La digestion anaérobie représente un élément clé dans la dynamique de développement durable contribuant à la valorisation verte des déchets organiques sous forme de biogaz et d'engrais. Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse franco-libanais, nous cherchons à valoriser le marc de raisin, déchet majeur et principal sous-produit issu de la viniculture, par la digestion anaérobie, afin de générer de l’énergie dite verte sous forme de méthane. Dans un premier temps, le potentiel méthane du marc de raisin est démontré, validant notre biomasse végétale comme source potentielle d’énergie. Des informations détaillées sur les productions maximales de méthane à partir du marc entier, des pulpes et des pépins, séparément, sont obtenues en mode batch à 37 °C. La faisabilité technique du procédé est alors validée suite à une extrapolation au mode continu. De plus, des essais d’acclimatation du digesteur continu à la température moyenne de la vallée de la Bekaa (25 °C) permettent de simuler et d’adapter le système au milieu libanais. D’autre part, nous avons mené une caractérisation bio-physico-chimique de différents cépages de marcs de raisins en provenance de différentes régions viticoles. La diversité du contenu lignocellulosique et du potentiel méthanogène des substrats choisis a été mise en évidence. Une corrélation négative existe, en particulier, entre le potentiel méthane et les teneurs en lignine et en cellulose. Afin d’intensifier la production de méthane, le dimensionnement des digesteurs anaérobies en mode continu est optimisé en déterminant un optimum de fonctionnement pour une charge appliquée de 3,7 kg DCO m-3 j-1 et un temps de séjour de 20 jours. Enfin, nous évaluons les effets d’une variété de prétraitements (congélation, traitement alcalin, traitement acide, ultrasons et champs électriques pulsés) sur la production de méthane et sur la biodégradabilité des fractions. Le couplage du traitement alcalin à 10% NaOH avec la congélation à -20 °C s’avère être le meilleur procédé d’intensification. / Anaerobic digestion is considered to be a crucial part of a sustainable development strategy, contributing to the green valorization of organic waste as biogas and fertilizers. As part of this doctoral thesis, we explored the valorization of grape pomace, the major waste and main by-product of winemaking, by anaerobic digestion, to generate green energy in the form of methane. Firstly, the methane potential of grape pomace is demonstrated, validating our vegetal biomass as a potential source of energy. Detailed information on the maximum production of methane from whole pomace, pulps and seeds are obtained in batch mode at 37 °C. The technical feasibility of the process is then validated following an extrapolation to the continuous mode. Moreover, the acclimation of the continuous digester at the average temperature of the Beqaa valley (25 °C) allowed to simulate and adapt the current system to the Lebanese environment. On another note, we carried out a bio- physico-chemical characterization of different grape varieties from different wine-growing areas. The diversity of the lignocellulosic content and the methane potential of the selected substrates was highlighted. A negative correlation exists, in particular, between the methane potential and the lignin and cellulose fractions. In order to intensify methane production, we conducted an optimization of anaerobic digesters dimensioning in continuous mode by determining an optimum of operation for an applied load of 3.7 kg COD m-3 d-1 and a residence time of 20 days. Finally, we evaluated the effects of a variety of pretreatments (freezing, alkaline treatment, acid treatment, ultrasounds and pulsed electric fields) on the methane production and the biodegradability of lignocellulosic fractions. The coupling of the alkaline treatment using 10% NaOH with freezing at -20 °C seems to be the best intensification process.