This report presents results of an experimental and numerical investigation into the response of partially-confined, thin-walled, stainless steel cylinders subjected to internal blast loading. "Partial-confinement" refers to an enclosure that may retain a significant, quasi-static pressure following an internal explosion, while "thin-walled" implies that the cylinder wall thickness is small relative to other geometric dimensions. The cylinder deformation is used to gauge the level of blast damage. The chosen cylinders are of length l = 300mm, inner radius a = 150mm, and wall thickness h = 2mm, and cut from seamless 304 stainless steel pipe. Partial-confinement is achieved by keeping one end of the cylinders closed in all tests. The experimental tests are conducted on the horizontal ballistic pendulum at the Blast Impact and Survivability Research Unit (BISRU), University of Cape Town. The blasts are generated by detonating radially-centred, spherical PE4 charges inside the cylinders. The charge mass is varied between 20g and 75g at two axial charge positions, specifically 150mm and 225mm, relative to the closed end. These axial positions are denoted 0.5 l and 0.75 l respectively. Polystyrene annuli are used to position the charges within the cylinders, and the influence of this polystyrene on the cylinder deformation is briefly investigated as an additional parameter. Details are presented of the development of an LS-DYNA Release 6.0.0 computational model that simulates the cylinder response to blast loading. Several 1D and 2D preliminary simulations and convergence studies are presented, the results of which inform the mesh sizes in the final model. The air and explosive are modelled using solid Arbitrary- Lagrange-Euler (ALE) elements, and the cylinders are modelled using Lagrange solids. Since the cylinders and explosive are all circular in section, the simulations are performed in 2D axisymmetry to reduce computational expense. The maximum cylinder deflections and selected final profiles, as well as the impulses imparted to the pendulum, are compared to the corresponding experimental results. With the exception of the 0.75 l tests at larger charge masses, the results exhibit generally good experimental-simulation correlation. For the 0.5 l tests, the cylinders exhibit a linear increase in deformation with increasing charge mass, while the relationship is an exponential increase for the 0.75 l axial charge position. For charges below 45g, the deformations from both axial charge positions are similar, however the responses diverge with increasing charge mass, indicating that the confinement effect of the cylinders is a function of the axial position and is influential only beyond a given mass of explosive. This confinement effect is greater when the charge is located nearer the open end of the cylinder. The computational models provide insight into the transient behaviour of the systems which cannot be achieved experimentally. The influence of the charge position is confirmed by comparing the simulated deformation-time histories for the different axial charge positions. Two pressure fronts are evident in the simulations: one moving radially and one axially. The significant structural damage is caused by the radial pressure incident on the cylinder wall, while the laterally moving pressure drives gas out from the open end. In the case of the 0.75 l simulations, the pressure incident on the cylinder wall has longer to act before it is expelled by the laterally moving pressure. For higher charge masses, the high pressure acting during this additional time is the cause of late-time deformation. Two tests are performed using a half-annulus of polystyrene. Relative to the other tests, these two exhibit greater radial disparity, with the deformation biased to the side with polystyrene. This preliminary result suggests that placing polystyrene between the charge and the cylinder increases the structural deformation, and necessitates further investigation.

New innovation and technology have influenced the development of product development processes and the four largest banks in Sweden have more or less been forced to adapt their products and services along new customer requirements. It may therefore be considered appropriate to involve customers in this process. This by collecting customer information and allow customers to influence the process to a greater extent. The payment solutions of Sweden’s largest banks' continue to evolve and to pay with electronic money has come to change banks' product development processes of payment solutions. This process should not only create an innovative product but should also be performed with continuous quality, sharp focus and prioritization, fast action, team focus, customer involvement, follow-through, and with a final product with strong competitive advantages that satisfies customer needs. The purpose of this study is with help from Sweden's four largest banking groups; Handelsbanken, Swedbank, Nordea and SEB, create the optimal product development process that includes customer involvement, customer impact, and clearly indicate where and how the collection of customer data should occur. This, with the help of a developed analysis tool - as a result of the study, can be applied to analyze the extent to which customers can be considered to be involved and influence the product development process. The four banks do not involve customers in a sufficiently large extent in the current situation in their product development processes. Customer information is collected but not always implemented and the instances where customers may be involved and influence are too few. By modifying the process and eliminating and adding new process phases and in these involve customers with complementary methods has an optimal product development process been developed with a focus on the collection of customer information, customer involvement and customer impact. This process aims to create competitive advantages for banks through increased customer focus. / Ny innovation och teknik har påverkat utvecklingen av produktutvecklingsprocesser och Sveriges största bankkoncerner har mer eller mindre blivit tvungna att anpassa sina produkter och tjänster utefter nya kundkrav, det kan därför anses lämpligt att involvera kunderna i processen. Detta genom att samla in kundinformation och låta kunderna påverka processen i en större utsträckning. Sveriges största bankkoncerners betalningslösningar fortsätter att utvecklas och att betala med elektroniska pengar har kommit att förändra bankernas produktutvecklingsprocesser av betalningslösningar. Denna process ska inte endast skapa innovativa produkter utan också genomföras med kontinuerlig kvalité, skarpt fokus och prioritering, snabba aktiviteter, team fokus, kundinvolvering, uppföljning och med en slutprodukt med starka konkurrensfördelar och som tillfredsställer kundernas behov. Syftet med studien är att med hjälp av Sveriges fyra största bankkoncerner; Handelsbanken, Swedbank, Nordea och SEB, skapa den optimala produktutvecklingsprocessen och påvisa vart i denna process kundinvolvering, kundpåverkan och insamling av kundinformation bör ske. Detta med hjälp av ett framtaget analysverktyg, ett resultat av studien, som kan tillämpas för att analysera i vilken utsträckning kunderna kan anses vara involverade och påverka en produktutvecklingsprocess.  I dagsläget involverar bankerna inte kunderna i produktutvecklingsprocessen i tillräckligt stor utsträckning. Kundinformation samlas in men implementeras inte alltid och tillfällen där kunderna kan vara involverade och påverka är få. Genom att modifiera processen och eliminera samt addera nya processfaser och i dessa involvera kunderna med kompletterande metoder har en optimal produktutvecklingsprocess framtagits med fokus på insamling av kundinformation, kundinvolvering och kundpåverkan. Denna process är avsedd att stärka bankernas konkurrensfördelar genom att sätta kunden i fokus.

