Le but de cette thèse est de produire des oligomères de cellulose de dispersité faible. Pour ce faire, deux méthodes ont été imaginées : la méthode « fishing » où des oligomères de cellulose sont obtenus par hydrolyse acide puis sont séparés par solubilisation sélective dans une phase organique à l’aide d’un polymère synthétique. Le ratio des tailles du polymère synthétique et des oligomères de cellulose sera responsable de la sélectivité. La méthode « masking » où des portions de cellulose de la taille des futurs oligomères sont protégées par un polymère synthétique lors d’une hydrolyse enzymatique.Dans les deux cas, les polymères synthétiques contiennent des acides boroniques qui permettent une interaction réversible avec les sucres.Malgré de nombreuses tentatives, ces deux méthodes n’ont pas été couronnées de succès. Pour la première, le procédé n’était pas sélectif. Pour la seconde, le polymère permettant une interaction tout au long de la chaine de cellulose n’a pas pu être synthétisé. La dispersité des oligomères obtenus par hydrolyse acide (degrés de polymérisation (DP) de 1 à 12) a cependant pu être réduite de façon satisfaisante en solubilisant les DP les plus faibles dans le méthanol.Enfin, la fraction insoluble dans le méthanol, après fonctionnalisation de l’extrémité réductrice par un groupement azide, a été couplée à un acide stéarique fonctionnalisé alcyne par chimie « click ». L’auto-assemblage de ce nouveau composé amphiphile a été étudié dans l’eau, la CMC a été mesurée à 100 mg.L-1. Les objets observés sont sphériques, de taille homogène avec un diamètre moyen de 140 nm ce qui indique une morphologie en vésicule. / The purpose of this study is to produce uniform cellulose oligomers. In this frame, two methods were considered:for the “fishing” method, the oligomers obtained by acidic hydrolysis of cellulose are separated by selective solubilisation in an organic phase thanks to a synthetic polymer. The size ratio between the synthetic polymer and the cellulose oligomer would be responsible for the selectivity.For the “masking” method, parts of cellulose backbone having the size of the future oligomers are protected with a synthetic polymer during an enzymatic hydrolysis.In both cases, the synthetic polymers contain boronic acid groups that interact reversibly with saccharides.Despite various attempts, these two methods were not crowned with success. The first one was eventually not selective. For the second one, the polymer allowing an interaction all along the cellulose backbone could not be synthesised. The dispersity of the oligomers obtained by acidic hydrolysis (polymerisation degree (DP) from 1 to 12) was satisfactorily decreased by solubilising the smaller DP in methanol.To finish, the methanol-insoluble fraction was functionalised at the reducing end with an azide group. It was then coupled to an alkyne-functionalised stearic acid by click chemistry. The self-assembly of this new amphiphilic compound was studied in water, the CMC was measured at 100 mg.L-1. The particles formed were spherical, homogeneous and had an average diameter of 140 nm, which indicate a vesicle morphology.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-18T11:39:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 biancadasilvaferreira.pdf: 17182494 bytes, checksum: 2a72b873dcc19f4763e74800e9393295 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T13:28:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 biancadasilvaferreira.pdf: 17182494 bytes, checksum: 2a72b873dcc19f4763e74800e9393295 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T13:28:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 biancadasilvaferreira.pdf: 17182494 bytes, checksum: 2a72b873dcc19f4763e74800e9393295 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos, nos quais foram discutidas a síntese de caracterização de séries de substâncias anfifílicas obtidas de fontes químicas renováveis (óleos de pequi, buriti e babaçu, ácidos graxos e carboidratos). O primeiro capítulo descreve a síntese e caracterização de etanolamidas graxas obtidas por aminólise de óleos vegetais ou de ésteres metílicos graxos puros com monoetanolamina e dietanolamina. As propriedades biológicas dos óleos, das misturas de amidas e das amidas puras foram comparadas. O óleo de Buriti foi o que apresentou maior atividade antioxidante (7,70 mg/mL) devido a maior concentração de carotenoides (692,98 μg/g). As amidas derivadas do mesmo óleo também apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante do que as demais etanolamidas sintetizadas. A atividade antibacteriana das misturas de amidas e das amidas puras, avaliada frente a bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas não foi significativa. No segundo capítulo é descrita a síntese e caracterização de diaminas N-aciladas lipofílicas e de aldonamidas derivadas da D-glicono-1,5-lactona da D-ribono-1,4- lactona ou do éster galactárico. Para obtenção das aldonamidas as lactonas e o éster galactárico foram tratados com as diaminas N-aciladas, sob refluxo de metanol, em tempos que variaram de 24-48 horas. Os compostos sintetizados foram avaliados frente suas propriedades biológicas in vitro. Foram realizados testes antibacterianos contra bactérias Gram-positivas, Gram-negativas e bactérias S. aureus meticilino resistentes; e testes antifúngicos frente quatro espécies diferentes de Candida. A atividade antiinflamatória foi estudada através da capacidade dos compostos de inibirem a produção de óxido nítrico por macrófagos ativados; a viabilidade celular foi investigada através do método do MTT. As aldonamidas em geral não apresentaram atividade, entretanto as diaminas Naciladas mostraram atividade acentuada nos testes antibacterianos e antifúngicos. Os resultados foram comparáveis ou até mesmo superiores aos padrões utilizados como controles positivos (cloranfenicol e itraconazol). Para alguns compostos, foi possível estabelecer uma correlação entre lipofilicidade e a atividade antifúngica. Entretanto, nos testes de viabilidade celular, esses compostos apresentaram-se tóxicos nas concentrações do CIM. No terceiro capítulo é descrita a síntese e caracterização de N-acilidrazonas derivadas da D--glicono-1,5-lactona, D--ribono-1,4-lactona e éster galactárico. Para obtenção das N-acilidrazonas, as hidrazidas derivadas dos carboidratos foram tratadas com aldeídos comerciais aromáticos e alifáticos, utilizando como solvente o metanol a temperatura ambiente. Os tempos de reação variaram de 24-72 horas. Os compostos foram obtidos na forma de misturas de diastereoisômeros, onde o isômero E foi o majoritário para todos os derivados. Os compostos sintetizados também foram submetidos à avaliação de suas propriedades biológicas in vitro. Foram realizados testes antibacterianos contra bactérias Gram-positivas, Gramnegativas e testes antifúngicos frente quatro espécies diferentes de Candida, entretanto os compostos não se mostraram ativos. A atividade anti-inflamatória, bem como a citotoxicidade desses compostos estão sendo avaliadas no ICB-UFJF. Ainda nesse último capítulo, foi realizada uma tentativa de ciclização das Nacilidrazonas para fornecer os seus respectivo, 1,3,4-oxadiazóis. Entretanto os compostos desejados não puderam ser obtidos pelas metodologias utilizadas. / This work was divided into three chapters, in which was discussed the synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic compounds derived from renewable chemical sources (oil Pequi, Buriti and Babassu oil, fatty acids and carbohydrates). The first section describes the synthesis and characterization of fatty ethanolamides obtained by aminolysis of vegetable oils or pure methylic fatty esters with monoethanolamine and diethanolamine. The biological properties of the oils, mixtures of amides and pure amides were compared . Buriti oil showed the highest antioxidant activity (7.70 mg/mL) due to the higher concentration of carotenoids (692.98 mg/g). Amides derived from the same oil also showed higher antioxidant activity than other synthesized ethanolamides. The antibacterial activity of the mixtures of amides and amides pure evaluated against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria was not significant. The second section describes the synthesis and characterization of lipophilic Nacylated diamines and aldonamides derived from D-glicono-1,5- lactone D-ribono-1,4- lactone or ester galactaric. To obtain the aldonamides, lactones and galactaric ester were treated with N-acylated diamines refluxing methanol in time ranging from 24-48 hours. The synthesized compounds had their in vitro biological properties evaluated. Antibacterial test against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were performed, and also antifungal test against four species of Candida. The anti-inflammatory activity was investigated by the ability of the compounds to inhibit nitric oxide production by activated macrophages, cell viability was