Ligand-observed NMR spectroscopy is frequently employed in early-stage drug discovery, often as an initial screen to narrow the field of potential drug-like molecules. However, its use is limited to this early stage. More information regarding binding mode can be extracted from these experiments via quantification, and this should help extend the remit of these experiments beyond simple screening functions. Initially, it was shown that the amount of signal that could be produced from an STD NMR experiment could be dramatically increased by careful consideration of the selective saturation pulse. By systematically shortening the Gaussian pulse and positioning it at specific offset positions, it was shown that these dramatic increases in signal are genuine and need not result in false positives. Quantitative STD NMR spectroscopy as applied to Hsp90 and a series of small fragment ligands provided evidence to suggest that the precise inter-atomic distances between a protein and ligand within a crystal structure correlate with both initial rates of STD build up, and T1-adjusted STD values. This precise correlation has implications for chemotype clustering and initial binding mode selection, something which should be useful in the absence of a crystal structure. Taking the same quantitative principles and applying to LOGSY experiments elucidated another, discrete property of protein-ligand binding. Examining the ‘LOGSY difference’ signal for protons of a ligand allows us to see what protons are in close proximity to conserved, bound water at the protein-ligand binding interface. This is fundamentally different to the information gained from STD experiments. Applying the insights to a protein of a different nature, Ras, it was shown that quantitative STD can be applied to proteins of both different size and structure. Furthermore, more evidence was acquired to suggest that conserved, bound water in the binding site really is responsible for generating LOGSY signal. In the absence of these molecules, as in Ras, proximity of a proton to an exchangeable tends to dominate. In addition we were able to show that these quantitative methods can be used together to help eliminate incorrect computationally generated docking poses. The work presented in this thesis provides evidence for the advantages of STD and LOGSY NMR spectroscopy in fragment-based drug discovery. The information that can be extracted from relatively simple ligand-observed NMR experiments should be used to provide more evidence at an earlier stage of the drug discovery process, hopefully reducing late-stage attrition and helping us get to the therapeutic drug molecules we need a little more quickly.

Six topics are presented, relevant to agricultural research on two horticultural varieties of Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl. Chapter 1, “Review of the economic and ethno-botany of the genera of the family Nyctaginaceae," includes a summary of literature on the topics included in the title, and an original taxonomic update of plant names used correctly and incorrectly as synonyms for Mirabilis jalapa, the type name for the plant family Nyctaginaceae. M. jalapa has been substituted for medicinal jalap from Mexico. Names in the Convolvulaceae for medicinal Jalap are also updated here, as they show the origin of many names which have been incorrectly used as synonyms in the Mirabilis literature. Chapter 2, “History of Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl.; Growth and use in the Andes,” is also a literature review, incorporating information from several documents and papers which have only recently become readily available internationally via the Internet. These documents were translated into English for this chapter. Research in Chapter 3, “Field trials of Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl. grown in North America; Growth, yield and quality traits,” showed that M. expansa horticultural varieties 'L' and 'T' are tolerant to the intense weather conditions of southern Illinois, when grown on constructed sand plots. In Chapter 4, “Amino Acid profiles for two horticultural varieties of Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl.: A rare indigenous Andean crop grown in southern Illinois,” M. expansa was examined for its amino acid values and those values considered in terms of differnces between the two varieties and above and below ground structures. In addition, soil amendments peat and steer manure, considered alone and together, as well as structure and variety, were examined for their effect on production of amino acids in ANOVAs and Tukey-adjusted LS-Means run in SAS 9.3. In Chapter 5, “Nutrients, Comparison of Amino Acid Profiles, and Cytotoxicity Testing for Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl.,” the amino acid profiles for M. expansa from the previous chapter are compared to profiles for other crops, eggs and milk. M. expansa is shown relatively to contain extremely high amounts of total protein. In addition published values for other nutrients for M. expansa taken from translated material are combined into two tables. Also, a cytotoxicity assay carried out in collaboration with researchers at Ohio State University was used to see if the southern Illinois M. expansa material was active against highly sensitive HT-29 colon cancer cells. Negative results from that assay serves as preliminary data for a lack of toxicity due to micro-molecules in the crop. Chapter 6, “Inexpensive nitrogen chambers for conservation of herbarium specimens,” was an outgrowth of the need to find a chemically benign manner for storing herbarium specimens of Mirabilis, used in research which led to the work described in the previous chapters. The results show that valved oxygen barrier bags, designed for clothing storage, with a small number of oxygen absorbers, can retain conditions for sufficient periods to treat specimens for pests. This allows the bags to be used as inexpensive nitrogen chambers, to treat herbarium specimens in place of expensive nitrogen systems or freezers, and without the toxic chemicals historically used in herbaria for the same purpose.