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bruno_m_me_jabo_prot.pdf: 2616643 bytes, checksum: 97247720aae07e408b197a60a6613f6a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho avaliou-se o desempenho de reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB), em dois estágios, em escala de bancada (volumes de 20 L e 10 L, respectivamente), alimentados com água residuária do beneficiamento de café por via úmida, submetidos à quatro cargas orgânicas volumétricas (COV) de 5,76; 3,62; 3,86 e 2,16 kg DQO total (m3 d)-1 no primeiro reator, R1. As concentrações médias de DQO do afluente variaram de 8626 a 23041 mg L-1, e dos efluentes dos reatores 1 e 2, 1095 a 11506 mg L-1 e de 424 a 9030 mg L-1, respectivamente. As eficiências médias de remoção de DQO total e SST variaram de 66 a 98% e de 93 a 97% respectivamente, no sistema com reatores (UASB) em dois estágios. O teor de metano no biogás variou de 69 a 89% para o reator 1 e de 52 a 73% no reator 2. A produção volumétrica máxima de metano, 0,563 m3 CH4 (m3 reator d)-1 foi obtida com COV de 3,86 kg DQO (m3 d)-1 e TDH de 124 h. Os valores médios de pH variaram na faixa de 4,7 a 7,7 e 4,9 a 8,0 nos efluentes dos reatores 1 e 2, respectivamente. A concentração de ácidos voláteis totais manteve-se estável à níveis inferiores a 200 mg L-1 nos ensaios 2, 3 e 4. As concentrações médias de fenóis totais do afluente variaram de 79,7 a 97,4 mg L-1, e as eficiências médias de remoção no conjunto de reatores UASB em dois estágios variaram de 72 a 90%. / In this work it was evaluated the performance of two stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanquet (UASB), in lab scale, treating a liquid effluent from the coffee pulping, submitted to organic load rate of 5,76; 3,62; 3,86 and 2,16 kg COD (m3 d)-1 in the first reactor. The medium values of total COD affluent varied from 15439 to 23041 mg L-1, and in the effluent from the reactors 1and 2, 1095 to 11506 mg L-1, and 424 to 9030 mg L-1, respectively. The medium values of removal efficiences of total COD and TSS varied from 66 to 98% and 93 to 97%, respectively, in the system of treating with reactors UASB, in two stages. The content of methane varied from 69 to 89% in reactor 1 and 52 to 73% in reactor 2 . The maximum volumetric methane production 0,563 m3 CH4 (m3 reactor d)-1 was obtained with OLR of 3,86 kg COD (m3 d)-1 and HDT of 124 hours. Average pH values ranged from 4,7 to 7,7 and 4,9 to 8,0 for effluents of first and second reactors. Total volatile acid concentration was kept below 200 mg L-1. The medium values of total phenols of affluent ranged from 79,9 to 97,4 mg L-1, and the average removal efficiency ranged from 72 to 90% in the two stages upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB).

Problems about greenhouse gas emissions attributed to cattle production and improvements in the productivity of these animals has been growing and becoming increasingly important. Cattle releases methane as part of their digestive process, and this represents loss of energy for the animal. The decomposition of feces releases methane and it can be recovered by digester and transformed into different types of energy. Thus, aiming to quantify the potential production of enteric methane and anaerobic fecal decomposition, as well as to evaluate ruminal and behavioral parameters of cattle fed with cottonseed and vitamin E. Six cannulated cows (864±16 kg) were distributed in a replicate 3x3 Latin square. Treatments were: 1) control diet; 2) CS: basal diet plus 30% cottonseed and 3) CSVitE: basal diet plus 30% of cottonseed plus 500 UI of vitamin E. Results were compared through orthogonal contrast and values were considered significant when P0,05. No differences were observed for dry matter intake (DMI), as well as digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Animals supplemented with cottonseed spent more time eating and ruminating and less time in idles. Reduction in the concentration and production of acetate, butyrate and the acetate: propionate ratio was observed in animals fed cottonseed compared to the control. Enteric methane mitigation was observed for the cottonseed treatments compared to the control. Changes in the substrates characteristics used to load the digesters were observed. However, no differences were verified for the total biogas production, methane yield and capacity to recover the energy of the feces in the form of methane. Inclusion of 30% cottonseed can be used as a strategy to mitigate enteric methane, without causing losses in the DMI, nutrients digestibility and anaerobic digestion of feces. In addition, it promoted favorable changes in the ingestive behavior, ruminal fermentation products, as well as in the energy partition of the gastrointestinal tract. Vitamin E when is used as antioxidant had not effect on ruminal fermentation, feeding behavior and feces anaerobic digestion, thus the inclusion is not advised due absence of positive results. / A problemática das emissões de gases de efeito estufa atribuída à produção