Thesis (D. Min.)--Colgate Rochester Divinity School, Bexley Hall, Crozer Theological Seminary, 2001. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-85).

The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics has reported workforce disparities in the representation of minority ethnic groups in leadership positions for more than 5 decades. In 2011, Executive Order 13583 initiated the Government-wide Diversity and Inclusion Strategic Plan, directing federal agencies to recruit a diverse workforce, cultivate inclusion across occupations, and develop strategies to enable leading a diverse workforce. This plan is important considering other research studies show various approaches to understanding leadership behaviors; however, empirical studies have yet to explore if there is a relationship between ethnic identity and leadership style to inform diversity and inclusion efforts. The purpose of this nonexperimental, cross-sectional, correlational study was to examine the relationship between leadership style and ethnic identity through the nigrescence model pertaining to Black identity theory. The research questions in this study explored predictive relationships between leadership style and ethnic identity in the context of gender and age. Study participants were 185 African American leaders randomly selected from 9 organizations in the federal government, historically Black colleges and universities, and private companies. Data were collected through the Cross Racial Identity Scale, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, and demographic surveys. Results of multiple regression analyses and multivariate analyses revealed significant predictive relationships amongst leadership style (transformational, transactional), ethnic identity, gender, and age (Millennial, Generation X, Baby Boomers). The increased understanding that diverse leadership styles exist across ethnic groups, gender, and generation could help to improve leader-follower relationships and promote positive social change that enables diversity and inclusion in the workplace.

<p> </p><p>The purpose of this case study was to view if there were any differences and similarities between Swedish and American female leaders, with focus on the Swedish female leaders. We also wanted to find out if the American female leaders had problem whit the classcelling.</p><p>Our case study is a quality method, because we wanted to reach the dep't that quality methods can reach. We interviewed four Swedish female leaders and tried to get in touch whit American female leaders but whit out any success. So instead we analyzed already existing research about the American female leadership. </p><p>Our result showed that there were some differences between the two countries; in the same time we also found similarities. The classcelling tends to exist more in Sweden than in the US. </p><p> </p><p> </p>

The purpose of this case study was to view if there were any differences and similarities between Swedish and American female leaders, with focus on the Swedish female leaders. We also wanted to find out if the American female leaders had problem whit the classcelling. Our case study is a quality method, because we wanted to reach the dep't that quality methods can reach. We interviewed four Swedish female leaders and tried to get in touch whit American female leaders but whit out any success. So instead we analyzed already existing research about the American female leadership.  Our result showed that there were some differences between the two countries; in the same time we also found similarities. The classcelling tends to exist more in Sweden than in the US.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Westminster Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 328-332).

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Revisionsbranschen präglas idag av en hög personalomsättning som leder till stora kostnader för företagen. Studier har visat att många nyanställda väljer att lämna branschen efter tre år på grund av orimliga krav på övertid, obefintlig balans mellan arbete och fritid samt en låg ingångslön. Idag kännetecknas revisionsbranschen av en tydlig hierarki som kan liknas vid ett amerikanskt och därmed ett uppgiftsbaserat ledarskap. Uppgiftsbaserat ledarskap innebär mindre fokus på deltagande och engagemang, till skillnad från skandinaviskt- och relationsbaserat ledarskap, där beslut tas gemensamt med en horisontell organisationsstruktur. Den yngre generationen efterfrågar flexibilitet, balans mellan arbete och fritid samt god företagskultur. Idag präglas revisionsbranschen av ett amerikansk- och uppgiftsbaserat ledarskap, medan den yngre generationen efterfrågar ett mer skandinaviskt- och relationsbaserat ledarskap. Därmed utgör studiens syfte att undersöka om företag inom revisionsbranschen anpassar sitt ledarskap till kommande generationer samt att ta reda på hur ledarskapet förändrats de senaste 10 åren. En kvalitativ studie har genomförts hos tre av fyra företag inom Big Four, där intervjuerna har haft ett medarbetarperspektiv såväl som ett ledarperspektiv för att få en djupare förståelse. Studiens resultat visar att revisionsbranschen utvecklats mot ett mer skandinaviskt- och relationsbaserat ledarskap där intervjupersonerna anger att det förr var mycket större prestationsfokus som kan likställas med ett amerikanskt- och uppgiftsbaserat ledarskap. Studien visar att dagens ledarskap har ett större fokus på relationer och delaktighet vilket tyder på att samtliga byråer har utvecklats mot ett mer relationsbaserat ledarskap. Medverkande företag använder strategier för att anpassa ledarskapet till den yngre generationen som exempelvis flexibla arbetstider, skapa förutsättningar för att balansera arbete och fritid, eliminera enklare arbetsuppgifter samt erbjuda sociala aktiviteter. / The auditing industry is characterized by high staff turnover, which leads to massivecostsfor the companies. Previous studies show that many choose to leave the industry after threeyears because of the high pressure of overtime, the lack of balance between work and leisure and low entrance salary. The auditing industry has a clear hierarchy that can be equatedwith an American and task-oriented leadership. Task-oriented leadership includeless participation and commitment than the Scandinavian relationship-based leadership,where decisions are taken in common and is characterized by a horizontal organizational structure. Theyounger generations now demandflexibility, balance between work and leisure and an open working climate. The auditing industry is characterized by an American task-oriented style while the youngergenerationsis demanding a leadership more similar to the Scandinavian relationship-oriented leadership. The purpose of this study wasto investigate whether companies in the auditing industry adapt their leadership to the future generationsand to examinehow the leadership has changed over the past 10 years. A qualitative study has been conducted in three out of four companies within the Big Four. Interviews have been conductedwithan employee perspective as well as a leadership perspective in order to gainadeeper understanding. The result of the study shows that the auditing industry hasdeveloped towards a more relationship-based leadership style and all interviewees stated that the industry previously was more focused on results which can be equated with a task-based and an American leadership style. Today’s leadership focuses on participation and joint decision-making. Leadership in all studied agencieshas evolvedtowards a mote relationship-based leadership from a task-based leadership. Strategies for adapting leadership towards the youngergenerationsinvolve for example,offering flexible working hours, creating conditions for balancing work and spare time, eliminating simple working tasks to be able to offer more complicated working tasks and social activities.

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