Hydroxyproline (Hyp), a non-proteinogenic amino acid is a component of the organic material in bone. It has been used for 14C-dating of bone and the measurement of Hyp could be used as a biomarker in bone metabolism. Hydroxyproline is a component of collagen, the main structural protein in bone. The analyses of 14C in collagen and Hyp in human bones may provide timing information about bone processes and diseases, such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. The analysis of Hyp in bones (e.g., the determination of Hyp content) primarily relies on a spectrometric technique, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and the determination of 14C content requires accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Moreover, to obtain these materials from bone requires the successful extraction of collagen and thr separation of Hyp from the collagen. This study aims at comparing methods for extracting collagen from bone, which do not destroy the Hyp. These methods include the use of either NaOH, KOH or HCl in one stage of the extraction process and separating sufficient Hyp for 14C analysis. This will provide information to determine whether Hyp can be used as a biomarker for bone diseases like osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. A preliminary 14C AMS analysis on collagen extracted by the NaOH method was carried out on human bones previously analyzed for forensic purposes. This demonstrated the ability of this technique to provide recent (post 1950) timing information. The collagen extractions by three different methods were first conducted on modern chicken bone, and the results showed that KOH method is the best bone collagen extraction method, yielding a largest quantity of Hyp. The KOH method was then employed to extract collagen from cow bone as a test of a more human-like (mammalian) material. As this was successful, collagen was extracted from diseased human bone fragments, obtained from the Ottawa Hospital. The data revealed that Hyp was successfully obtained from these bones. The study demonstrates that the extraction as well as the separation methods (preparative HPLC) can provide sufficient Hyp from bones for 14C AMS analysis. This will lead to future studies of Hyp in bone turnover, which may lead to its use as a novel biomarker for bone diseases such as osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.

Submitted by MICHELE BERNARDINO DE LIMA null (michele_bernardino@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-16T15:00:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Michele_Bernardino_de _Lima.pdf: 1682251 bytes, checksum: febd0010dceb761ccc4f0391786d0513 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-17T13:36:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_mb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1682251 bytes, checksum: febd0010dceb761ccc4f0391786d0513 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T13:36:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_mb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1682251 bytes, checksum: febd0010dceb761ccc4f0391786d0513 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa: 1) determinar as exigências de mantença de valina (Val), isoleucina (Ile) e triptofano (Trp) digestível utilizando diferentes sistemas de unidade; 2) avaliar as respostas de aves reprodutoras pesadas para diferentes ingestões de Val, Ile e Trp, determinar a eficiência de utilização e desenvolver um modelo fatorial; 3) calcular a ingestão ótima econômica de Val, Ile e Trp para aves reprodutoras pesadas utilizando o Modelo de Reading; 4) determinar as exigências de arginina digestível para manutenção utilizando diferentes sistemas de unidades; avaliar as respostas de aves reprodutoras pesadas para diferentes ingestões de