike spyseniers in Kaapstad beïnvloed. In hierdie konteks is die mikro-, mark- en makro-omgewings ondersoek. Die hoop is dat die bevindings van die studie hierdie spyseniers sal help om bewus te wees van die toepaslike faktore in hul sakeomgewing asook hul sterkpunte, swakpunte, geleenthede en bedreigings wat daarin tot stand kom. Hulle kan hierdie inligting gebruik om 'n strategie te ontwikkel om hul doelstellings te bereik en hul mededingingsvoorsprong en winsgewendheid te bevorder. Primêre data is van sake-eienaars of -bestuurders verkry deur 'n aanlyn opname. Die opname het die onderneming se firmografiese besonderhede asook die eienaars/bestuurders se demografiese besonderhede gedek. Daarna is hul menings oor die invloed van verskeie faktore in hul sakeomgewing gevra. Die volgende is bevind: Die grootste positiewe invloede op klein, medium en mikro-onafhanklike spyseniers is die eienaars/bestuurders se vermoëns, verhoudings met verskaffers, die internet en die beheer van materiale en produksieprosesse. Die grootste uitdagings was finansiële hulpbronne, bemarkingstrategieë, aanlyn dienste, mededingers, klante se eise, die huidige stand van die ekonomie en wetlike regulasies. / Indawo eliqhubeka kuyo ishishini inamasolotya amaninzi asenokuba nefuthe elihle okanye elibi kwishishini elo. Njengoko la masolotya encedisa okanye ethintela ukuphunyezwa kweenjongo zeshishini, kubalulekile ukuba anakanwe kwaye aphandwe. Injongo yesi sifundo yayikukuphonononga amanqanaba achaphazela ukusebenza kwamashishini okupheka azimeleyo, amancinci, aphakathi namancinci kakhulu eKapa. Kule meko, kwaqwalaselwa iindawo zokusebenza ezincinci kakhulu, ezinkulu kakhulu neemarike. Kuthenjwa ukuba iziphumo zesi sifundo ziya kubanceda oosomashishini bokupheka ukuze baqaphele imibandela ebalulekileyo malunga nomsebenzi wabo, baqonde amandla, ubuthathaka kunye namathuba avelayo kolu shishino. Bangalusebenzisa olu lwazi ekuqulunqeni amacebo obulumko okuphumeza iinjongo zabo kunye nokomeleza amathuba abo okuphumelela kukhuphiswano nokwenza inzala. Kwenziwa uhlolo zimvo kusetyenziswa i-intanethi ekuqokeleleni ulwazi ngqo kubanini nabaphathi bamashishini. Olu hlolo zimvo lwaqwalasela iinkcukacha ezingundoqo zamashishini kwakunye nesibalo sabanini/abaphathi bamashishini. Emva koko, kwafunwa izimvo zabo malunga nefuthe lemiba ethile kwiindawo zabo zoshishino. Okuphambili okwafunyaniswayo koku: Okona kukhulu okuchaphazela kakuhle amashishini okupheka azimeleyo amancinci, aphakathi namancinci kakhulu ngamandla okuba nakho abanini/abaphathi, ulwalamano nabo bathengisa izixhobo zokuqhuba ishishini, i-intanethi, kunye nolawulo lweenkqubo zokuvelisa. Eyona mingeni iphambili yimithombo yemali, amacebo okubhengeza ishishini, iinkonzo zokuthenga ngeintanethi, abakhuphisani, izinyanzeliso zabaxumi, isimo sezoqoqosho esigqubayo kwakunye nemigaqo yomthetho. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Abstract in English, Southern Sotho and Xhosa / Global poverty remains one of the significant challenges of human beings in the twenty-first century, despite the United Nation’s declaration that all people have the right to education, work, health, well-being; a healthier environment and equal opportunities. The active role of business organisations is vital and necessary to tackle this challenge. One of the mechanisms that can ensure the participation of business organisations in tackling the challenges of human beings is corporate social responsibility (CSR). Accordingly, the primary purpose of the study was to explore CSR initiatives in Ethiopia, focusing on the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) of the Tigrai Regional State. More specifically, the