Ma thèse cherche à capturer interactions complexes entre les effets positifs et négatifs en fouillant dans les deux relations sociales qui ont été relativement peu étudiées: les liens négatifs et les liens ambivalents au sein des équipes. Dans le premier essai, je cherche à délimiter les conflits intra-équipe dans différents modèles de liens négatifs entre les membres de l'équipe, en complétant l'approche du conflit intra-équipe qui s’est concentrée sur le contenu des conflits (p. Ex., Tâche ou conflit interpersonnel). En adoptant une approche de configuration, je présente une typologie du conflit intra-équipe qui repose sur quatre configurations prototypiques de liens négatifs: «champ de bataille», «ennemi public», «duel» et «factions rivales». Je montre comment ces configurations des liens négatifs nous aident à mieux comprendre les origines et les conséquences des conflits d'équipe et détermine également comment les liens positifs peuvent atténuer les effets négatifs de chaque type de conflit d'équipe.Le deuxième essai explique la nature des relations ambivalentes au sein des équipes. Dans cette étude, je cherche avancer la littérature sur les liens ambivalents en favorisant la compréhension des relations ambivalentes. Surtout, je clarifie une confusion commune entre les liens ambivalents et ambigus en identifiant leurs antécédents distincts au niveau individuel et dyadique. S’appuyant sur la clarification des relations ambivalentes dans le deuxième essai, le troisième essai prend l'ambivalence dans un contexte d'équipe, en introduisant le concept d'ambivalence de l'équipe. En supposant que l'ambivalence des équipes sur leurs équipes est profondément enracinée dans leur expérience de les relations dyadiques au sein de leurs équipes, je propose deux modèles de relation différents qui mènent à l'ambivalence de l'équipe: incohérence et empêchement entre liens. Sur la base de ces modèles, je propose un modèle théorique qui explore les origines et les conséquences de l'ambivalence de l'équipe. / My dissertation seeks to capture the complex interplays between positive and negative affects by delving into the two social relations that have been relatively understudied: negative ties and ambivalent ties within teams. In the first essay, I seek to delineate intra-team conflicts into different patterns of negative ties among team members, complementing the approach to intra-team conflict that has focused on the contents of conflict (e.g., task or interpersonal conflict). Taking a configural approach, I present a typology of within-team conflict that is based on four prototypical configurations of negative ties: “Battlefield,” “Public Enemy,” “Duels,” and “Rival Factions.” I demonstrate how these configurations of negative ties help us to better understand the origins and consequences of team conflict, and also delineate how positive ties could mitigate the negative effects of each team conflict type.The second essay explicates the nature of ambivalent relationships within teams. In this study, I seek to advance the literature on ambivalent ties by furthering the understanding of ambivalent relationships. In particular, I attempt to dispel a common confusion between ambivalent and ambiguous ties by identifying their distinct antecedents at the individual and dyadic level. Building on the clarification of ambivalent relationships in the second essay, the third essay takes the ambivalence to a team context, introducing the concept of “team ambivalence.” With the assumption that team members’ ambivalence about their teams is deeply rooted in their experience of dyadic relationships within their teams, I propose two different relationship patterns that lead to team ambivalence: within-tie and between-tie incongruence. Based on these patterns, I propose a theoretical model that explores the origins and consequences of team ambivalence.

As the Catholic Church continues to expand in Uganda, this thesis offers an ethnographic study of engagement with Catholicism among the laity in a relatively new, rural parish in the Teso Region of eastern Uganda. Founded in the late 1990s, the creation of a new parish in the Sub-County of Buluya has brought people into closer proximity to the Catholic Church, its priests, and its doctrines, throwing into sharp relief some of the tensions between Catholic and local moral and spiritual frameworks. Based on 17 months of ethnographic and archival fieldwork, I examine the way in which people negotiate the challenges posed by this change, as they seek to balance the need to use the tools Catholicism offers for getting on in post-colonial Uganda with desires to protect older ways of seeing the world and acting in it. My central argument is that people respond to the Church’s attempts to embed itself as an all-encompassing presence and influence in the lives of its members, by engaging in processes of limiting this presence and influence. By remoulding and realigning some of its central concepts, by resisting wholeheartedly committing to its claims to spiritual knowledge and healing potential, and by isolating its moral and behavioural directives from certain aspects of their lives, the laity in Buluya rein in the Catholic Church’s attempts to permeate and dominate all aspects of their lives. I suggest that these limits go hand in hand with the pervasive religious uncertainty that underpins people’s engagement with the Church, arguing that these limiting practices serve to maintain their religious uncertainty as doors are left open to alternative ways of engaging with their social and spiritual surroundings. In turn, the productive potential of this religious uncertainty encourages these limits to be enacted and maintained. Limiting Catholicism, in essence, enables people in Buluya to commit to it.