de bovinos e melhorias na produtividade desses animais vem crescendo e se tornando cada vez mais importante. Bovinos emitem metano como parte do seu processo digestivo, e isto representa perda de energia para o animal. A decomposição das fezes gera metano, este pode ser recuperado por biodigestores e transformado em diferentes tipos de energia. Assim, objetivou-se quantificar o potencial de produção do metano entérico e da decomposição anaeróbia das fezes, bem como avaliar parâmetros ruminais e comportamentais de bovinos alimentados com caroço de algodão e vitamina E. Foram utilizadas seis vacas fistuladas não gestantes e não lactantes (876 kg±16). Os tratamentos foram: 1) Controle: dieta basal; 2) CA: dieta basal mais 30% de caroço de algodão; 3) CAVitE: dieta basal mais 30% de caroço de algodão mais 500 UI vitamina E. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino. Os resultados foram comparados por contrastes ortogonais e foram considerados significantes valores de P0,05. Não foram verificadas diferenças para o consumo de matéria seca (MS), bem como digestibilidade da MS e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). Os animais suplementados com caroço de algodão passaram maior tempo comendo e ruminando e menor tempo em ócio. Houve redução na concentração e produção de acetato, butirato e da relação acetato:propionato dos animais que receberam caroço de algodão comparado ao controle. A inclusão do caroço de algodão provocou mitigação das emissões de metano entérico. Houve alteração nas características dos substratos utilizados para abastecer os biodigestores. No entanto, não foram verificadas diferenças para a produção total de biogás, rendimento de metano e capacidade dos biodigestores em recuperar a energia das fezes na forma de metano. A inclusão de 30% caroço de algodão pode ser utilizada como estratégia para mitigar metano entérico, sem causar perdas no consumo, digestibilidade dos alimentos e na biodigestão anaeróbia das fezes. Além disso, sua inclusão promoveu alterações favoráveis no comportamento ingestivo, nos produtos da fermentação ruminal, bem como na partição de energia do trato gastrointestinal. A vitamina E quando utilizada como antioxidante não possui efeitos sobre a fermentação ruminal, comportamento ingestivo e biodigestão anaeróbia das fezes, assim sua inclusão não é indicada devido a ausência de resultados favoráveis a sua utilização.

Neste trabalho a composição do biogás produzido em digestão anaeróbia foi avaliada em função da variação da carga aplicada específica (CAE) medida em termos da relação DQO/sólidos suspensos voláteis. Foram feitos ensaios de digestão anaeróbia utilizando vinhaça como fonte de carbono e lodo adaptado proveniente de reator UASB em 10 frascos reagentes contendo as seguintes variações de CAE: 0,20; 0,28; 0,34; 0,55; 0,95; 3,15; 6,58; 7,00; 9,60; 12,98 g.O2/g.SSV. Os melhores resultados obtidos com relação à produção volumétrica de biogás foram 263,79 mL de volume acumulado de metano para a CAE de 0,34 g.O2/g.SSV, e uma produção máxima acumulada de hidrogênio de 558,06 mL para a CAE de 6,58 g.O2/g.SSV. O resultado não se repetiu com relação ao rendimento de produção de biogás, atingindo um máximo rendimento de 80,68 LCH4/L vinhaça para a CAE de 0,20 g.O2/g.SSV, e 7,98 LH2/L vinhaça para a CAE 3,15 g.O2/g.SSV. A variação da CAE também teve influência direta na rota metabólica da digestão anaeróbia, alterando a concentração de metabólitos dissolvidos. / In this research, the composition of the biogas produced in anaerobic digestion was evaluated according to the variation of the applied load specific (ALS) measured in terms of the ratio COD/volatile suspended solids. Assays were done using anaerobic digestion of vinasse as a source of carbon and sludge obtained from UASB reactor adapted in 10 bottles for the following of ALSs: 0,20, 0,28, 0,34, 0,55, 0,95; 3,15, 6,58, 7,00, 9,60, 12,98 g.O2/g.VSS. The best results concerning to the volumetric biogas production were 263,79 ml cumulative volume of methane for ALS equal to 0,34 g.O2/g.VSS, and a maximum cumulative hydrogen production of 558,06 mL for ALS of 6,58 g.O2/g.VSS. The same was not observed with respect to yield biogas production, reaching a maximum yield of 80.68 LCH4/Lvinasse for ALS of 0,20 g.O2/g.VSS and 7,98 LH2/Lvinasse for ALS of 3,15 g.O2/g.VSS. The variation of ALS also has a direct influence on the metabolic pathway of anaerobic digestion, altering the concentration of dissolved metabolites.

