Over recent years, wireless communication systems have been experiencing a dramatic and continuous growth in the number of subscribers, thus placing extra demands on system capacity. At the same time, keeping Quality of Service (QoS) at an acceptable level is a critical concern and a challenge to the wireless network designer. In this sense, performance analysis must be the first step in designing or improving a network. Thus, powerful mathematical tools for analysing most of the performance metrics in the network are required. A good modelling and analysis of the wireless cellular networks will lead to a high level of QoS. In this thesis, different analytical models of various handoff schemes and resource re-allocation in homogeneous and heterogeneous wireless cellular networks are developed and investigated. The sustained increase in users and the request for advanced services are some of the key motivations for considering the designing of Hierarchical Cellular Networks (HCN). In this type of system, calls can be blocked in a microcell flow over to an overlay macrocell. Microcells in the HCN can be replaced by WLANs as this can provide high bandwidth and its users have limited mobility features. Efficient sharing of resources between wireless cellular networks and WLANs will improve the capacity as well as QoS metrics. This thesis first presents an analytical model for priority handoff mechanisms, where new calls and handoff calls are captured by two different traffic arrival processes, respectively. Using this analytical model, the optimised number of channels assigned to II handover calls, with the aim of minimising the drop probability under given network scenarios, has been investigated. Also, an analytical model of a network containing two cells has been developed to measure the different performance parameters for each of the cells in the network, as well as altogether as one network system. Secondly, a new solution is proposed to manage the bandwidth and re-allocate it in a proper way to maintain the QoS for all types of calls. Thirdly, performance models for microcells and macrocells in hierarchical cellular networks have been developed by using a combination of different handoff schemes. Finally, the microcell in HCN is replaced by WLANs and a prioritised vertical handoff scheme in an integrated UMTS/WLAN network has been developed. Simulation experiments have been conducted to validate the accuracy of these analytical models. The models have then been used to investigate the performance of the networks under different scenarios.

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With widespread of harmful attacks against enterprises' electronic services, information security readiness of these enterprises is becoming of increasing importance for establishing the required safe environment for such services. Various approaches are proposed to manage enterprise information security risks and to assess its information security readiness. These approaches are, however, not adequate to manage information security risks, as all required information security components of its structural and procedural dimensions have not considered. In addition, current assessment approaches lack numerical indicators in assessing enterprise information security readiness. Furthermore, there is no standard approach for analysing cost versus benefit in selecting recommended protection measures. This thesis aims at contributing to the knowledge by developing comprehensive Enterprise Information Security Risk Management (EISRM) framework that integrates typical approaches for information security risk management, and incorporates main components of key risk management methodologies. In addition, for supporting phases of the proposed EISRM framework, analytical models for enterprise information security readiness assessment and cost-benefit analysis are developed. The practical evaluation, using the proposed enterprise information security readiness assessment model has been performed depending on a developed investigation form that used to investigate nine enterprises inside Saudi Arabia. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in assessing and comparing enterprises information security readiness at all levels of the model, using numerical indicators and graphical representations. The EISRM framework and the analytical models presented in this research can be used by enterprises as single point of reference for assessing and cost effectively improving their information security readiness.

