First-person games often support the player’s gradual accretion of knowledge of the game’s rules during gameplay. They thus focus on challenging and developing performative skills, which in turn supports the player in attaining feelings of achievement and skills mastery. However, an alternative disruptive game design approach is proposed as an approach that encourages players to engage in higher-order thinking, in addition to performative challenges. This requires players to cognitively engage with the game at a deeper level. This stems from the player’s expectations of game rules and behaviours being disrupted, rather than supported, requiring players to learn and re-learn the game rules as they play. This disruptive approach to design aims to support players in satiating their needs for not only achievement and mastery at a performative level but also, their needs for problem-solving and creativity. Utilising a Research through Design methodology, a model of game space proposes different stages of a game’s creation, from conceptualisation through to the final player experience. The Ludic Action Model (LAM), developed from existing game studies and cognitive psychological theory, affords an understanding of how the player forms expectations in the game as played. A conceptual framework of game components is then constructed and mapped to the Ludic Action Model, providing a basis for understanding how different components of a game interact with and influence the player’s cognitive and motor processes. The Ludic Action Model and the conceptual framework of game components are used to construct the Disruptive Game Feature Design and Development (DisDev) model, created as a design tool for ‘disruptive’ games. The disruptive game design approach is then applied to the design, development, and publication of a commercial game, Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs (The Chinese Room, 2013). This application demonstrated the suitability of the design approach, and the proposed models, for establishing disruptive game features in the game as designed, developing those features in the game as created, to the final resolution in the game as published, which the player will then experience in the game as played. A phenomenological template analysis of online player discussions of the game shows that players tend to evaluate their personal game as played (i.e. their personal play experience) in relation to their a priori game as expected (i.e. the experience that they expected the game to provide). Players reported their play experiences in ways that suggested they had experienced cognitive engagement and higher-order thinking. However, player attitudes towards this type of play experience were highly polarised and seemingly dependent on the correspondence between actual and expected play experiences. The discussion also showed that different methods of disruption have a variable effect on the player experience depending on the primacy of the game feature being disrupted. Primary features are more effectively disrupted when the game’s responses to established player actions are subsequently altered. Secondary game features, only present in some sections, are most effectively disrupted when their initially contextualised behaviour is subsequently altered, or recontextualised. In addition, story-based feature disruption is most effected when the initial encoding stage is ambiguous, thus disrupting players’ attempts to form an initial understanding of them. However, these different methods of disruption may be most effective when used in conjunction with each other.

Replicated systems are a kind of distributed systems whose main goal is to ensure that computer systems are highly available, fault tolerant and provide high performance. One of the last trends in replication techniques managed by replication protocols, make use of Group Communication Sys- tem, and more specifically of the communication primitive atomic broadcast for developing more eficient replication protocols. An important aspect in these systems consists in how they manage the disconnection of nodes {which degrades their service{ and the connec- tion/reconnection of nodes for maintaining their original support. This task is delegated in replicated systems to recovery protocols. How it works de- pends specially on the failure model adopted. A model commonly used for systems managing large state is the crash-recovery with partial amnesia be- cause it implies short recovery periods. But, assuming it implies arising several problems. Most of them have been already solved in the literature: view management, abort of local transactions started in crashed nodes { when referring to transactional environments{ or for example the reinclu- sion of new nodes to the replicated system. Anyway, there is one problem related to the assumption of this second failure model that has not been completely considered: the amnesia phenomenon. Phenomenon that can lead to inconsistencies if it is not correctly managed. This work presents this inconsistency problem due to the amnesia and formalizes it, de ning the properties that must be ful lled for avoiding it and de ning possible solutions. Besides, it also presents and formalizes an inconsistency problem {due to the amnesia{ which appears under a speci c sequence of events allowed by the majority partition progress condition that will imply to stop the system, proposing the properties for overcoming it and proposing di erent solutions. As a consequence it proposes a new majority partition progress condition. In the sequel there is de / De Juan Marín, R. (2008). Crash recovery with partial amnesia failure model issues [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/3302 / Palancia

Although Samuel Beckett's plays indicate his abiding interest in the complex functioning of memory, little has been written on the topic. The aim of this study, therefore, is to examine the wide-ranging, specific approaches towards recall and forgetting that he reflects in his drama. Because conversational strategies are grounded in cognitive processes, the interplay between memory and discourse will also be probed. The thesis foregrounds Beckett's profound distrust of memory functioning, as well as his conviction that `yesterday' has dangerous power to `deform'. Through his own perception and his psychological study of dysfunctional, decaying and trauma-charged memories, he is able to apply a comprehensive knowledge-base to the creation of his time-damaged characters. In the scrutiny of their autobiographical memories, the reconstructive and imaginative components become apparent. These are mainly shown to alienate characters from one another, so that Beckett's claim that memory can remedy suffering becomes questionable. The investigation is informed by a variety of critical disciplines, as well as insights derived from the Proust Monograph. Beckett's investigation of the psychology of the 1930s is evaluated, in addition to current medical and psychological research into gerontology, amnesia, dementia, and the repressed or obsessive memories of the neurotic. Conway's work on the characteristic features of autobiographical memory illuminates relevant Beckett plays. An appraisal of discourse studies focuses on language and power, phatic communication and the multiple speech acts that reflect the functioning of normal and dysfunctional memory. Reference to the work of Lacan and Derrida enhances discussion of the inadequacy of language. To give due attention to the theatrical component of Beckett's drama, enactment, performance criticism and audience reception of his plays are discussed. / English Studies / D.Litt. et Phil.