study aimed at assessing the perceptions SME owners and managers’ perceptions of CSR regarding their economic, legal, ethical, environmental and philanthropic responsibilities. The aim was also to investigate their CSR initiatives and to analyse the driving forces of and barriers to CSR interventions. An exploratory survey research design and a mixed method approach were followed to achieve these objectives. A probability sampling technique was applied to select the 400 sample respondents. A convenient sampling technique was applied to select 15 participants for interviews. Questionnaires, key-informant interviews and secondary documents were used as a means of data collection. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, means, and standard deviations were applied to analyse the quantitative data. The qualitative data was analysed using content analysis where items were transcribed, and emergent themes were identified. The findings of this study are that the SMEs surveyed have an appreciable level of CSR initiatives. They have care and concern towards their employees; the local community and the environment. Furthermore, the SMEs relatively protect the health and safety of their employees, protect against substance abuse and harassment of employees in the workplace; strive to provide professional training to their employees, and arrange orientation programmes, to mention but a few. SMEs have energy and water measurement systems and carry out philanthropic activities that can protect the well-being of the environment, but they are weak in recycling and energy conservation and in creating environmentally friendly new products. At community level, SMEs assist sports activities, road construction, religious organisations and local government. Furthermore, they create gainful employment opportunities. However, they give minimal attention to helping the disabled, war veterans, women, education, and similar areas. The quest for image building, keeping the well-being of the environment, ethical reasons and improving customer relations and loyalty were among the prime factors that motivated SMEs to participate in CSR initiatives. However, the concerted efforts of the enterprises’ participation in CSR activities were constrained by factors such as shortage of finance, lack of skilled and educated workforce who can implement the CSR initiatives and lack of training and information about CSR. To alleviate these constraints, thereby making SMEs the major actors in CSR initiatives, interventions by government and other stakeholders such as NGOs is essential. Furthermore, SMEs should follow a culture-oriented, ethics primary, motivated and collaborative approach rather than profit-oriented CSR. / Ubuhlwempu ehlabathini busengomnye umngeni onzima eluntwini kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, nangona iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zibethelela ukuba bonke abantu banelungelo lokufumana imfundo, umsebenzi, impilo, intlalontle, okusingqongileyo okunempilo namathuba alinganayo. Indima edlalwa ngamaqumrhu orhwebo ingundoqo nesidingo esibalulekileyo ekuhlaseleni lo mngeni. Enye indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuthatha inxaxheba kwamaqumrhu ezorhwebo ekulweni imingeni yoluntu kukulandela inkqubo yoXanduva Lwamaqumrhu Eluntwini, eyaziwa ngokuba yicorporate social responsibilityokanye eshunqulelwa ngokuba yiCSR. Ngoko ke injongo ephambili yolu phando yayikukuqwalasela imizamo yeCSR kwilizwe lase-Ethiopia, kugxininiswa kumashishini amancinci naphakathi (iiSME) kwiphondo eliyiTigrai Regional State. Ngokuthe gca, uphando lwalujolise ekuvavanyeni izimvo zabanini nabaphathi beeSMEngeCSR