Les accouplements (ou coupleurs) magnétiques servent à transmettre le couple d'un moteur vers sa charge sans contact mécanique. La suppression de ces contacts permet de réduire les bruits et vibrations, d'augmenter la fiabilité et d'assurer l'étanchéité dans des environnements difficiles. Dans le cas des moteurs supraconducteurs, un accouplement utilisant des matériaux supraconducteurs permet une nette augmentation des performances tout en transmettant le couple entre un environnement cryogénique (cryostat) et la température ambiante. Ce mémoire porte sur l'étude de coupleurs magnétiques à base de supraconducteurs à haute température critique (HTC) et d'aimants permanents. Deux topologies sont proposées, l'une à flux radial et l'autre à flux axial. Des outils analytiques et numériques sont développés pour le dimensionnement des accouplements étudiés. Un modèle analytique 2D de calcul du champ magnétique dans un accouplement supraconducteur à flux radial est développé et validé par éléments finis. Ce modèle est par la suite utilisé dans une procédure d'optimisation par algorithmes génétiques. L'objectif étant de rechercher les dimensions de l'accouplement qui maximisent le couple et minimisent la longueur du fil supraconducteur. Un prototype d'accouplement à flux axial est aussi réalisé. Plusieurs essais de caractérisation des bobines HTC sont menés. Des résultats de mesure de champ magnétique, de courant critique et de couple sont présentés / Magnetic couplings (or couplers) are used to transmit torque from a prime mover to its load without mechanical contact. This contactless transmission allows to reduce noise and vibration, to increase reliability and ensure hermetic isolation in severe environments. When the prime mover is a superconducting motor, a coupler which uses superconducting materials has more torque transmission capabilities and enables to transmit torque between a cryogenic media (cryostat) and the ambient temperature. This work focuses on the study of magnetic couplers using high temperature superconductors (HTS) and permanent magnets. Radial and axial field magnetic couplings, for which we developed analytical and numerical design tools, are proposed. A 2D analytical model for calculating the magnetic field distribution in a flux focusing HTS coupling is developed and validated by finite element computations. This model is then embedded in a genetic algorithms optimization procedure. The aim is to find the dimensions of the coupling that maximize torque and minimize the overall length of the HTS wires. A prototype axial field HTS coupler has been also designed, constructed and tested. Several tests have been conducted to characterize the HTS coils. Results of magnetic field, critical current and torque measurements are presented

A variedade dos meios porosos é evidente na pluralidade de seus usos. Não por acaso, a avaliação dos escoamentos que neles sucedem é comum a diversos campos de conhecimento. Avanços nas técnicas experimentais e numéricas têm sido observados recentemente. No entanto, progressos posteriores no assunto encontram-se condicionados à evolução da contraparte teórica. Em virtude disso, no presente estudo, foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico para o escoamento em meios porosos. Este modelo se baseia no princípio da entropia máxima (PEM), advindo da teoria da informação. Por meio dele, foi possível a determinação estatística das velocidades locais de um fluido e puderam ser deduzidas expressões embasadas nas Equações de Navier-Stokes, tais quais as Leis de Darcy, de Forchheimer e a Equação de Darcy-Weisbach. Ele permitiu, também, a atribuição de significados físicos mais precisos para grandezas intervenientes no escoamento em meios porosos, como o número de Reynolds e o coeficiente de permeabilidade intrínseca. Dele emergiu, ainda, o parâmetro de entropia, modelador da distribuição de velocidades, capaz de delimitar os regimes de escoamento e que viabiliza a conexão entre a micro e a macroescala do problema. Verificou-se uma grande aderência do modelo proposto a resultados obtidos em escala de bancada, piloto e real, constantes na literatura científica. Por essas razões e pelo fato de o modelo proposto ter como base um número bastante reduzido de premissas, conclui-se que ele é geral e robusto, sendo aplicável às mais distintas áreas que requeiram uma descrição analítica do escoamento em meios porosos. / Given the wide-ranging uses of porous media, it is no coincidence that several distinct fields of knowledge require analysis and evaluation of flows occurring therein. Recent advances in this area have included experimental and numerical techniques. However, further developments in the subject are conditioned to (and held back by) the evolution in its theoretical counterpart. As a result, this study proposes a new analytical model for the flow through porous media, based on information theory\'s principle of maximum entropy (POME). The proposed model allows for the statistical determination of a fluid\'s local velocities. Further, it also permits the deduction of expressions based on the Navier-Stokes Equations, such as Darcy\'s and Forchheimer\'s Laws and the Darcy-Weisbach Equation. It bestows more precise physical meanings to the quantities typically involved in the flow through porous media, such as the Reynolds number and the intrinsic permeability coefficient, as well. Furthermore, the proposed model introduces an entropy parameter, which represents the statistical distribution of velocities and is capable of delimiting flow regimes. This parameter also permits a clear connection between both micro and macro scales of the problem. The proposed model showed great adherence to bench, pilot and real scale results found in scientific literature. For these reasons, and due to its reduced number of premises, the proposed model is concluded to be general and robust, and that it can be applied to countless areas in which an analytical description of flow through porous media is required.