A comparative analysis of Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony and Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon, with a focus on individual as well as collective memory work in historically marginalized indigenous and African-American communities, respectively. This represents a critical study of how the novels invoke progressive and redemptive models of remembering, as well as foreground the role of spiritual guides in the transformative process from trauma towards healing.

The signing of the Ta'if Agreement on October 22, 1989 marked the beginning of the end of the divisive and destructive Lebanese Civil War that had raged since 1975. The war was finally ended in March 1991, when the new Lebanese Parliament enacted the General Amnesty Law, which stated that there were to be no victors and no victims in the war ( la ghalib le maghlub). Unfortunately, this law allowed the Lebanese people to turn a blind eye to the ugly truths of the war, and it ushered in an era of uneasy silence in Lebanon. Today, as Lebanon's political battle for independence and a unified national identity continues, there is still no government supported public attempt to break this silence. I believe that this legislated lack of collective/public self-expression has rendered both the local and the Diaspora populations incapable of reconciliation with their recent traumatic past, let alone allowing them to forge a brighter future. This thesis investigates the unrelenting silence permeating every layer of Lebanese society today and proposes architectural solutions that may help to break the silence and thus reconcile Lebanese to their past. The core of this study consists of three architectural interventions aimed at breaching this silence. These are put into context through historical analysis, family interviews, and personal narratives from field research to Beirut conducted by the author in the fall of 2005, as well as photographs, maps, illustrations, and other documents drawn from first person experience. As such, this thesis probes not just the public, but also a personal experience in overcoming Lebanon's silence. Certainly, there can be no reconciliation based on silence.

The signing of the Ta'if Agreement on October 22, 1989 marked the beginning of the end of the divisive and destructive Lebanese Civil War that had raged since 1975. The war was finally ended in March 1991, when the new Lebanese Parliament enacted the General Amnesty Law, which stated that there were to be no victors and no victims in the war ( la ghalib le maghlub). Unfortunately, this law allowed the Lebanese people to turn a blind eye to the ugly truths of the war, and it ushered in an era of uneasy silence in Lebanon. Today, as Lebanon's political battle for independence and a unified national identity continues, there is still no government supported public attempt to break this silence. I believe that this legislated lack of collective/public self-expression has rendered both the local and the Diaspora populations incapable of reconciliation with their recent traumatic past, let alone allowing them to forge a brighter future. This thesis investigates the unrelenting silence permeating every layer of Lebanese society today and proposes architectural solutions that may help to break the silence and thus reconcile Lebanese to their past. The core of this study consists of three architectural interventions aimed at breaching this silence. These are put into context through historical analysis, family interviews, and personal narratives from field research to Beirut conducted by the author in the fall of 2005, as well as photographs, maps, illustrations, and other documents drawn from first person experience. As such, this thesis probes not just the public, but also a personal experience in overcoming Lebanon's silence. Certainly, there can be no reconciliation based on silence.

