In 2009, approximately 1.7 million people died of tuberculosis. The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) has created an urgent demand for the development of new anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drugs and treatments. M. tuberculosis, the causative agent, has a protective complex cell wall structure that is essential for its survival. One of the major building blocks of the cell wall structure is an arabinofuranosyl polysaccharide called arabinan. Since arabinan is not present in mammals, it has become a promising target for anti-TB drug development. The arabinan component is biosynthesized by a family of arabinofuranosyltransferases (araTs) using the substrate decaprenolphosphoarabinose (DPA) as the donor of arabinose. This project targets the biosynthesis of arabinan by synthesizing analogues of DPA as potential inhibitors of araTs. A sulfamide moiety was chosen as an isosteric replacement of the phosphate group of DPA. To mimic the polyprenyl chain of DPA, a series of alkyl chains of varying length and a triethylene glycol (TEG) derived chain were used.

Curcumin analogues are novel antineoplastic agents designed by structural modifications of the natural product curcumin to enhance its therapeutic effects. Various curcumin analogues displayed a significant cytotoxic effect towards different cancer cell lines including leukemia, melanoma, and colon cancer. In order to evaluate the safety, efficiency and metabolism of the new anticancer candidates, sensitive and high throughput analytical methods are needed. Thirteen curcumin analogues with the backbone structure of 3,5-bis(benzylidene)-4-piperidone were tested. The ionization behavior of curcumin analogues was investigated to reveal the possible mechanisms for the unusual formation of the positively charged [M-H]+ ions during single stage positive ion mode MALDI-MS analysis. Different ionization techniques (i.e., ESI, APCI, APPI, and MALDI) were used to evaluate this phenomenon. The results showed that curcumin analogues ionize into [M-H]+ along with the expected [M+H]+ species during MALDI and dopant free APPI-MS. In contrast, ESI, APCI and the dopant mediated APPI showed only the expected [M+H]+ peak. Our experiments revealed that photon energy triggers the ionization of the curcumin analogues even in the absence of any ionization enhancer such as matrix, solvent or dopant. Three proposed mechanisms for the formation of [M-H]+ were evaluated, two of them are probably involved in the [M-H]+ formation: (i) hydrogen transfer from the analyte radical cation and (ii) hydride abstraction. In addition to the ionization behavior, the collision induced dissociation-tandem mass spectrometric (CID-MS/MS) fragmentation behavior of curcumin analogues was evaluated showing similar dissociation pathways that centered on the piperidone ring of the 3,5-bis(benzylidene)-4-piperidone moiety. The presence of different substitutes on that moiety resulted in specific product ions for each curcumin analogue. The fragmentation patterns were established to confirm the chemical structure of the tested compounds and identify the diagnostic product ions of each compound. Twelve common product ions were identified resulting from the breakage of various bonds within the piperidone moiety. There was a tendency for the formation of highly conjugated product ions that are stabilized via resonance. Common product ions were identified allowing for the establishment of a general MS/MS behavior for any curcumin analogue that belongs to the 3,5-bis(benzylidene)-4-piperidone structural family. The fragmentation routes and the genesis of the product ions were confirmed via MS3 and neutral loss analysis. In summary, the ionization of curcumin analogues provided insights into the formation of unique [M-H]+ ions which were linked to photo ionization of such compounds without the need for additives, such as matrix, dopant or solvent. As such, curcumin analogues should be evaluated as MALDI matrices in the future. The CID-MS/MS analysis of curcumin analogues revealed a common fragmentation behavior of the tested compounds. It will be applied, in the future to determine metabolic by-products of the tested compounds as well as to develop targeted liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS methods.