arginina, estimar os parâmetros do Modelo de Reading pelo método da simulação e equação para aves reprodutoras pesadas e calcular a ingestão ótima econômica de arginina, considerando a relação entre custo-benefício e a variabilidade da população. Para o objetivo 1 foram realizados três ensaios utilizando 144 galos Cobb 500. A exigência de mantença foi obtida pela relação entre a ingestão do aminoácido e o nitrogênio retido. Os diferentes sistemas de unidade foram: mg/kg de peso corporal, mg/kg de peso metabólico e mg/kg de peso proteico. Para o objetivo 2 foram realizados três ensaios utilizando 192 aves reprodutoras pesadas. Os dados obtidos foram ingestão do aminoácido (IAA), peso corporal (PC) e massa de ovo (MO). O modelo modificado para calcular as exigências dos aminoácidos foi: IAA=[AAm×(PC×0,196)0,73]+[(Novo×MO×AAovo)/k], onde AAm é o aminoácido para mantença, Novo é o nitrogênio do ovo, AAovo é o aminoácido do ovo e k é a eficiência de utilização. Para o objetivo 3 utilizou-se os dados de AAI, MO e PC do objetivo 2 que foram ajustados pelo modelo de Reading. Para determinar as exigências dos aminoácidos pelo método da simulação foram utilizados 10.000 aves. Para o objetivo 4 foram realizados dois ensaios, o primeiro utilizando 42 galos Ross e o segundo utilizando 64 aves reprodutoras pesadas Ross. Os procedimentos utilizados foram semelhantes aos objetivos 1, 2 e 3. As conclusões obtidas foram: A exigência de manutenção é mais adequadamente expressa como teor de proteína corporal. A predição do modelo foi melhorado utilizando os coeficientes estimados com unidades fisiologicamente relevantes. O modelo de Reading pode ser utilizado para estimar as ingestões ótimas de aminoácidos para galinhas sob diferentes cenários genéticos e econômico e, dependendo dos ingredientes disponíveis e seus preços, o custo de cada um dos aminoácidos pode variar. / The objective of this research were: 1) determine the requirements for maintenance of valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile) and tryptophan (Trp) digestible using different unit systems; 2) evaluate the responses of broiler breeder hens to different intakes of Val, Ile and Trp, determine the efficiency of utilization and develop a factorial model; 3) calculate the economic optimum intake of Val, Ile and Trp for broiler breeder hens using the Reading Model; 4) determine the digestible arginine requirements for maintenance using different unit systems; evaluate the responses of broiler breeder hens to different intakes of arginine, estimate the parameters of the Reading Model by the method of simulation and equation for broiler breeder hens and calculate the economic optimum intake of arginine, considering the relationship between costbenefit and flock variability. For the objective 1 were conducted three trials using 144 Cobb 500 roosters. The requirement for maintenance was obtained by the relationship between amino acid intake and nitrogen retention. The different unit systems were: mg/kg of body weight, mg/kg of metabolic weight (BW0.75) and metabolic protein weight at maturity (BPm 0.73×u).For the objective 2 were conducted three trials using 192 Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens. The data obtained were: amino acid intake (AAI), body weight (BW) and the egg output (EO). The modified model to calculate the requirements of amino acids was: AAI=[AAm ×(BW×0.196)0.73]+[(Negg×EO×AAegg)/k] where AAm is the amino acid for maintenance, Negg is nitrogen egg, AAegg amino acid in egg, k is efficiency of utilization. For the objective 3 was used the AAI, EO and BW data from objective 2 that were adjusted by Reading Model. To determine the requirements of amino acids by the simulation method were used 10,000 birds. For objective 4 were conducted two trials, the first using 