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Systems Analysis of Biomass Flows A Case study of BoråsSadagopan, Madumita January 2014 (has links)
The systems analysis of biomass in the Borås municipality is conducted so as to identify the amount of biomass consumed by certain designated systems for this study. Using the principles of urban metabolism and material flow accounting, the system boundary is setup and biomass is categorized into system specific entities which are to be quantified. The symbiosis principle and the cascading approach of resource utilization are used to determine the systems which are working together and the resources they share among each other. Selected flows are established to be calculated for paper and paper products; fuel and construction wood; biogas; and blended transportation fuels. The flows are considered one by one, it is found that the consumption system and the waste management system are main players in the flow of paper and its products. The flow of fuel and construction wood is surveyed across different companies in the municipality for 2013. The fate of the waste construction wood for 2011 is traced across the waste handling systems of Borås Energi och Miljö till the Combined Heat and Power plant at Ryaverket. The quantities of fuel wood consumed by the CHP and residential heat are received from statistical sources. The main players in the biogas production flow are the waste management system and the digesters at Gässlösa and Sobacken. The consumption of enriched biogas is then examined for different transportation sub-systems. The flows for blended fuels is considered for petrol, diesel; separately analysed from them are their blended quantities of ethanol and other renewable additives. The sold quantities of petrol and diesel have been received from the market survey for the year 2013. The flows are then individually validated by common critical parameters to determine how reliable the information sources are. The resulting flows are discussed for the symbiosis of resources and significance of urban metabolism concepts. / Program: Masterutbildning i energi- och materialåtervinning
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Greenhouse Gas Abatement Potentials and Economics of Selected Biochemicals in GermanyMusonda, Frazer, Millinger, Markus, Thrän, Daniela 20 April 2023 (has links)
In this paper, biochemicals with the potential to substitute fossil reference chemicals in Germany were identified using technological readiness and substitution potential criteria. Their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were quantified by using life cycle assessments (LCA) and their economic viabilities were determined by comparing their minimum selling prices with fossil references’ market prices. A bottom up mathematical optimization model, BioENergy OPTimization (BENOPT) was used to investigate the GHG abatement potential and the corresponding abatement costs for the biochemicals up to 2050. BENOPT determines the optimal biomass allocation pathways based on maximizing GHG abatement under resource, capacity, and demand constraints. The identified biochemicals were bioethylene, succinic acid, polylactic acid (PLA), and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Results show that only succinic acid is economically competitive. Bioethylene which is the least performing in terms of economics breaks even at a carbon price of 420 euros per ton carbon dioxide equivalent (€/tCO2eq). With full tax waivers, a carbon price of 134 €/tCO2eq is necessary. This would result in positive margins for PHA and PLA of 12% and 16%, respectively. From the available agricultural land, modeling results show high sensitivity to assumptions of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in biochemicals and integrated biochemicals production. GHG abatement for scenarios where these assumptions were disregarded and where they were collectively taken into account increased by 370% resulting in a 75% reduction in the corresponding GHG abatement costs.
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Análise do crescimento e da produção de ervilha torta (Pisum sativum L.) em ambiente protegido e cultivo hidropônico / Analysis of growth and yield of edible pods pea (Pisum sativum L.) crop in greenhouse cultivation and hydroponic systemFerreira, Liana Viviam 04 March 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / The cultivation of edible pod peas in greenhouse and hydroponic system can be a viable alternative for obtaining high pods yield in winter and early spring crop-seasons. In addition, this crop system optimizes productive resources and causes reduced environmental impact. Currently, little information is available about edible pods pea crop, especially in greenhouse and hydroponic cultivation conditions. The adoption of this system presupposes to adequate plant density, as well as to produce knowledge and information regarding growth (dry matter production and partitioning) and yield of different genotypes. In this sense, two experiments were conducted with edible pods pea crop grown in hydroponic and greenhouse in winter/spring crop-season at the Campus of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas , in Capão do Leão, RS. The first experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of plant density on dry matter production and partitioning and yield components of edible pods pea crop 'Luana Gigante®'. Five planti densities (3.9, 4.7; 5.9, 7.8 and 11.8 plants m-2) were evaluated from May to November 2011. The second experiment aimed to characterize the growth and production dynamics of two