Η Ωκυτοκίνη (ΟΤ) είναι ένα κυκλικό εννιαπεπτίδιο του υποθαλάμου, η οποία απελευθερώνεται στη γενική κυκλοφορία από τον οπίσθιο λοβό της υπόφυσης. Οι κύριες φυσιολογικές δράσης της είναι η επαγωγή συσπάσεων του μυομητρίου και η έκθλιψη του γάλακτος. Εν τούτοις, η μεγάλη διασπορά των υποδοχέων της ΟΤ στον εγκέφαλο αποδίδουν στην ορμόνη το ρόλο του νευροδιαβιβαστή, ο οποίο ρυθμίζει τις αναπαραγωγικές και κοινωνικές συμπεριφορές. Ο ρόλος της ΟΤ στην πρόκληση του πρόωρου τοκετού οδήγησε την έρευνα για το σχεδιασμό και τη σύνθεση πεπτιδικών ανταγωνιστών της ορμόνης ως δραστικούς τοκολυτικούς παράγοντες. Πλήθος τέτοιων αναλόγων συντέθηκε και εξετάστηκε, αλλά μόλις για ένα, το Atosiban, και μόνο στην Ευρώπη, επετράπη η κυκλοφορία για την πρόληψη του πρόωρου τοκετού με την εμπορική ονομασία Tractocile™. Ο σχεδιασμός νέων αναλόγων της ΟΤ βασίζεται στα συμπεράσματα δομής-δραστικότητας. Η ανταγωνιστική δράση εξαρτάται από τη διαμόρφωση και την υδροφοβικότητα του αμινοξέος στη θέση 2. Επιπρόσθετα, η απαλοιφή της τελικής αμινομάδας προσδίδει στο πεπτίδιο παράταση της δράσης. Ιδιαίτερη σημασία στην εκλεκτική πρόσδεση της ΟΤ στον υποδοχέα της έχει η Ιle στη θέση 3, μιας και είναι το μόνο αμινοξύ στο οποίο διαφέρει στον εικοσαμελή δακτύλιο η ΟΤ από το συγγενές μόριο της, τη Βασοπρεσίνη (VP). Βασιζόμενοι στα ανωτέρω συμπεράσματα και για διερεύνηση του ρόλου της θέσης 3 της ορμόνης, συνθέσαμε δεκατέσσερα νέα ανάλογα της ΟΤ. Όλα τα ανάλογα περιέχουν β-μερκαπτοπροπιονικό οξύ (Mpa) στη θέση 1 και D-O-αιθυλ-τυροσίνη [D-Tyr(Et)] ή D-1-ναφθυλ-αλανίνη [D-Nal(1)] στη θέση 2. Η ισολευκίνη (Ile) στη θέση 3 έχει υποκατασταθεί με γ-αμινοϊσοβουτυρικό οξύ (Aib), L- ή D-α-τερτβουτυλ-γλυκίνη [L-/D-Gly(But)], L- ή D-3-πυριδυλ-αλανίνη [L-/D-Pal(3)] και L- ή D-β-(2-θεϊενυλ)-αλανίνη (L-/D-Thi). Τα φάσματα μάζας των αναλόγων συμφωνούν με τα αναμενόμενα αποτελέσματα. Τα δεκατέσσερα ανάλογα εξετάστηκαν ως προς την ωκυτόκιο δράση σε απομονωμένο ιστό μήτρας αρουραίου, ως προς τη δράση επί της πίεσης και ως προς τη συγγένεια με τον ανθρώπινο ωκυτόκιο υποδοχέα. Επιπλέον, τα ανάλογα [Mpa1, D-Tyr(Et)2, Thi3]OT, [Mpa1, D-Tyr(Et)2, D- Thi3]OT], [Mpa1, D-Nal(1)2, Thi3]OT και [Mpa1, D-Nal(1)2, D- Thi3]OT] εξετάστηκαν και ως προς τη δράση τους επί του πολλαπλασιασμού των καρκινικών κυτταρικών σειρών MDA-MB-468 και MCF-7. Όλα τα ανάλογα δρουν ως ανταγωνιστές της φυσικής ορμόνης. Συγκεκριμένα, τα ανάλογα [Mpa1, D-Nal(1)2, Gly(But)3]OT και [Mpa1, D-Nal(1)2, Thi3]OT έχουν ισχυρή αντι-ωκυτόκιο δράση (pA2=8.34±0.30 και 8.50±0.24, αντίστοιχα). Όσο αφορά τα αποτελέσματα των βιολογικών δοκιμών επί του πολλαπλασιασμού των καρκινικών κυττάρων,αυτά δεν οδηγούν σε ασφαλή συμπεράσματα για τη δράση των αναλόγων. / Oxytocin (OT) is a cyclic nonapeptide hormone of hypothalamus that is released into the general circulation from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Its major physiological roles are: a) the ability to induce uterine constructions and b) milk injection. However, widespread distribution of OT receptors in the brain and specific behavioral effects of centrally applied OT, have firmly established a role of OT as a neurotransmitter modulating reproductive and social behaviors. The role of OT in preterm labor led to the search for and design of synthetic peptide antagonists as potential tocolytic agents. A number of those OT analogues synthesized and studied. However, only Atosiban was approved, in Europe only, under the trade name Tractocile™ for the treatment of preterm labor. The design of new OT analogues is based on consequences from structure-activity studies. Antagonistic activity depends on the configuration and the hydrophobicity of the amino acid in position 2. Additionally, the deficiency of the amino-group in position 1 leads to prolongation of the activity. Furthermore, Ile3 is important for the selective binding of OT to its receptor. Based on these findings and for the investigation of the role of position 3 on biological activities, we synthesized by the Fmoc/But solid phase methodology fourteen new analogues of OT. All the analogues contain β-mercaptopropionic acid (Mpa) position 1 and D-O-ethyl-tyrosine [D-Tyr(Et)] or D-1-naphthyl-alanine [D-Nal(1)] in position 2. Isoleucine (Ile) in position 3 has substituted by γ-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), L- or D-α-tertbutyl-glycine [L-/D-Gly(But)], L- or D-3-pyridyl-alanine [L-/D-Pal(3)] and L- or D-β-(2-thienyl)-alanine (L-/D-Thi). Electro-spray MS was in agreement with the expected results. The analogues were tested for uterotonic activity in the rat uterus in vitro test, for pressor activity in the rat pressor assay and for the affinity to human OT receptor using [3H]OT. Also, the analogues [Mpa1, D-Tyr(Et)2, Thi3]OT, [Mpa1, D-Tyr(Et)2, D- Thi3]OT], [Mpa1, D-Nal(1)2, Thi3]OT and [Mpa1, D-Nal(1)2, D- Thi3]OT] were tested for the activity on the proliferation of MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7 cells. All the new analogues are antagonists of the hormone. In particular, the analogues [Mpa1, D-Nal(1)2, Gly(But)3]OT and [Mpa1, D-Nal(1)2, Thi3]OT have potent anti-uterotonic activity (pA2=8.34±0.30 and 8.50±0.24, respectively). As regards the tests of proliferation, we are unable to come to a sfe conclusion as far as the activity of the analogues is concerned.