malunga noxanduva kwezoqoqosho, ezoMthetho, iinqobo zokuziphatha, ezendalo engqongileyo nezenzo zenceba. Enye injongo yayikukufumanisa ngamalinge eCSR nokuhlalutya iimeko eziphembelela nezithibaza imizamo yeCSR. Kwaqala kwenziwa uhlolo zimvo ekutshayeleleni uphando, kwalandeliswa ngomxube weendlela zophando ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo. Isampulu yabathathi nxaxheba abangama-400 yayingabantu abakhethwe nje kungajongwanga mpawu zithile. Kwabuya kwakhethwa isampulu yabathathi nxaxheba abali-15 kubantu ababekufuphi nabafumaneka lula ukuze kuqhutywe udliwano ndlebe nabo. Kwaqokelelwa iinkcukacha zolwazi/idatha ngokusebenzisa uluhlu lwemibuzo, udliwano ndlebe nabantu abaphambili nemibhalo eseyikade ikho ngalo mbandela. Ekuhlalutyeni idatha esekelwe kumanani kwenziwa ubalo ngokucacisa amanani anika iipesenti, imindilili neyantlukwano yezibalo ezifunyenweyo nomndilili. Idatha esekelwe kwingxoxo nokuzathuza yahlalutywa ngokuphengulula iziqulatho apho kwabhalwa ulwazi, kwaza kwachongwa imixholo ethile edulayo. Olu phando lufumanise ukuba iiSME zinamalinge eCSR ancomekayo. Zibonakalisa inkathalo kubaqeshwa bazo; kubahlali bendawo nakwindalo ezingqongileyo. Ngaphezulu, iiSME ziyazama ukuyiqaphela impilo nokhuseleko lwabaqeshwa bazo, ziyabakhusela ekusebenziseni gwenxa iziyobisi nasekuphathweni gadalala emsebenzini; zizama nokuqhuba uqeqesho olusemgangathweni kubasebenzi nokucwangcisa iinkqubo zokuqhelisa abafiki emsebenzini – le yimigudu nje embalwa eyenziwa ziiSME. Ezi SME zineenkqubo zokumeta/zokulinganisela amanzi nombane kwaye zenza imisebenzi yenceba yokukhusela indalo ezingqongileyo kodwa zibuthathaka ekusebenziseni kaninzi iimveliso, ekongeni umbane nasekwenzeni iimveliso ezintsha nezingayonakalisiyo indalo engqongileyo. Ekuhlaleni, iiSME zinceda kwezemidlalo, ekwakhiweni kweendlela, kwimibutho yezenkolo naseburhulumenteni bendawo. Ngaphezulu, zidala amathuba omsebenzi aluncedo. Noxa kunjalo, aziniki ngqwalasela yaneleyo ekuncedeni amagqala emfazwe, abafazi, ezemfundo neminye imiba eyeleleyo. Ukunxanelwa ukwakha igama elihle, ukugcina indalo engqongileyo, ukuphucula intsebenziswano nokuthembeka kwabaxumi yaba zezinye izinto ezikhuthaza ukuba iiSME zithathe inxaxheba kumalinge eCSR. Noxa kunjalo, imizamo ezinikeleyo yenkampani kwimisebenzi yeCSR yayithityazwa zizinto ezifana nokunqaba kwemali, ukungabikho koqeqesho nolwazi ngeCSR, ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi abafundileyo nabanezakhono ababenokwazi ukuqhuba imisebenzi yeCSR. Ukususa le miqobo nokwenza iiSME zibe ngabadlali abaphambili kwimigudu yeCSR, kunyanzelekile ukuba urhulumente angenelele, ngokunjalo nabanye abathathi nxaxheba abafana namaqumrhu angengowaseburhulumenteni (iiNGO). Ngaphaya koko iiSME kufuneka zilandele indlela yokusebenza ethathela ingqalelo inkcubeko, iinqobo zokuziphatha, inkuthazo nentsebenziswano ngaphezu kokwenza ingeniso yeCSR. / Tlala lefatsheng e dula e le nngwe ya diphephetso tsa bohlokwa ho batho selemo-kgolong sa bomashome a mabedi a motso o le mong, ho sa natswe phatlalatso ya mokgatlo wa Matjhaba a Kopaneng wa hore batho bohle ba na le tokelo ya thuto, mosebetsi, bophelo bo botle, boiketlo; tikoloho e phetseng hantle le menyetla e lekanang. Tshebetso e matla ya mekgatlo ya kgwebo e bohlokwa mme e ya hlokeha ho sebetsana le bothata bona. E nngwe ya ditsela tse ka netefatsang bonkakarolo ba mekgatlo ya kgwebo ho lwantsheng diphephetso tsa batho ke boikarabello ba mekgatlo setjhabeng (CSR). Kahoo, morero wa sehlooho wa phuputso e ne e le ho batlisisa matsholo a CSR Ethiopia, re tsepame hodima dikgwebo tse nyane le tse mahareng (diSME) tsa Tigrai Regional State. Ka ho toba ho feta, phuputso e reretswe