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Psychology, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Because of the inability to deal with traumatic and stressful situations it often happens that a person dissociates. These people then 'move out of the situation', so to speak. The dissociated person can be spiritually, emotionally and physically handicapped for life. In the long term it often results in depression, feelings of guilt, relationship problems, social maladjustment, as well as addiction to medication. Pastoral counselling to this person (as part of a multidisciplinary approach) often results in a decline of the symptoms and a normalisation of the person's situation. From the basis-theoretical research it became clear that throughout history God is present in a very prominent way in the life of the individual. Right from the very beginning at conception, until old age, He is intensely involved. God created man in His image but through sin this image was distorted. Because of His love for man, however, He fulfilled His promise of restoration and healing in and through Jesus Christ. It appears that knowledge regarding the phenomenon of dissociation dates back to as early as 400 BC. Research since the early 1990's onwards resulted in numerous publications, articles and books being written on the topic of dissociation. In thls study, emphasis was placed on a number of such relevant contributions. The specific characteristics of the dissociated person, practical guidelines for counselling hirnlher as proposed by psychology, as well as pastoral psychologists were discussed. It became evident that contributions and research in the field from a psychological perspective seem to be much more advanced compared to what has been done by theologians to date. For this reason it is imperative that pastoral counsellors become more acquainted with the theme of dissociation. With regard to methodology, the eclectic approach proved to be the best option. This will enable the pastoral counsellor in hidher guidance of the dissociated person to draw on the wealth and variety of contributions and perspectives fiom both the psychological and the theological domains. As a result of and flowing forth from the basis-theoretical and meta-theoretical perspectives, practice-theoretical guidelines were formulated according to which pastoral guidance can be provided to the dissociated person. Special emphasis was placed on a multidisciplinary approach where full recognition was given to the possible contributions by psychologists, psychiatrists, medical doctors and others. As part of the preparation for counselling the dissociated person, attention was given to the importance of prayer support. With regard to the counselling process itself, the following five phases appeared to be of significance: introductory prayers, consultation and discussion, prayer as part of the therapeutic process, the development of life skills, and spiritual growth after the therapeutic process. Because of the cultic and ritual abuse that some victims have been exposed to, it is possible that apart from fragmented sub-personalities, demonic influences may also be present. It is thus of extreme importance to distinguish between these two areas, and the counsellor must be well equipped with the necessary knowledge and experience to handle this complicated issue. From this study it became evident that there is a special need for pastoral guidance of the dissociated person by counsellors who are well acquainted with the complexities of this field. Scientific knowledge, together with a pastoral focus as well as total dependence upon the therapeutic power of the Holy Spirit, is indeed a 'winning recipe'. / Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

There are numerous clinical and experimental accounts of retrograde and anterograde amnesia resulting from damage to the hippocampus (HPC). Several theories on the HPC hold that only certain types of recent memories should be affected by HPC damage. These theories do not accurately predict the circumstances within which memories are vulnerable to HPC damage. Here I show the HPC plays a role in the formation and storage of a wider range of memories than is posited in contemporary theories. I will demonstrate that an important factor in elciting retrograde amnesia is the number of similar learning episodes. Exposure to multiple problems in the same task context leads to retorgrade amnesia that is not observed when only one problem is learned under otherwise identical parameters. When multiple discriminations are learned, the output of the HPC blocks recall from and future use of the extra-HPC memory system. / x, 78 leaves : ill. ; 29 cm.

Because of the inability to deal with traumatic and stressful situations it often happens that a person dissociates. These people then 'move out of the situation', so to speak. The dissociated person can be spiritually, emotionally and physically handicapped for life. In the long term it often results in depression, feelings of guilt, relationship problems, social maladjustment, as well as addiction to medication. Pastoral counselling to this person (as part of a multidisciplinary approach) often results in a decline of the symptoms and a normalisation of the person's situation. From the basis-theoretical research it became clear that throughout history God is present in a very prominent way in the life of the individual. Right from the very beginning at conception, until old age, He is intensely involved. God created man in His image but through sin this image was distorted. Because of His love for man, however, He fulfilled His promise of restoration and healing in and through Jesus Christ. It appears that knowledge regarding the phenomenon of dissociation dates back to as early as 400 BC. Research since the early 1990's onwards resulted in numerous publications, articles and books being written on the topic of dissociation. In thls study, emphasis was placed on a number of such relevant contributions. The specific characteristics of the dissociated person, practical guidelines for counselling hirnlher as proposed by psychology, as well as pastoral psychologists were discussed. It became evident that contributions and research in the field from a psychological perspective seem to be much more advanced compared to what has been done by theologians to date. For this reason it is imperative that pastoral counsellors become more acquainted with the theme of dissociation. With regard to methodology, the eclectic approach proved to be the best option. This will enable the pastoral counsellor in hidher guidance of the dissociated person to draw on the wealth and variety of contributions and perspectives fiom both the psychological and the theological domains. As a result of and flowing forth from the basis-theoretical and meta-theoretical perspectives, practice-theoretical guidelines were formulated according to which pastoral guidance can be provided to the dissociated person. Special emphasis was placed on a multidisciplinary approach where full recognition was given to the possible contributions by psychologists, psychiatrists, medical doctors and others. As part of the preparation for counselling the dissociated person, attention was given to the importance of prayer support. With regard to the counselling process itself, the following five phases appeared to be of significance: introductory prayers, consultation and discussion, prayer as part of the therapeutic process, the development of life skills, and spiritual growth after the therapeutic process. Because of the cultic and ritual abuse that some victims have been exposed to, it is possible that apart from fragmented sub-personalities, demonic influences may also be present. It is thus of extreme importance to distinguish between these two areas, and the counsellor must be well equipped with the necessary knowledge and experience to handle this complicated issue. From this study it became evident that there is a special need for pastoral guidance of the dissociated person by counsellors who are well acquainted with the complexities of this field. Scientific knowledge, together with a pastoral focus as well as total dependence upon the therapeutic power of the Holy Spirit, is indeed a 'winning recipe'. / Thesis (M.A. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.