No description available.

No description available.

De par leur grande diversité chimique et leur implication dans de nombreux mécanismes biologiques, les molécules phosphorées font l'objet de nombreuses recherches scientifiques. Depuis près de 30 ans, plusieurs composés phosphorés ont été développés et utilisés pour leurs propriétés médicinales ou phytosanitaires. Les dérivés de type phosphinates ou phosphonates se sont révélés être des composés de choix, grâce à leur grande stabilité chimique et enzymatique. Par ailleurs, les sucres et leurs analogues ont largement démontré leur potentiel biologique en raison de leur implication dans de nombreux processus biologiques. Dans ce contexte, il a été envisagé de développer des analogues de sucres phosphorés possédant un atome de phosphore endocyclique. Il s'agit de structures totalement inédites obtenues à partir de précurseurs phosphorés simples et par des réactions de type : P-alkylation, Pudovik, ouverture d'époxyde, cyclisation par transacétalisation ou transestérification. Grâce à des synthèses en 4 à 7 étapes, deux familles de phosphinosucres ont été préparées ainsi qu'une famille de phosphonosucres en tant qu'analogues de sucre. En parallèle, la synthèse d'analogues de nucléosides phosphorés a également été étudiée par introduction de nucléobases sur les analogues de sucres phosphorés précédemment cités. Ces travaux ont mis en jeu des réactions issues à la fois de la chimie de nucléosides mais également de la chimie du phosphore, permettant d'accéder à des analogues de nucléosides totalement inédits dont l'activité antivirale a pu être évaluée. Enfin, une nouvelle famille de phosphonates nucléosidiques acycliques a été synthétisée en 6 ou 7 étapes en série pyrimidique. Deux prodrogues dérivées de la cytosine et de l'uracile ont également été préparées avec des groupements enzymolabiles de type Bis-(S-acyl-2-thioéthyle). L'ensemble des analogues de nucléotides synthétisés ont été évalués pour leurs propriétés antivirales contre les virus de l'hépatite C et du SIDA. Ainsi, à travers ce projet, trois grandes familles de nouvelles molécules phosphorées ont été développées : les hétérocycles phosphorés oxygénés en tant qu'analogues de sucres, des analogues de nucléosides phosphorés, une nouvelle classe de phosphonates nucléosidiques acycliques. / According to their wide chemical diversity and their implication in many biological processes, phosphorus compounds are intensively studied by organic chemists. Since 30 years, many phosphorus molecules have been developed and used for their biological properties in medicine or agrochemistry. Chemically and enzymatically stable compounds, phosphonates and phosphoninates are potential derivatives for drug design. Besides, sugars are an important biological family involved in numerous biological pathways which have widely revealed a high therapeutic potential. In this context, the first objective of these works was to develop sugar analogues with an endocyclic phosphorus atom (phosphasugars) to synthesize unpublished families of phosphinosugars and phosphonosugars. Their synthesis were carried out in 4 to 7 steps, using as key reactions : P-alkylation, Pudovik, epoxyde ring-opening reaction, cyclisation by transacetalisation or transesterification. Moreover, these phosphasugars were extended to the synthesis of new nucleoside analogues by introducing nucleobase on phosphasugar moiety. The antiviral activity of these new compounds was evaluated. Finally, a new class of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates was prepared in pyrimidinyl series. Different nucleotide analogues and prodrugs were synthesized in 6-7 steps with uracil, thymine and cytosine and evaluated against HCV and HIV.