assessed by the MTT method. The aldonamides generally showed no activity, but the N-acylated diamines showed significants activities in antibacterial and antifungal tests. The results were comparable or even superior to those used as positive controls (chloramphenicol and itraconazole). For some compounds, it was possible to establish a correlation between lipophilicity and antifungal activity. However, in the cell viability tests , these compounds proved to be toxic at MIC. The third section describes the synthesis and characterization of N-acylhydrazones derived from D-glicono-1,5-lactone , D-ribono-1,4-lactone and galactaric ester. To obtain the N-acylhydrazones, the hydrazide derivatives of carbohydrates have been treated with aromatic aldehydes, using methanol as solvent at room temperature. The reaction times ranged from 24-72 hours. The compounds were obtained as mixtures of diastereomers, where E was the major isomer for all derivatives. The synthesized compounds were also examined for their in vitro biological properties. Antibacterial test against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram- negative, M. tuberculosis and antifungal test against four species of Candida were made, however the compounds were not active. The anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxicity of these compounds are being evaluated in ICB-UFJF. Also in this last chapter, an attempt to cyclization of the N-acylhydrazones was performed to provide their respective, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. However the desired compounds could not be obtained by the methodologies used.

Les biomatériaux de type hydrogel ou organogel obtenus à partir de molécules de faible masse molaire suscitent de plus en plus un vif intérêt autant sur le plan fondamental que sur le plan applicatif. Le travail, exposé ici, a pour objectif de synthétiser des composés amphiphiles présentant des variations de structure afin de pouvoir établir des relations entre la structure de ces composés et leurs propriétés gélifiantes. Nous avons été amenés à synthétiser des composés (bimodulaires et trimodulaires) avec et sans motif de jonction de type polyoxyéthylénique entre la partie peptidique et le module hydrophobe. Dans un deuxième temps, d?autres molécules amphiphiles gélifiantes ont été préparées, en substituant le motif polyoxyéthylénique par une entité dérivée du glycérol, pour permettre d'obtenir des composés d'origine renouvelable mais également pour diversifier la source de matières premières. Les composés visés ont été obtenus et leur comportement en solution a été étudié par différentes techniques (tensiométrie, conductimétrie, infrarouge,...). Certains d'entre eux, présentant des propriétés gélifiantes, associés aux sels de bore, ont été utilisés pour préserver le matériau bois (Pin Sylvestre). Les essais effectués se sont révélés concluant en termes de réduction du lessivage du bore car les tests avec Poria Placenta (champignon) cultivé sur un milieu gélosé ou avec les Réticulitermes Flavipès (termites) ont montré qu'un bois traité par l'association « borax-hydrogel » reste protégé même après lessivage / Biomaterials hydrogel or organogel obtained from low molecular weight molecules give rise to an increasing interest both in terms on the fundamental and application domain. The work outlined here, aims to synthesize amphiphilic compounds with structural changes in order to establish relationships between the structure of these compounds and their gelling properties. We were asked to synthesize compounds (bimodular and trimodular) with and without cause polyoxyethylene type junction between the peptide and the hydrophobic unit. In a second step, other gelling amphiphilic molecules were prepared by substituting the polyoxyethylene pattern derived by an entity glycerol, allowing to obtain compounds from renewable sources but also to diversify the source of raw materials. The target compounds were obtained and their behavior in solution has been studied by different techniques (tensiometry, conductivity, infrared,...). Some of them, with gelling properties, associated with boron salts have been used to preserve the wood material (Scots pine). The tests proved conclusive in terms of reducing the leaching of boron as tests with Poria placenta (mushroom) grown on an agar medium or with Reticulitermes flavipes (termite) showed that wood treated with the association "borax-hydrogel" is protected even after leaching