edible pea pods genotypes ('Luana Gigante®' and 'MK10®') in a bifactorial model from May to November 2012. Genotypes composed the plots and evaluation dates composed subplots (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 95, 115 and 135 days after setting/DAS). In both experiments, biomass was quantified by dry weight of different above-ground plant organs and yield by pods fresh weight. The results obtained in the first experiment indicated that increasing of plant density in the range from 3.9 to 11.8 plants m-2 reduced linearly the growth of all organs and the individual plants pods yield. However, it increased linearly the absolute crop dry matter production and the pods yield per square meter. It did not affect the dry matter partitioning among different plant organs. The vegetative shoot plant organs were the major sinks for photoassimilates, comprising 61.5% of total plant dry matter, while the pods represented 31.7%. Among the yield components, only the number of harvested pods per plant was reduced and there were not negative effects on average pods fresh weight and the percentage of marketable pods. Therefore, we can recommend the plant density of 11.8 plants m-2 for pea crop 'Luana Gigante'. In the second experiment, it was observed that 'Luana Gigante' and 'MK10' presented a sigmoidal type plant growth curve as a function of time. MK10 presented higher vegetative shoot plant parts and crop growth than 'Luana Gigante'. 'MK10' also presented higher pods growth at 95 DAS, but both genotypes presented similar pods growth and yield at the end of the crop cycle. Pods comprised 36% and 43% of the total above-ground dry matter production, respectively, for 'MK10' and 'Luana Gigante' at the end of the crop cycle. Thus 'Luana Gigante' presents greater ability to assimilate distribution to pods growth than 'MK10'. The vegetative shoot organs are the strongest sinks for assimilates of the plant and stems are more beneficed in relation to the partition of dry matter than leaves. / A produção de ervilha torta em ambiente protegido e sistema hidropônico pode ser uma alternativa viável para a obtenção de alto rendimento de vagens no período de inverno e início de primavera, além de proporcionar melhor otimização dos recursos produtivos e reduzido impacto ambiental. Atualmente, existem poucas informações disponíveis sobre esta cultura, principalmente em condições de ambiente protegido e cultivo hidropônico. A adoção deste sistema pressupõe a adequação da densidade de plantio, assim como, produzir conhecimentos e informações referentes ao crescimento (produção e partição de massa seca) e comportamento produtivo de genótipos. Neste sentido, dois experimentos foram realizados com a cultura da ervilha torta em sistema hidropônico e ambiente protegido em ciclo de inverno/primavera no Campus da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, no município de Capão do Leão, RS. O primeiro experimento, realizado de maio a novembro de 2011, objetivou avaliar o efeito da densidade de plantio sobre a produção e a partição da massa seca e os componentes do rendimento de ervilha torta Luana Gigante® , em experimento unifatorial com cinco densidades de plantio (3,9; 4,7; 5,9; 7,8 e 11,8 plantas m-2). O segundo experimento objetivou caracterizar a dinâmica do crescimento e da produção de dois genótipos de ervilha torta ( Luana Gigante e MK10 ) em esquema bifatorial no período de maio a novembro de 2012. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos genótipos e as subparcelas pelas épocas de avaliação das plantas (aos 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 95, 115 e 135 dias após o transplante). Para ambos os experimentos, a biomassa foi quantificada através da massa seca dos diferentes órgãos aéreos da planta e o rendimento através da massa fresca de vagens. Em relação aos resultados obtidos no primeiro experimento, observou-se que o aumento da densidade de plantio no intervalo entre 3,9 a 11,8 plantas m-2 reduz o crescimento de todos os órgãos e a produtividade individual das plantas de forma linear. Porém, aumenta de forma linear a produção absoluta da massa seca da cultura bem como a produtividade por unidade de área e não afeta a partição proporcional de massa seca entre os diferentes órgãos da planta. Os órgãos vegetativos aéreos são os principais drenos de fotoassimilados, representando 61,5% da massa seca total das plantas, enquanto as vagens representam 31,7%. Entre os componentes do rendimento, somente o número de vagens colhidas por planta é reduzido, não havendo efeitos negativos sobre a massa fresca média das vagens e a porcentagem de vagens comerciais colhidas. Portanto, recomenda-se a densidade de 11,8 plantas m-2 para a ervilha torta Luana Gigante . No segundo experimento, observou-se que Luana Gigante e MK10 expressam crescimento da planta do tipo sigmoidal em relação ao acúmulo de MS ao longo do ciclo de cultivo. MK10 apresenta maior crescimento dos órgãos vegetativos aéreos e da cultura do que Luana Gigante . MK10 também apresenta maior crescimento de vagens aos 95 DAT, porém os genótipos se assemelham em relação ao crescimento e à produção de vagens ao final do ciclo de cultivo. As vagens representam 36% e 43% da massa seca aérea da planta, respectivamente de MK10 e Luana Gigante , ao final do ciclo de cultivo. Assim, Luana Gigante apresenta maior capacidade de destinar assimilados para o crescimento de vagens do que MK10 . O conjunto dos órgãos vegetativos aéreos são os principais drenos de assimilados da planta, sendo os caules priorizados na partição de MS em relação às folhas.
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