A variedade dos meios porosos é evidente na pluralidade de seus usos. Não por acaso, a avaliação dos escoamentos que neles sucedem é comum a diversos campos de conhecimento. Avanços nas técnicas experimentais e numéricas têm sido observados recentemente. No entanto, progressos posteriores no assunto encontram-se condicionados à evolução da contraparte teórica. Em virtude disso, no presente estudo, foi desenvolvido um modelo analítico para o escoamento em meios porosos. Este modelo se baseia no princípio da entropia máxima (PEM), advindo da teoria da informação. Por meio dele, foi possível a determinação estatística das velocidades locais de um fluido e puderam ser deduzidas expressões embasadas nas Equações de Navier-Stokes, tais quais as Leis de Darcy, de Forchheimer e a Equação de Darcy-Weisbach. Ele permitiu, também, a atribuição de significados físicos mais precisos para grandezas intervenientes no escoamento em meios porosos, como o número de Reynolds e o coeficiente de permeabilidade intrínseca. Dele emergiu, ainda, o parâmetro de entropia, modelador da distribuição de velocidades, capaz de delimitar os regimes de escoamento e que viabiliza a conexão entre a micro e a macroescala do problema. Verificou-se uma grande aderência do modelo proposto a resultados obtidos em escala de bancada, piloto e real, constantes na literatura científica. Por essas razões e pelo fato de o modelo proposto ter como base um número bastante reduzido de premissas, conclui-se que ele é geral e robusto, sendo aplicável às mais distintas áreas que requeiram uma descrição analítica do escoamento em meios porosos. / Given the wide-ranging uses of porous media, it is no coincidence that several distinct fields of knowledge require analysis and evaluation of flows occurring therein. Recent advances in this area have included experimental and numerical techniques. However, further developments in the subject are conditioned to (and held back by) the evolution in its theoretical counterpart. As a result, this study proposes a new analytical model for the flow through porous media, based on information theory\'s principle of maximum entropy (POME). The proposed model allows for the statistical determination of a fluid\'s local velocities. Further, it also permits the deduction of expressions based on the Navier-Stokes Equations, such as Darcy\'s and Forchheimer\'s Laws and the Darcy-Weisbach Equation. It bestows more precise physical meanings to the quantities typically involved in the flow through porous media, such as the Reynolds number and the intrinsic permeability coefficient, as well. Furthermore, the proposed model introduces an entropy parameter, which represents the statistical distribution of velocities and is capable of delimiting flow regimes. This parameter also permits a clear connection between both micro and macro scales of the problem. The proposed model showed great adherence to bench, pilot and real scale results found in scientific literature. For these reasons, and due to its reduced number of premises, the proposed model is concluded to be general and robust, and that it can be applied to countless areas in which an analytical description of flow through porous media is required.

In this thesis, I study numerical and semi-analytical models of self-gravitating protostellar discs, with the aim of furthering our understanding of the role of disc-self gravity in planet formation. At the time of writing, the ALMA era of observational astronomy is upon us. Therefore, I place my research into this context with synthetic images of both numerical and semi-analytical models. I begin with an examination into the apparent lack of convergence, with increasing resolution, of the fragmentation boundary in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations of a protostellar disc. I run a suite of SPH with different numerical implementations, and find that even very similar implementations can fundamentally change the final answer. I analyse a suite of SPH simulations that fragment to form gravitationally bound objects, with the motivation of informing future population synthesis model development. I find that fragment-fragment and fragment-disc interaction dominates the orbital evolution of the system even at very early times, and any attempt to produce a population of objects from the gravitational instability process must include these interactions. Before a disc fragments, it will go through a self-gravitating phase. If the disc cools globally on a timescale such that it is balanced by heating due to gravitational stresses, the disc will be in a state of quasi-equilibrium. So long as the disc mass is sufficiently low, and spirals are sufficiently tightly wound, then angular momentum transport can be described by the local approximation, for which there is an analytical description. Using this analytical description, I develop an existing 1D model into 3D, and examine a wide range of parameter space for which disc self-gravity produces significant non-axisymmetry. Using radiative transfer calculations coupled with synthetic observations, I determine that there is a very narrow range of parameter space in which a disc will have sufficiently large gravitational stresses so as to produce detectable spirals, but the stresses not be so large as to cause the disc to fragment. By developing a simple analytical prescription for dust, I show that this region of parameter space can be broadened considerably. However, it requires grains that are large enough to become trapped by pressure maxima in the disc, so I conclude that if self-gravitating spiral arms are detected in the continuum, it is likely that at least some grain growth has taken place.