ho lekanya maikutlo a beng ba diSME le maikutlo a baokamedi mabapi le CSR ka boikarabello ba bona ba moruo, molao, boitshwaro, tikoloho le boikarabello ba ho thusa ba bang. Sepheo e ne boetse e le ho batlisisa matsholo a bona a CSR le ho manonna ditshumetso le dithibelo tsa matsholo a CSR. Ho latetse moralo wa kutullo wa dipatlisiso hammoho le katamelo ya mekgwa e fapaneng ho fihlella dipheo tsena. Tekgeniki ya ho etsa sampole ya monyetla e sebedisitswe ho kgetha sehlopha sa baarabi ba 400. Tekgeniki ya ho etsa sampole e bonolo e sebedisitswe ho kgetha bankakarolo ba 15 ba diinthavu. Ho sebedisitse mathathamo a dipotso, diinthavu tsa ditsebi tsa bohlokwa le ditokomane tsa bobedi jwalo ka mokgwa wa pokeletso ya tlhahisoleseding. Dipalopalo tse hlalosang tse jwalo ka diperesente, dikakaretso, le dikgeloho tse tlwaelehileng di sebedisitswe ho manolla tlhahisoleseding ya bongata. Tlhahisoleseding ya boleng e manollotswe ka tshebediso ya manollo ya dikateng moo dintho di ileng tsa ngolwa fatshe kamora kgatiso mme hwa hlwauwa ditema tse hlahellang. Diphetho tsa phuputso ena ke hore diSME tse fupuditsweng di na le boemo bo amohelehang ba matsholo a CSR. Di hlokomela le ho tsotella bahiruwa ba tsona; setjhaba sa lehae hammoho le tikolohoh. Ho feta moo, ka kakaretso diSME di sireletsa bophelo bo botle le polokeho ya basebetsi ba tsona,di sireletsa kgahlano le tlhekefetso ya dithethefatsi le tlhekefetso ya basebetsi sebakeng sa tshebetso;di sitlalletsa ho fana ka thupelo ya seporofeshenale ho basebetsi ba tsona, le ho hlophisa mananeo a tsebiso sebakeng, ho qolla tse mmallwa feela. DiSME di na le merero ya tekanyo ya matla le metsi hape di etsa mesebetsi ya ho thusa baahi e ka sireletsang boiketlo ba tikoloho, empa dia fokola ha ho tluwa ho tshebediso hape ya dintho le poloko ya matla le ho hlahiseng dihlahiswa tse ntjha tse bolokang tikoloho. Boemong ba setjhaba, diSME di thusa ditshebetsong tsa dipapadi, kahong ya ditsela, mekgatlong ya bodumedi le ho mmuso wa lehae. Ho feta moo, di fana ka menyetla ya mesebetsi ya bohlokwa. Leha ho le jwalo, ha di shebane haholo le ho thusa ba nang le bokowa, masole a kgale, basadi, thuto, le dibaka tse jwalo ka tseo. Telekiso ya ho aha seriti, ho boloka boiketlo ba tikoloho, mabaka a boitshwaro le ho ntlafatsa maqhama a bareki le botshepehi e ne le a mang a mabaka a mantlha a kgannelang diSME ho nka karolo matsholong a CSR. Empa, maiteko a matla a dikgwebo tsena a ho nka karolo mesebetsing ya CSR a ne a thibelwa ke dintlha tse ka reng ho fokola ha tjhelete, tlhokeho ya basebetsi ba nang le tsebo le thuto ba ka kenyang matsholo a CSR tshebetsong le tlhokeho ya thupelo le lesedi mabapi le CSR. Ho hlola mathata ana, e le ho etsa diSME dibapadi tsa mantlha matsholong a CSR, ho hlokeha hore mmuso le baamehi ba bang ba jwalo ka mekgatlo ya diNGO ba kene dipakeng. Hapehape, diSME di lokela ho latela katamelo ya setso, boitshwaro, tjantjello le tshebedisano ho ena le CSR e shebaneng le phaello. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / D. B. L.

Land under conservation is critical for biodiversity. South Africa has not achieved the Aichi 11 biodiversity target, which is set to allocate 17% of terrestrial land as protected areas by 2020. South Africa has, however, been an example, globally, how private conservation can fill the gap. It is essential to optimise how conservation businesses strategically plan for long-term financial and environmental sustainability taking into account complex environmental, societal, and industry variables to keep conservation areas viable under financial pressure. An inductive qualitatively driven concurrent mixed-method research design is followed and results