Diss.--Universität Saarbrücken, 1990.

No description available.

This study aims to capture how left-behind children in China experience their life with their parents’ migration and how they exercise agency to negotiate with structural and cultural contexts when living under these circumstances. The fieldwork was conducted in a middle school in a rural region of the inland province Hunan, with the data mainly being obtained from in-depth interviews with 16 focal left-behind children. An integrative theoretical framework is proposed to explain the dynamic process of living with parents’ migration by explicating the interaction between structure, culture, and agency. The research findings indicate that the left-behind children’s experiences can be conceptualised as “ambivalence” in that they incorporate simultaneous existence of opposing emotions towards their parents’ migration. Such experiences are grounded in the structural and cultural contexts associated with migration on the one hand, and on the other, provide the driving impetus for children to reproduce and/or transform their structural and cultural contexts by adopting agentic strategies either more engaged with the present or more directed towards the future. An integrated theoretical framework has been developed to capture a dynamic understanding of left-behind children, wherein ambivalence is proposed to act as a bridging concept to link agency with structure and culture. This framework challenges the univalent orientations in conceptualising agency as rational choice or resistance and emphasises the mutual sustaining relationships between culture and structure, which could contribute to the debates in the sociology of childhood field by advancing theoretical integration so as to transcend the agency/structure dichotomy. By highlighting left-behind children’s ambivalent experiences, this research further contributes to the literature that challenges the image of passive victims attributed to them, and adds to the knowledge on how to address their needs as well as to facilitate their exercising of agency, which can inform related policy and service provision.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O desenvolvimento de pesquisas recentes sobre ditaduras permitiu uma reflexão diferenciada, menos polarizada, sobre o comportamento da sociedade perante o estabelecimento de um regime de exceção. No presente trabalho, as memórias de alguns portugueses foram o objeto de análise para compreender as ambivalências, os silêncios e as oposições dos mesmos ao longo de suas vidas na vigência do salazarismo. O confronto de suas memórias com a história nos permitiu avaliar a ideia que cada um tinha sobre a instauração e permanência de uma ditadura, bem como a complexidade da relação do poder institucional com os indivíduos e de suas concepções particulares de política, justiça e bem estar social. / The development of recent research on dictatorships allowed a differentiated reflection , less polarized, about the society behavior in front of the establishment of a dictatorial regime. In this present work, the memories of some Portuguese were the subject of analysis towards to understand the ambivalence, the silences and the oppositions of them throughout their lives in the presence of Salazar period. The clash of their memories with the story allowed us to evaluate the idea that each one had on the establishment and permanence of a dictatorship, as well the complexity relationship of the institutional power with the individuals, and their particular conceptions of politics, justice and welfare state.

In recent years, scholars have called for studies that explore framing effects in the context of the real world. A growing amount of research is devoted to the question of which real-world factors enhance, limit, or obliterate framing effects. However, the important question whether framing effects vary depending on the level of attitudinal ambivalence – a prevalent psychological phenomenon that is shown to have significance influence on media effects and attitude change – has not been addressed. Based on a web-based between-subject experimental study (total N=177), this research investigates whether and how attitudinal ambivalence affects framing effects. The study shows that both the effects of the positive framed message (i.e., the message emphasizing a favorable consideration to the issue selected) and negative framed message (i.e., the message which emphasize unfavorable consideration) are affected by the level of attitudinal ambivalence. In particular, the positive framing effect is enhanced by the higher level of attitudinal ambivalence, while the negative framing effect gets weakened. These opposite results could be explained by the hypothetical mechanism of interaction, which holds that attitudinal ambivalence affects framing effects via affecting the role of predisposition in moderating framing effects. This hypothetical mechanism is supported by the experimental evidence. In addition, the theoretical and practical implications of this research will be discussed. / 近年來，不少學者均呼籲要在現實世界的情境中探索框架效應。而近年亦有越來越多的研究，專注於去探討有什麼現實世界的因素，會加強、削弱甚或是消除框架效應。然而，在這研究範疇中，還有一條重要卻尚未被處理過的問題 - 框架效應的影響，會不會因矛盾心態程度上的不同而有所變化？矛盾心態是世實世界中的一個常見心理現象。已有證據顯示，它會對其他的媒體效應、及態度轉變有來顯著的影響。 / 本文會以網上組間實驗的證據為基礎，探討矛盾心態會否及會如何影響框架效應。實驗結果顯示，矛盾心態分別影響了正面的框架化訊息 (正面訊息強調利好於事件的考慮)及反面的框架化訊息(反面訊息強調不利於事件的考慮)的影響。具體來說，矛盾心態加強了正面框架化訊息的影響，卻削弱了負面訊息的影響。這樣相反結果，可以被本文假設的相互作用機制所解釋。這機制假定，矛盾心態對框架效應的影響，是在個人回應框架訊息的過程中，通過改變個人傾向的影響力而產生的。實際的實驗結果，亦支持了這個假設的機制。 / 本文亦會探討這項研究的學術意義及實用意義。 / Lee, Po Chiu Ivan. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-223). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendixes includes Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 18, October, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