L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de proposer des approches de modélisation et d'expérimentation de l'impact de structures déformables et indéformables sur différents milieux. Différents modèles analytiques et des simulations numériques sont développés en comparaison aux résultats expérimentaux. Une première partie se consacre à la caractérisation de la similitude entre la réponse à l'impact à l'eau d'un solide et la réponse d'un solide impactant une structure déformable. Des simulations éléments finis (EF) et SPH sont réalisées pour l'impact à l'eau d'un tube cylindrique (sans rupture). Un modèle analytique d'impact à l'eau est proposé pour prédire l'évolution de l'effort (pic, durée). L'analyse des résultats permet de dimensionner un programmateur d'impact solide reproduisant le pic d'effort. Des simulations EF de l'impact sur un tube cylindrique, à géométrie adapté, dans la direction longitudinale, sont réalisées et comparées à quelques expériences tests. Le «flambage dynamique» (dû au comportement inélastique du matériau et aux ondes de déformations) des tubes est alors observé. Une seconde partie traite du cas de la perforation sous impact d'une tôle mince à faibles vitesses d'impact (< 10 m/s, vitesse de déformation < 1000 s-1). Des essais sur puits de chute instrumenté (force, déplacement, déformée de tôle, avancée de fissure) sont analysés. Des simulations EF en éléments coques avec un critère de rupture ductile par endommagement sont réalisées. Les paramètres de rupture dynamique sont identifiés par méthode inverse à l'aide d'essais de résilience Charpy sur l'alliage d'aluminium de désignation 2024 T3. Une analyse des pics de force lors de l'impact permet une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de perforation. En parallèle, un nouveau modèle analytique, basé sur les énergies impliquées lors de l'impact, est proposé et comparé aux simulations EF. L'étude numérique de la perforation est étendue aux grandes vitesses d'impact et de déformation (100 - 1000 m/s, vitesse de déformation <100 000 s-1) pour identifier les transitions des différents mécanismes de perforation connus (pétalisation, fragmentation des pétales, fragmentation complète). / The objective of this work is to propose approaches to model and to assess experimentally the structural impact on different media. A variety of analytic models and numerical simulations are developed comparing to experimental results. The first part of this work presents a discussion on the similitude between a water impact and an impact on a deformable solid structure. Water impact simulations of a deformable cylinder (without rupture) are performed by finite elements (FE, Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian) and SPH analysis. An analytical model of water impact is proposed for the prediction of peak force evolution. The analysis of results permits to design an impact programmer reproducing this peak force. FE longitudinal impact simulations on cylindrical tubes, with an adapted geometry, are performed and compared with some experiments. The “dynamic buckling” of tubes under impact (due to the material inelastic behavior and to strain waves) is observed. The second part deals with the low velocity perforation (< 10 m/s, strain rate < 1000 s-1) of thin plates. Some experiments on an instrumented drop test (force, displacement, plate shape, crack propagation) are analyzed. Shell FE simulations, with a damage rupture criteria implemented are performed. Parameters are identified by inverse method with the help of Charpy tests made on 2024 T3 aluminum alloy. An analysis of the peak force, during impact, leads to a good understanding of the perforation mechanism. In parallel, a new analytical model, based on an energetic approach of the perforation, is proposed and compared with FE simulations. The numerical perforation study is extended to high velocities and high strain rates (100 - 1000m/s, strain rate < 100 000 s-1) in order to identify different well-known transitions of perforation (Petalisation, petals' fragmentation, total plate's fragmentation).

With the world’s aging power generation network, especially in Europe and the United States, life-extension of steel plant components is increasingly a critical issue, as components are exposed to high temperatures and pressures during their lifetime, potentially resulting in carbide coarsening, making them prone to creep cavitation, possibly leading to component failure. Therefore, in order to evaluate the likelihood of component failure, non-destructive testing and evaluation procedures must be developed to properly assess the level of degradation in power station steels and ensure that end-of-life conditions are not reached. Electromagnetic (EM) inspection techniques have the potential to assess the level of degradation in power station steels through in-situ measurements. This research work introduces and examines a novel approach in the development of an EM sensor system for long term use. Specifically, it focuses on employing the developed EM sensor system technology in the monitoring of microstructural variations in power generation steels (such as boiler tubes) for in-service monitoring and evaluation during maintenance periods. In this work, controlled measurement of the EM properties (differential permeability) of cylindrical samples, machined from power station pipes (P9) and tubes (T22) in different states of degradation were carried out using two different EM sensor systems. Analytical and numerical methods (Finite Elements) were employed to calculate the sensor response to the samples and EM properties inferred by fitting the models to the measured results. The results from a closed magnetic loop sensor system were also considered, where the magnetic hysteresis curves for the steel samples were measured, from which relative incremental permeability values were obtained. It was found that the incremental permeability values measured by this system were connected to the differential permeability values obtained from the induction spectroscopy. Strong correlations have been drawn between microstructural changes (quantified using Vickers hardness measurements) in heat treated samples and EM properties (incremental and differential permeability). Finally, correlations established using the lab-based closed magnetic loop system are transferred to real-world samples, such as grade 91 open pipe / tube specimens. The measurement results verify that the techniques employed for measuring the EM properties of rod samples produce similar results for the open tube samples, demonstrating the viability of application of EM methods for assessment and monitoring of open power station pipes and tubes in-situ.