42 Ross roosters and the second trial using 64 Ross broiler breeder hens. The procedures used were similar to the objectives 1, 2 and 3. The conclusions obtained were: The maintenance requirement is more appropriately expressed as body protein content. The prediction of the model was improved using the coefficients estimated here with physiologically relevant units. The Reading Model could be used to estimate the optimum amino acid intakes for hens under different genetic and economic scenarios and depending on the ingredients available and their prices, the cost of each amino acid will vary. / FAPESP: 2013/13957-1

Electrocatalytic reduction and oxidation of nitrite using cobalt phthalocyanine derivatives was studied. The detection limit of 1 x 10⁻¹° mol dm⁻³ was achieved when these molecules were employed as catalysts for nitrite detection. The mechanisms for nitrite catalysis were proposed. The position of the peripheral substituents on cobalt porphyrazines (related to cobalt phthalocyanines) affected the catalytic activity of these complexes. The highest activity for nitrite reduction was observed on the cobalt(II) 2,3-tetramethyltetrapyridinoporphyrazine ([CoTm-2,3-tppa]⁴⁺), with cobalt phthalocyanine showing the lowest activity, and the cobalt(II) 3,4- tetramethyltetrapyridinoporphyrazine ([CoTm-3,4-tppa]⁴⁺), showing intermediate behaviour. A mixture of a negatively charged cobalt(II) tetrasulfophthalocyanine ([Co¹¹TSPc]⁴⁻) and a positively charged [CoTm-3,4-tppa]⁴⁺ showed better activity for nitrite reduction than did the individual components. Cobalt porphyrazines lowered the potentials for nitrite reduction in that peaking was observed, as opposed to cobalt phthalocyanine, where only the increase in currents was observed without peaking. Using the cobalt phthalocyanine derivatives, nitrite can be reduced to ammonia with high current efficiency. A glassy carbon electrode modified with [Co¹¹TSPc]⁴⁻ was employed for the determination of nitrite. Nitrate had an insignificant effect on nitrite oxidation on these modified electrodes. Electrocatalytic determination of S0₂ was studied as a function of pH at a glassy carbon electrode modified with iron(II) tetrasulfophthalocaynine. It was found that depending on pH, S0₂.xH₂0, HS0₃⁻ and/or SO₃²⁻ are the main compounds in solution and that these compounds behave differently at the electrode surface. Detection limits ranging from 4.0 ± 0.1 x 10⁻⁵ to 7.5 ± 0.1 x 10⁻⁵ mol dm⁻³ depending on pH were observed. Similar results were obtained when cobalt(II) tetrasulfophthalocaynine was employed for S0₂ catalysis under the same experimental conditions. Cysteine and histidine determination using oxidation currents was performed on glassy carbon electrodes modified with [CoTm-3,4-tppa]⁴⁺ (represented as [CoTm-3,4-tppa]⁴⁺-GCE) in pH 7 Tris buffer. The detection limit of 1.0 x 10⁻⁵ mol dm⁻³ for cysteine and 2.24 x 10⁻⁷ mol dm⁻³ for histidine were obtained. Cyanide can be detected down to 1 x 10⁻¹¹ mol dm⁻³ using [CoTm-3,4-tppa]⁴⁺-GCE in pH 10.8 buffer. Cyanide and S0₂ coordinate to the [CoTSPc]⁴⁻ species. The coordination is accompanied by oxidation of the central Co(II) metal, forming a [Co¹¹¹CoTSPc]³⁻ species. The rate constants for cyanide coordination to the [Co¹¹TSPc]⁴⁻ complex are larger than those reported for the coordination of cyanide to FePc and RuPc complexes in non-aqueous media. Autoreduction of [Co¹¹Tmtppa]⁴⁺ occurred in the presence of either histidine or cysteine, with the formation of metal reduced species, [Co¹Tmtppa(-2)]³⁺. Nitric oxide and nitrite coordinate to the [Co¹¹Tmtppa]⁴⁺ species, without auto-reduction of this species, which was observed for cysteine or histidine. The use of [Co¹¹TSPc]⁴ resulted in improved rate of interaction with nitrite when compared to the [Co¹¹Tmtppa]⁴⁺ species.