This thesis deals with the determination of fatty acids of processed cheese analogues. The aim is to identify and quantify the fatty acids in selected samples of cheese analogues. The introduction is a brief overview of the composition and properties of cheese analogues, technology and application options. The following describes the appropriate method for the determination of fatty acids in cheese and cheese analogues. Of these methods the largest part is devoted to gas chromatography, which is most frequently used method for detection of volatile fatty acids. Individual cheese analogues used for the analysis, contained various types of added fats. Specifically, the milk fat, coconut oil, sunflower oil, palm oil and butter. Samples of these fats were extracted and then converted to methylesters by methanol esterification with catalysis by potassium hydroxide. The most important fatty acids were identified and quantified in samples of cheese analogues using gas chromatography and compared with fatty acids of fats used for the preparation of these analogues are used.

No / The design and synthesis of a potentially more therapeutically-viable azinomycin analogue 4 based upon 3 has been completed. It involved coupling of a piperidine mustard to the acid chloride of the azinomycin chromophore. Both the designed azinomycin analogue 4 and the natural product 3 bind to DNA and cause unwinding, supporting an intercalative mode of binding. Graphical abstract A designed analogue of the left half of azinomycin has been synthesized and unwinds supercoiled DNA.

Yes / The cellular responses to two new temozolomide (TMZ) analogues, DP68 and DP86, acting against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines and primary culture models are reported. Dose–response analysis of cultured GBM cells revealed that DP68 is more potent than DP86 and TMZ and that DP68 was effective even in cell lines resistant to TMZ. On the basis of a serial neurosphere assay, DP68 inhibits repopulation of these cultures at low concentrations. The efficacy of these compounds was independent of MGMT and MMR functions. DP68-induced interstrand DNA cross-links were demonstrated with H2O2-treated cells. Furthermore, DP68 induced a distinct cell–cycle arrest with accumulation of cells in S phase that is not observed for TMZ. Consistent with this biologic response, DP68 induces a strong DNA damage response, including phosphorylation of ATM, Chk1 and Chk2 kinases, KAP1, and histone variant H2AX. Suppression of FANCD2 expression or ATR expression/kinase activity enhanced antiglioblastoma effects of DP68. Initial pharmacokinetic analysis revealed rapid elimination of these drugs from serum. Collectively, these data demonstrate that DP68 is a novel and potent antiglioblastoma compound that circumvents TMZ resistance, likely as a result of its independence from MGMT and mismatch repair and its capacity to cross-link strands of DNA. / The full-text of this article was released for public view at the end of the publisher embargo on 2 Feb 2016.

Abstract Not Provided / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)