Les rivières forment un système dynamique complexe soumis à des variations de grande ampleur, en effet les précipitations sont jugées comme la cause fondamentale de ces fluctuations. Au cours du temps, la morphologie des rivières évolue sous l’influence de plusieurs paramètres, en particulier les crues, les ouvrages hydrauliques, le transport sédimentaire. Le développement de la végétation dans le lit de la rivière et sur les berges peut affecter les conditions hydrodynamiques et le comportement des cours d'eau, ainsi l'impact de la végétation est une question cruciale pour la gestion des réseaux d'irrigation et des flux naturels. En réduisant la vitesse, la présence de végétation peut augmenter les dépôts de sédiments et modifier le risque d'inondation du fait des effets combinés de l'augmentation de la rugosité et de la diminution de la zone d'écoulement du chenal principal du fleuve. Ces aspects sont mis en avant par l’application de simulations numériques à des cas réels : cas de la Medjerda et du Canal Medjerda Cap Bon en Tunisie. La végétation est une caractéristique commune des eaux côtières et fluviales naturelles, interagissant à la fois avec le débit d'eau et le transport de sédiments. Cependant, les processus physiques qui régissent ces interactions sont encore mal compris, ce qui rend difficile la prévision du transport des sédiments et de la morpho dynamique. L’enjeu de cette thèse est d’améliorer la connaissance des processus physiques régissant les interactions entre végétation, écoulement et transport sédimentaire. Le but final est de pouvoir améliorer la gestion des hydro-systèmes artificiels ou naturels. Ce travail impliquera deux approches complémentaires d’expériences et de modélisation analytique et numérique. Dans un premier temps, on s’attachera à mieux caractériser les processus physiques d’interaction entre végétation et écoulement. Pour cela des expériences sur différents canaux fourniront l’hydrodynamique au-dessus de végétations modèles. On mettra l’accent sur le développement des méthodes expérimentales spécifiques à l’étude de couche limite au-dessus de macro-rugosités. Ces résultats seront dans un second temps analysés à partir de modèles analytiques qui permettent d’avoir les relations hauteur-débits nécessaires pour la gestion. Les caractéristiques et les performances de plusieurs modèles seront évaluées en regard des différents types de végétations. Dans un troisième temps, des expériences avec des sédiments préciseront l’influence de la végétation sur la modification du transport solide. La réduction des contraintes sur les lits engendre une adaptation nécessaire des lois de transport classique. Un modèle d’ajustement de ces lois sera proposé. / Rivers form a complex dynamic system subject to wide variations, in fact precipitation is considered as the fundamental cause of these fluctuations. Over time, the morphology of rivers evolves under the influence of several parameters, especially floods, hydraulic structures, sediment transport. The development of vegetation in the river bed and on the banks can affect the hydrodynamic conditions and the behavior of a watercourse, so the impact of vegetation on sediment transport is a crucial issue for the management of irrigation networks and natural flows. By reducing velocity, the presence of vegetation can increase sediment deposition and modify the risk of flooding due to the combined effects of increasing roughness and decreasing of flowing area of the river main channel. These aspects are highlighted by the application of numerical simulations to real cases: the case of the Medjerda River and the Channel of Medjerda Cap Bon in Tunisia. Vegetation is a common feature of natural coastal and riverine waters, interacting with both water flow and sediment transport. However, the physical processes governing these interactions are still poorly understood, making it difficult to predict sediment transport and morpho dynamics. The aim of this thesis is to improve the knowledge of the physical processes governing the interactions between vegetation, flow and sediment transport on the one hand, and to select the appropriate model that will be applied in the real case of rivers. The ultimate purpose is to improve the management of artificial or natural hydro-systems. This work will involve two complementary approaches to experiments and analytical and numerical modeling. At first, we will focus on better characterizing the physical processes of interaction between vegetation and flow. For this, experiments on different channels will provide hydrodynamics over model vegetation’s. Emphasis will be placed on the development of experimental methods specific to boundary layer studies over macro-roughness. These results will be analyzed in a second time from analytical models that allow the stage-discharge relationships required for management. The characteristics and performances of several models will be evaluated with regard to different types of vegetation. Thirdly, experiments with sediments will specify the influence of vegetation on the modification of solid transport. The reduction of the constraints on the beds generates a necessary adaptation of the classical transport laws. An adjustment model for these laws will be proposed.