Master of Science / Animal Sciences and Industry / Evan C. Titgemeyer / Six ruminally-cannulated Holstein steers (202 ± 15 kg) were used to study the effects of ruminal ammonia loading on whole-body lysine utilization. Steers were housed in metabolism crates and used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. All steers received 2.52 kg of DM/d of a diet (10.1% CP) containing 82% soybean hulls, 8% wheat straw, 5% cane molasses, and 5% vitamins and minerals. Ten g/d of urea was infused continuously into the rumen of all steers to ensure adequate ruminal ammonia concentrations; concurrently, steers were ruminally infused continuously with 200 g/d acetic acid, 200 g/d propionic acid, and 50 g/d of butyric acid and abomasally infused with 300 g/d of glucose continuously to increase energy supply without increasing microbial protein supply. Steers were also abomasally infused continuously with an excess of all essential amino acids except lysine to ensure that lysine was the only limiting amino acid. Treatments were arranged as a 3 × 2 factorial with 3 additional levels of urea (0, 40, or 80 g/d) continuously infused ruminally to induce ammonia loading and 2 levels of lysine (0 or 6 g/d) continuously infused abomasally. Treatments did not affect fecal N output (P = 0.37). Lysine supplementation decreased (P < 0.01) urinary N excretion from 51.9 g/d to 44.3 g/d, increased (P < 0.01) retained N from 24.4 to 33.3 g/d, and tended (P = 0.09) to reduce plasma urea-N. Urea infusions linearly increased retained N (26.7, 28.8, and 31.1 g/d; P = 0.05) and also linearly increased (P < 0.01) urinary N excretion (31.8, 48.1, and 64.4 g/d), urinary urea (21.9, 37.7, and 54.3 g/d), urinary ammonia (1.1, 1.4, and 1.9 g/d), and plasma urea (2.7, 4.0, and 5.1 mM) for 0, 40, and 80 g urea/d, respectively. Assuming that retained protein is 6.25 × retained N and contains 6.4% lysine, the incremental efficiencies of infused lysine utilization were 51, 59, and 69% for steers receiving 0, 40, and 80 g/d of urea, respectively, suggesting that the ruminal ammonia loads might improve the efficiency of lysine utilization; this is supported by the observed increases in whole-body protein deposition in response to ammonia loading of our steers that were, by design, lysine deficient.

Orientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Coorientador: Edney Pereira da Silva / Banca: Sandra Regina Freitas Pinheiro / Banca: Nelson José Peruzzi / Banca: Simara Márcia Marcato / Banca: Nayara Tavares Ferreira / Resumo: Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa determinar as respostas de codornas japonesas e a elaboração de modelos matemáticos para determinar o nível ótimo dessas aves à ingestão de lisina, metionina+cistina, treonina e triptofano com base no modelo fatorial. Foram realizados quatro ensaios experimentais, utilizando 392 codornas japonesas no pico de postura em cada ensaio. Os ensaios foram delineados inteiramente ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e sete repetições compostas por sete aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de níveis crescentes de cada aminoácido teste. Os níveis propostos de lisina variaram de 0,402 a 1,409%, met+cis de 0,347a 1,155%, treonina de 0,254 a 0,845% e triptofano de 0,089 a 0,296% dos aminoácidos teste. Esses níveis foram estabelecidos para compreender todas as exigências (mantença, resposta e estabilidade ou platô de resposta). Para cada aminoácido foi estudado um nível controle com objetivo de confirmar a limitação do respectivo aminoácido teste. O período experimental foi de sete semanas, sendo três de adaptação e as outras quatro para elaboração do modelo fatorial. Nesse período foram acompanhados o consumo de ração, a produção de ovos, o peso de ovos e o peso corporal. As variáveis estudadas foram, consumo de ração (g), consumo do aminoácido teste (g/ave/dia), peso médio do ovo (g), massa de ovos (g) e peso das aves (g). As respostas de produção foram ajustadas pelo modelo broken line e modelo fatorial para fracionar as exigências em mantença e produção de ovos, b... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this research was to determine the responses to Japanese quails and the elaboration of mathematical models for the determination of the levels of lysine, threonine, tryptophan and methionine + cystine water intake. Four experimental trials were carried out using 392 Japanese quails Posture peak in each test. The trials were designed entirely at random, with seven treatments and seven replicates composed of seven birds. Treatments consisted of increasing levels of each amino acid test. Proposed lysine levels ranged from 0.402 to 1.409%, met + cis from 0.347 to 1.155%, threonine from 0.254 to 0.845% and tryptophan from 0.089 to 0.296% of the test amino acids. These levels were established to understand all requirements (maintenance, response and stability or response plateau). For each amino acid a control level was studied in order to confirm the limitation of the respective amino acid test. The experimental period was seven weeks, three of them being adapted and the other four for elaboration of the factorial model. In this period, the consumption of feed, egg production, egg weight and body weight were monitored. The variables studied were feed intake (g), test amino acid consumption (g / bird / day), mean egg weight (g), egg mass (g) and bird weight (g). The production responses were adjusted by the broken line model and factorial model to fractionate the maintenance and egg production requirements, as well as to calculate the level to optimize the egg mass of the population. In addition, the amino acid requirements of the Reading Model were estimated. The broken line model estimated the maximum response for egg mass of 9.67; 9.31; 9.49 and 10.37 g / d for Lys, Thr, Met + Cys and Trp, respectively. The values of m determined by the monomolecular function were 156, 64, 176 and 47 mg / Bwkg0.75 per day... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-08-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:31:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_gm_me_rcla.pdf: 243960 bytes, checksum: a79bd4d2995d8e646a1a343bffbaba1d (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Neste trabalho estudou-se a queratinase produzida por uma cepa de Streptomyces sp LMI-1 isolada de uma fábrica de processamento de aves domésticas. A enzima degradou 87% das penas após 120h de cultivo. Ela foi estimulada por íons Ba+2 e inibida por Ca+2, Mn+2, EDTA e Hg+. O pH ótimo de atividade da enzima foi 8,5 e a temperatura de maior atividade foi 60oC. A enzima é estável por até 2h em 50oC. Na análise do caldo de cultura detectou-se a presença dos aminoácidos serina, metionina, prolina, tirosina e leucina logo após 72h de cultivo. A enzima apresenta potencial para utilização industrial na produção de ração animal. / In the present work was studied keratinase produced by Streptomyces sp LMI-1 isolated of an industrial plant of poultry processing when cultived with feathers as a carbon source. The enzyme degraded 87% of feathers after 120 hours. The enzyme was stimulated by Ba+2 and inhibited by Ca+2, Mn+2, EDTA and Hg+. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme was 8,5 and 60oC, respectively. The enzyme was stable after 2 hours at 50oC. The culture broth analysis by thin layer chromatogram showed presence of amino acids serine, methionine, proline, tyrosine and leucine after 72 hours of incubation. The enzyme presents potential for industrial use in the production of animal feed preparation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 venturini_ks_me_jabo.pdf: 745934 bytes, checksum: 1fe3bdca04c6feb5d07d43cf26fdaece (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O experimento teve por objetivo estimar exigências em lisina digestível para poedeiras utilizando a metodologia dose-resposta e fatorial (modelo de “Reading”). Foram utilizadas 384 aves da linhagem Dekalb White. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, constituído de oito tratamentos, seis repetições, com oito aves por unidade experimental. As respostas para produção, massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por massa e dúzia de ovos foram ajustadas de acordo com o consumo de lisina pelos modelos broken line e polinomial quadrático por cada período experimental (28 dias). A partir das resposta de lisina para os coeficientes de massa de ovos e peso corporal, foi proposto modelos fatoriais para cada período experimental. Para avaliar a aplicabilidade dos modelos foi gerada uma simulação aleatória com 5000 individuos. A exigência estimada de lisina de acordo com a combinação do modelo broken line e quadrático para massa de ovos, no primeiro (33-36 semanas), segundo (37-40 semanas), terceiro (41-44 semanas) e quarto (45-48 semanas) período foram respectivamente, 632; 718; 699 e 684 mg/ave/dia. Enquanto na conversão alimentar por massa de ovos estimou-se 606; 552; 594 e 577 mg/ave/dia para o primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto período respectivamente. A conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos forneceu a estimativa de consumo de lisina de 575; 577; 590 e 564 mg/ave/dia, respectivamente para o primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto período experimental. As estimativas médias de lisina encontradas pelo modelo de “Reading” para o primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto período foram respectivamente 495; 598; 565 e 575 mg/ave/dia. O nível ótimo econômico para o primeiro, segundo, terceiro e quarto período, respectivamente foi de 590, 778, 601 e 715 mg/ave/dia / The experiment aimed at estimating lysine requirements for laying hens using the methodology and factorial dose-response model (Reading). 