The use of alternative feedstock sources to enhance the energy production of anaerobic systems, and thus their economic value, is one of the current research areas in the field of bioenergy production. Marine biomass represents a unique source of organic matter for the optimisation of anaerobic digestion systems and can be regarded as a sustainable alternative to purposely grown energy crops requiring significant amounts of water, fertiliser and land for their cultivation. Seaweeds are of particular interest as they are characterised by high biomass yields and interesting conversion rates. In temperate seas, brown seaweed species generally dominate the flora and their relative abundance on the sublittoral zone of the British coastline make them a substrate of choice for anaerobic digestion. However, little information is available on commercial-scale anaerobic digestion of seaweed for biogas production and the potential factors that could impair its successful conversion. This work was proposed in order to establish the potential and optimise the use of seaweed as an additional source of organic matter for anaerobic digesters. The study also investigated the use of the Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) as a platform for process simulation. The model original structure is inadequate to accurately represent the anaerobic co-digestion of seaweed and was therefore updated with the addition of specific processes. The study was carried out in three main experimental stages. In a first stage, the effect of seaweed salinity (represented by sodium ions) on anaerobic digestion was investigated using a mesophilic laboratory-scale anaerobic digester. It was found that a rapid increase in sodium ion levels can negatively impact on biogas production and result in the accumulation of volatile fatty acids. The ADM1 does not originally take into account the inhibitory effect of sodium and was therefore modified to include a function representing the effect of sodium ions on the rate of acetate uptake. The extended model was able to reproduce experimental observations and was used to predict the effect of sodium ions in the presence of other process inhibitors. Microbial adaptation to salinity was also investigated during batch assays. It was found that a suitable period of adaptation can significantly reduce the adverse effect of salinity on methanogens. The phenomenon was successfully implemented in the model through the addition of a specific inhibition function and the calibration of kinetic parameters. The second stage of this research focused on the effect and mode of action of phlorotannin (a phenolic compound found exclusively in brown seaweed) on mixed microbial cultures through the monitoring of intracellular material leakage and transmission electron microscopy observations. Results suggested that phlorotannin induces strong extra- and intra-cellular effects on cells exposed to the compound, thus adversely impacting on energy requirements and final methane yields. The effect of phlorotannin was found to be dependent on both the degree of polymerisation of the compound and the morphology of microorganisms. Furthermore, the effect of phlorotannin during the anaerobic co-digestion of brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata) and vegetable residues was also investigated. Experimental results were successfully modelled using an extensively modified version of the ADM1, which introduces an uncompetitive function to the rate of acetate uptake in order to represent the inhibition of methanogenesis by phlorotannin. The model was also updated with a combination module for the simulation of co-digestion processes. The third stage focused on establishing operational guidelines for the anaerobic co-digestion of brown seaweed and non-saline feedstocks. Results suggested that although seaweed can be an alternative organic substrate in anaerobic digestion systems, phlorotannin content might limit its use for commercial-scale application. Whilst this study identified salinity and phlorotannin as key barriers to the use of brown seaweed as a substrate for anaerobic systems, the adaptation of operating conditions to favour microbial adaptation could lead to its effective use in large-scale applications.