Thesis (M.I.T.)--The Evergreen State College, 2007. / Title from title screen viewed (6/24/2008). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-77).

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2004. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-88). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht, 1948. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

Remindings--the retrieval and use of examples from episodic memory--have been characterized as a problem solving strategy indicative of individuals who do not understand the principle underlying a problem's solution (Ross, 1984). Whereas past research has provided insight into how learners in a new domain notice and use examples, the question of whether the use of examples continues after the individual has acquired an abstract understanding of the problem's underlying structure has not been adequately addressed. In Experiment 1, subjects were differentially trained such that half developed an abstract understanding of elementary probability principles, and half did not. Moreover, the existence of the knowledge difference was demonstrated. Similarly in Experiment 2, subjects learned pragmatic inferential reasoning rules, and evidence of rule acquisition was demonstrated. In both experiments, evidence that individuals who understood the principle underlying the problem's solution nonetheless solved the problem by analogy to an earlier example was demonstrated by the emergence of a negative transfer effect. That is, subjects who understood the problem's underlying principle were more likely to use an inappropriate solution procedure when the test problem's story line reminded them of a training problem that used a related but different principle, than when the test problem's story line was new to the experiment. Furthermore, the results of Experiment 1 indicated that memory of an earlier example also influenced how individuals who understood the problem's underlying structure applied the principle to the test problem. The results are discussed in terms of the use of a heuristic by which problems appear similar on the surface are solved using the same solution procedure. / Graduate

The present work examined subjects' performance on eight types of four word analogy problems. Two critical dimensions distinguish among these analogy types: specificity and inclusiveness. Whole-part analogies such as hand : palm as foot : sole (read hand is to palm as foot is to sole) are specific because the association appearing in the two word pairs consist of spatial/functional relationships which are highly similar to each other. In contrast, analogies such as car : wheel as boat : mast are nonspecific because they use whole-part associations which are less similar to each other. Analogies are inclusive if they use relatively direct associations, as in the whole-part association illustrated by car : wheel. In contrast, noninclusive analogies require additional inferences between words, as illustrated in the part-part association bumper: wheel, which requires the object car to be inferred. Responses from undergraduate university subjects show that both inclusive and specific analogy problems were solved more quickly than their noninclusive and nonspecific counterparts, respectively. Experiment 1 illustrated these specificity and inclusiveness effects both in a recognition (multiple choice) paradigm, and a recall paradigm where subjects spoke their own answer choices aloud. Subsequent experiments were performed to examine the role of the association types and the role of word attributes in subjects' processing of these analogy problems. Experiment 2 attempted to prime subjects with the association type used in each block of analogy problems, but showed a very modest effect on solution latencies. In Experiment 3 reordering the words within analogy problems unexpectedly increased the latencies for many problems, apparently because different words appeared in the third word positions within them. Experiments 4 and 5 focussed directly on the study of specificity. Experiment 4 showed that the processing benefit found for specific analogies is due to the close match of word attributes between word pairs, not due to the attributes of the particular words used. Experiment 5 manipulated the taxonomic similarity of the subject matter addressed by the two pairs of words, and found that the use of word pairs from more taxonomically distant subject areas increased solution latencies for some analogy types. Experiment 6 required subjects to group analogy problems into categories they defined. This procedure validated six of the eight analogy types used in this thesis; the specificity distinction was not evident among the groups of problems formed by subjects. The discussion of these results supports a theoretical model of problem solving four word analogies which incorporates a stage-like, componential processing for nonspecific types, and a faster, more automatic processing for specific types. The discussions of empirical and theoretical work in this thesis also focussed more widely on its relevance to more practical uses of analogies in problem solving. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

This thesis investigates ways of incorporating reasoning by analogy into Pure (Unary) Inductive Logic. We start with an analysis of similarity as distance, noting that this is the conception that has received most attention in the literature so far. Chapter 4 looks in some detail at the consequences of adopting Hamming Distance as our measure of similarity, which proves to be a strong requirement. Chapter 5 then examines various adaptations of Hamming Distance and proposes a subtle modification, further-away-ness, that generates a much larger class of solutions.

This thesis deals with the determination of fatty acids of processed cheese analogues. The aim is to identify and quantify the fatty acids in selected samples of cheese analogues. The introduction is a brief overview of the composition and properties of cheese analogues, technology and application options. The following describes the appropriate method for the determination of fatty acids in cheese and cheese analogues. Of these methods the largest part is devoted to gas chromatography, which is most frequently used method for detection of volatile fatty acids. Individual cheese analogues used for the analysis, contained various types of added fats. Specifically, the milk fat, coconut oil, sunflower oil, palm oil and butter. Samples of these fats were extracted and then converted to methylesters by methanol esterification with catalysis by potassium hydroxide. The most important fatty acids were identified and quantified in samples of cheese analogues using gas chromatography and compared with fatty acids of fats used for the preparation of these analogues are used.

Thesis advisor: Dominic Doyle / I argue for a performative reading of the Summa theologiae in relation to Thomas Aquinas’s coordination of the trinitarian processions with the trinitarian image and the process of teaching and learning. Specifically, I argue that the Summa is skillfully arranged in order to initiate the student into the graced process of conceiving words about the Triune God that burst forth into love—the very processions by which we are ad imaginem Dei and become more like God. Learning to speak truly and love rightly prepares students to preach about God within their culture, just as Thomas’s own efforts to preach the trinitarian mystery indicate. My argument takes into account Thomas’s life as a Dominican preacher and teacher in thirteenth-century Europe as well as his theology of the mixed life of contemplation and action. With respect to the latter, Thomas maintained that the Dominican must draw in contemplation what he will pour out later on in preaching (contemplata aliis tradere). Thomas wrote the Summa theologiae with this pastoral orientation in mind. In light of this historical context, I argue that the Summa is a performative text and transformative encounter with sacra doctrina written to prepare Dominican students to hand on the fruits of their contemplation. This interpretation of the Summa theologiae and Thomas’s trinitarian theology enriches standard contemporary interpretations of the psychological analogy. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

This project investigates the use of a truss network, a structural mechanics model, as a metaphor for adapting a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) mesh. The objective of such adaptation is to increase computational effi- ciency by reducing the numerical error. To drive the adaptation, or to give the scheme an understanding of accuracy, computational errors are translated into forces at mesh vertices via a so-called monitor function. The ball-vertex truss network method is employed as it offers robustness and is applicable to problems in both two and three dimensions. In support of establishing a state-of-the-art adaptive meshing tool, boundary vertices are allowed to slide along geometric boundaries in an automated manner. This is achieved via feature identification followed by the construction of 3rd order bezier surface patches over boundary faces. To investigate the ability of the scheme, three numerical test cases were investigated. The first comprised an analytical case, with the aim of qualitatively assessing the ability to cluster vertices according to gradient. The developed scheme proved successful in doing this. Next, compressible transonic flow cases were considered in 2D and 3D. In both cases, the computed coefficient of lift and moment were investigated on the unrefined and refined meshes and then compared for error reduction. Improvements in accuracy of at least 60% were guaranteed, even on coarse meshes. This is viewed as a marked achievement in the sphere of robust and industrially viable r-refinement schemes.