384 birds were used Dekalb strain of White. The design was completely randomized, consisting of eight treatments, six replicates of eight birds each. The answers to production, egg mass, feed conversion per dozen eggs and mass were adjusted according to the consumption of lysine by the broken line model and quadratic polynomial for each experimental period (28 days). From the response of lysine to the coefficients of egg mass and body weight, was proposed factor models for each trial. To evaluate the applicability of a simulation model was generated with 5000 random individuals. The estimated lysine requirement according to the combination of the broken line and quadratic model for egg mass in the first (33-36 weeks), second (37-40 weeks), third (41-44 weeks) and fourth (45 - 48 weeks) period were respectively 632, 718, 699 and 684 mg / bird / day. While feed conversion per egg mass was estimated 606, 552, 594 and 577 mg/bird/day for the first, second, third and fourth quarter respectively. Feed per dozen eggs provided the estimate of lysine intake of 575, 577, 590 and 564 mg/bird/day, respectively for first, second, third and fourth trial. The average estimates of lysine found by the model of Reading for the first, second, third and fourth period were respectively 495, 598, 565 and 575 mg/bird/day. The economic optimum level for the first, second, third and fourth period, respectively was 590, 778, 601 and 715 mg/bird/day

Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T13:40:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-03-16. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-09-27T13:45:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000138628.pdf: 266981 bytes, checksum: d979db534002ad48181ade2cf78ded65 (MD5) / Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a composição em aminoácidos de vários tipos de silagens produzidas a partir de três matérias-primas, oriundas do descarte da comercialização de peixes marinhos, de água doce; e resíduos da filetagem de tilápias. As silagens foram produzidas por dois processos: por digestão ácida (com 2% de ácido fórmico e 2% de ácido sulfúrico) e por fermentação anaeróbica (com 5% de Lactobacillus plantarum e 15% de melaço de cana). Após um período de estocagem, de 30 a 45 dias, as silagens foram secas conjuntamente com dois subprodutos agrícolas, farelo de soja (protéico) ou quirera de arroz (energético), originando, dessa forma, 12 produtos secos. Foram realizadas análises do teor protéico e do perfil de aminoácidos das matérias primas, das silagens e das silagens co-secas. Observou-se que os descartes da comercialização de peixes marinhos apresentaram maiores teores de proteína bruta (77,67%) que os de água doce (49,62%) e os resíduos da filetagem de tilápia (42,99%). Quanto aos aminoácidos essenciais, em relação ao padrão da FAO, observou-se que todos os produtos de silagens e silagens co-secas apresentaram deficiência em, no máximo três aminoácidos para cada produto. No entanto, considerando-se como aminoácidos limitantes apenas os que estiverem 30% abaixo das exigências mínimas dos peixes em geral, esses produtos não foram deficientes em aminoácidos essenciais, mostrando que todos foram potencialmente viáveis para a utilização em dietas balanceadas para peixes / Three types of raw materials (commercial waste from salt water (SW) and freshwater fish (FW); and tilapia filleting residue) were used to produce fish silage by acid digestion (2% formic acid and 2% sulfuric acid), and anaerobic fermentation, (5% of Lactobacillus plantarum and 15% sugar cane molasses). Six test diets were prepared for digestibility trials as follows: 70% reference diet and 30% silage. These diets were fed to juvenile pacu (146 g average weight) in triplicate. Fish were kept in 500-l tanks and feces collected by manual extrusion. It was observed for both processes that saltwater fish waste always presented the highest moisture content and lowest fat and ash. Highest crude protein levels were displayed in silages from commercial fish waste (SW and FW), made from whole fish unfit for human consumption. However, apparent digestibility coefficients did not vary among diets (P>0.05). Although values did not differ statistically, fermented silage consistently displayed higher digestibility coefficients compared to acid silage. The silages exhibited good protein digestibility (72,5 - 80,0%), thus suggesting the feasibility of using fish industry by-products in aquaculture feeds