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) of corn thin stillage (CTS) offers the potential to reduce corn grain ethanol production energy consumption. This thesis focuses on results collected from AD of CTS at mesophilic temperatures in batch and by down-flow fixed film reactor. Experiments conducted include a series of biochemical methane potential (BMP) assays that investigated the digestion of CTS as the sole carbon source at a variety of food-to- microorganism ratios with and without acclimated biomass, under co-digestion conditions and also with the addition of supplemental nutrients. Additional BMP assays were conducted which investigated the potential to reduce fresh water consumption by using of digested effluent for substrate dilution. Continuous studies employed two 28L down-flow stationary fixed film reactors to examine. Chemical oxygen demand and volatile solids removal efficiencies greater than 85% were achieved up to an organic loading rate of 7.4 g TCOD/L/d and hydraulic retention time of 5 days.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23184号 / 工博第4828号 / 新制||工||1754(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 高岡 昌輝, 教授 田中 宏明, 准教授 大下 和徹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Biogas is an environmentally friendly energy source with great importance for sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to determine the feasibility of setting up a biogas plant at the student housing area planned at Albano in Stockholm. The possibility of attaining self-sustainability in Albano is also investigated. After compiling the processes for converting household waste into biogas through a literature study, a quantitative feasibility study of setting up a biogas plant is carried out. The usable amount of household waste is determined through an empirical study. Investment costs of comparable biogas production facilities are obtained from companies working in the biogas field. The producible biogas amount and rates of conversion from biogas to heat/electricity are derived from existing data in similar studies. The energy demand is calculated based on existing data from housing companies and authorities. Four possible scenarios are created to study all the possible outcomes of establishing a biogas plant. The maximum producible biogas is determined to be 12.199 m3/year. The total energy demand in Albano is determined to be 2.931MWh/year, of which 2,4 TWh/year is heat and 531 MWh/year is electricity. This amount is not sufficient to meet the specific requirements. Recommendations for Albano were made accordingly. / Biogas betraktas som ett en miljövänlig energikälla med stor betydelse för det kommande arbetet mot en mer hållbar utveckling. Denna rapport avser behandla möjligheten till ett upprättande av en biogasanläggning vid ett planerat studentboende vid Albano, Stockholm. Vidare kommer även möjligheterna till ett mer självständigt hållbart arbete i området behandlas. Som en del i rapporten kommer en analys av omvandlingen från hushållsavfall till biogas utföras i form av en kvantitativ studie med fokus på en förstudie för upprättande av biogasanläggning. Mängden hushållsavfall fås genom en empirisk studie av författaren. Den andel energi som beräknas kunna produceras fås genom befintlig data från utförda studier på Albano. Utifrån detta fastställs energibehovet utifrån givna rekommendationer och uppskattningar utförda av företag och myndigheter. Fyra möjliga utfall är definierade i syfte att kartlägga de möjliga utfallen för biogasanläggningen. Den maximala andel producerad biogas uppgår till 12.199 m3/år. Den totala energibehov i Albano bestämdes till 2.931 MWh/år, varav värmebehovet är 2,4 TWh/år och elbehovet är 531 MWh/år. Den maximala andel producerad biogas kan användas för att tillverka 48,8 MWh/år värme och 24,4 MWh/år elektricitet. Denna mängd är inte tillräcklig för att tillgodose de bestämda kraven. Utifrån detta har olika förslag utformats.

An investigation was carried out to study whether long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) have an effect on digestion of waste sludge under anaerobic conditions. Four different kinds of LCFAs were used in this study. The 18 carbon series with 0, 1, 2 and 3 double bonds were studied to evaluate the degree of saturation on fatty acid degradation. Due to their molecular structure, unsaturated LCFAs are more soluble than saturated LCFAs. Oleic, linoleic, linolenic acid with an ascending number of double bonds were tested as representatives for three different degrees of saturation. In addition, stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid was also tested. LCFAs were added to sewage sludge at concentrations ranging from 5% to 20% on a weight basis and the pH, solids reduction and COD reduction were determined. The results suggested that in addition to degrading in the digesters, all unsaturated acids contributed additional solids removal, compared to the control group. In contrast, stearic acid did not affect the solids removal. The COD reduction was similar to solids reduction in that additional COD was destroyed when unsaturated LCFAs were added to the sludge. The mechanism for additional solids reduction is not known. / Master of Science