The National Education Association (NEA) has experienced negative publicity and discontent amongst its membership in recent years, thus causing some members to completely withdraw from the organization and still others to become detached. Yet some members remain completely committed. It is through examining the members' talk about identification, involvement, and loyalty that his/her level of commitment or detachment is explored. In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 NEA members at two different local affiliates in the southern region of the United States. The conversations were transcribed and served as the text for content analysis. The major identification barrier for the informants was the NEA's liberal policies, specifically when it came to homosexuality. One local was more organized and committed to the national association, thus allowing their members to be more involved at the local, state, and national levels. The major barriers to involvement were overwork and life cycle issues (i.e., spouses, children, church, social obligations). There were four major themes surrounding loyalty to the NEA: recruitment, incentives for staying, future plans, and reasons for quitting. Most of the members were recruited as student teachers because they felt they needed the liability insurance. Most of them stay for the insurance. Committed members discuss their futures in the organization; detached members do not. The predominant reason members withdraw is because they disapprove of how the NEA handled a local grievance. NEA members are most likely to converse about the organization with their family members and this is usually in defense of the organization. The committed members reported avoiding conservatives when discussing the union. Topics of conversation include goals of the NEA, complaints about the organization, and the nonunion alternative. Prior to this research, identification was often the only variable considered when studying commitment of organizational research. Involvement and loyalty were virtually ignored. This research highlights that identification and loyalty are best understood by listening to the members' talk. Involvement can be easily measured with a survey. Additionally, both the local affiliate and the members' commitment need to be considered when pondering commitment or detachment of a member.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Saarbrücken, 2001. / Bibliogr. p. 389-415. Notes bibliogr.

This dissertation builds on two recent developments in attitude research, first the distinction made between two types of attitudes, i.e., explicit (deliberate, controlled) and implicit (unconscious, automatic) attitudes, and second, that made between two types of attitude conflicts, i.e., ambivalence (conflict between strong explicit positive and negative evaluative basis of the same attitude object) and duality (conflict between explicit and implicit attitudes). It uses the context of food for both its theoretical and empirical developments because there were reasons to expect that, in Western cultures, explicit attitudes are often ambivalent (i.e. positive on taste but negative on health dimensions), but might also be dual (e.g. for restrained eaters, resulting from the motivated overriding of positive attitudes toward tempting but forbidden food). / A first study (N = 199) focuses on the differences between ambivalent and dual attitudes and the influence of these conflicts on spontaneous and deliberate behavior. Results demonstrate that holding dual and ambivalent attitudes are two different constructs, although both ambivalence and duality lead to a subjective experience of conflict. Also, attitudes are weaker when ambivalent (i.e. less accessible, less stable and held with less certainty), and duality is a moderator at high levels of ambivalence, with explicit attitudes being even less accessible but nonetheless more certain when dual. Finally, the influence of, on one hand, both implicit and explicit attitudes in driving spontaneous choice and, on the other hand, the explicit attitude in determining deliberate choice (behavioral intention as proxy) is corroborated. It also appears that the influence of the implicit attitude on spontaneous behavior is increased in presence of an attitude conflict. In a second study (N = 120), the hypothesis that the existence of dual attitudes stems from inhibitive processes is tested in the context of restrained eating, through a cognitive load manipulation. Results demonstrate that the influence of the implicit attitude on spontaneous choice is stronger for restrained eaters when cognitive capacities are impaired. The second study also highlights that implicit attitudes are stable and resistant to change despite direct experience manipulations (i.e. comparative and repeated tasting). Theoretical, methodological and practical contributions are discussed.