synthesised using a systems thinking approach. The study investigates contemporary generic strategic planning frameworks such as the Porter’s five forces model but found them to have limited use in the conservation tourism industry. The critical variables conservation area managers need to include in their strategic planning are classed in five significant categories, namely environmental, societal, economic, industrial, and business variables. The research proposes a strategic planning framework which includes a strategic planning and iterative phase, taking into account the interrelatedness of the significant variables. / Grond onder bewaring is van kritieke belang vir biodiversiteit. Suid-Afrika het nie die Aichi 11-biodiversiteitsdoelwit bereik wat daarop gemik is om teen 2020 17% van die terrestriële grond as beskermde gebiede te verklaar nie. Suid-Afrika was egter wêreldwyd ’n voorbeeld van hoe privaat bewaring die leemte kan vul. Dit is noodsaaklik om die wyse waarop bewaringsondernemings strategies beplan vir langtermyn finansiële en omgewingsvolhoubaarheid te optimaliseer, met inagname van ingewikkelde omgewings-, samelewings- en nywerheidsfaktore om bewaringsareas onder finansiële druk lewensvatbaar te hou. ’n Induktiewe kwalitatief-gedrewe gelyktydige gemengde-metode navorsingsontwerp word gevolg en resultate met behulp van 'n sisteem denkebenadering gesintetiseer. Die studie ondersoek eietydse generiese strategiese beplanningsraamwerke soos Porter se vyf-kragte-model, maar het bevind dat hulle beperkte toepassing in die bewaringstoerismebedryf het. Die kritieke veranderlikes wat bewaringsgebiedbestuurders in hulle strategiese beplanning moet insluit, word in vyf belangrike kategorieë, naamlik omgewings-, samelewings-, ekonomiese-, nywerheids- en sakefaktore, ingedeel. Die navorsing stel ’n strategiese beplanningsraamwerk voor wat ’n strategiese beplannings- en iteratiewe fase insluit en van die onderlinge verband tussen die belangrike veranderlikes in ag neem. / Umhlaba ophantsi kwenkqubo yolondolozo-ndalo ufuneka kakhulu ekwandiseni ubukho beendidi-ndidi zendalo. UMzantsi Afrika awukafikeleli kwiThagethi LaseAichi Le-11 leendidi-ndidi zendalo, lokusikwa kweendawo ezifika kwi-17% yomhlaba ongengomanzi zibe ziindawo ezikhuselweyo engadlulanga u-2020. Nakuba kunjalo, uMzantsi Afrika uye wangumzekelo, kumazwe-onke, wendlela esingavalwa ngayo esi sikhewu lulondolozo lwabucala. Kuyafuneka kakhulu ukuba ziqiniswe iindlela zamashishini olondolozo-ndalo zokucwangcisa ngobulumko esenzela ukuba imali kwaneendawo-zendalo zihlale ixesha elide. Oku kuqiniswa makwenziwe ngokuthathela ingqalelo iimeko-meko ezingelula zemo-yendalo, nezentlalo-bantu, nezalo msebenzi wolondolozo, ukuze iindawo zolondolozo-ndalo zigcineke zisebenza nakumaxesha okushokoxeka kwemali. Olu phando lwenziwe ngokohlobo-phando oluyi-inductive qualitative research kunye nomxube weemethodi, zaza iziphumo zaxelwa ngokwendlela eyisystems thinking approach. Olu phando luphicothe izikhokelo zocwangciso olunobulumko eziludidi-lunye zexesha elinye, ezinjenge Porter’s five forces. Kodwa lufumanise ukuba ziyasilela kulo msebenzi wolondolozo nokhenketho. Iimeko-meko ezingundoqo ekufanele ukuba zisetyenziswe ngoomanejala beendawo zolondolozo-ndalo kwizicwangciso ezinobulumko zabo zihlelwe zaba kwizintlu ezibalulekileyo ezintlanu, ezizezi: ezeendawo-zendalo, ezentlalo-bantu, ezoqoqosho, ezalo msebenzi, nezamashishini. Olu phando ke luphakamisa isikhokelo socwangciso olunobulumko esiquka ucwangciso ngobulumko olunesigaba sophinda-phindo, nesikuthathela ingqalelo ukuphinyelana kodlelwano lwezi meko-meko zibalulekileyo. / Environmental Sciences / Ph. D. (Environmental Management)