My thesis deals with town and country planning as a tool for environmental protection. It is necessary to take into consideration the environment impacts by procurement and issuing the planning documents and to make available tools to protect the environment in this process. The second chapter defines the term town and country planning and describes its objectives and tasks. I described the history of legislation and focused on the principles of the current legislation. The last part of this chapter considers with the powers in town and country planning activities. The third chapter contains the characteristics of individual tools of town and country planning and process of procurement and issuing of these documents. It includes the planning materials, the spatial development policy as a statewide conception, spatial development principles issued on regional level, local plan as a basic instrument determining conception of municipality development and protection of its values and the regulatory plan. I also described individual kinds of planning permissions and planning provisions. The fourth chapter deals with the review of these documents. Fifth, sixth and sevenths chapter I rate as the main part of my thesis. It considers with the connections between the town and country planning process and the...

L'objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de proposer des approches de modélisation et d'expérimentation de l'impact de structures déformables et indéformables sur différents milieux. Différents modèles analytiques et des simulations numériques sont développés en comparaison aux résultats expérimentaux. Une première partie se consacre à la caractérisation de la similitude entre la réponse à l'impact à l'eau d'un solide et la réponse d'un solide impactant une structure déformable. Des simulations éléments finis (EF) et SPH sont réalisées pour l'impact à l'eau d'un tube cylindrique (sans rupture). Un modèle analytique d'impact à l'eau est proposé pour prédire l'évolution de l'effort (pic, durée). L'analyse des résultats permet de dimensionner un programmateur d'impact solide reproduisant le pic d'effort. Des simulations EF de l'impact sur un tube cylindrique, à géométrie adapté, dans la direction longitudinale, sont réalisées et comparées à quelques expériences tests. Le «flambage dynamique» (dû au comportement inélastique du matériau et aux ondes de déformations) des tubes est alors observé. Une seconde partie traite du cas de la perforation sous impact d'une tôle mince à faibles vitesses d'impact (< 10 m/s, vitesse de déformation < 1000 s-1). Des essais sur puits de chute instrumenté (force, déplacement, déformée de tôle, avancée de fissure) sont analysés. Des simulations EF en éléments coques avec un critère de rupture ductile par endommagement sont réalisées. Les paramètres de rupture dynamique sont identifiés par méthode inverse à l'aide d'essais de résilience Charpy sur l'alliage d'aluminium de désignation 2024 T3. Une analyse des pics de force lors de l'impact permet une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de perforation. En parallèle, un nouveau modèle analytique, basé sur les énergies impliquées lors de l'impact, est proposé et comparé aux simulations EF. L'étude numérique de la perforation est étendue aux grandes vitesses d'impact et de déformation (100 - 1000 m/s, vitesse de déformation <100 000 s-1) pour identifier les transitions des différents mécanismes de perforation connus (pétalisation, fragmentation des pétales, fragmentation complète). / The objective of this work is to propose approaches to model and to assess experimentally the structural impact on different media. A variety of analytic models and numerical simulations are developed comparing to experimental results. The first part of this work presents a discussion on the similitude between a water impact and an impact on a deformable solid structure. Water impact simulations of a deformable cylinder (without rupture) are performed by finite elements (FE, Coupled Eulerian Lagrangian) and SPH analysis. An analytical model of water impact is proposed for the prediction of peak force evolution. The analysis of results permits to design an impact programmer reproducing this peak force. FE longitudinal impact simulations on cylindrical tubes, with an adapted geometry, are performed and compared with some experiments. The “dynamic buckling” of tubes under impact (due to the material inelastic behavior and to strain waves) is observed. The second part deals with the low velocity perforation (< 10 m/s, strain rate < 1000 s-1) of thin plates. Some experiments on an instrumented drop test (force, displacement, plate shape, crack propagation) are analyzed. Shell FE simulations, with a damage rupture criteria implemented are performed. Parameters are identified by inverse method with the help of Charpy tests made on 2024 T3 aluminum alloy. An analysis of the peak force, during impact, leads to a good understanding of the perforation mechanism. In parallel, a new analytical model, based on an energetic approach of the perforation, is proposed and compared with FE simulations. The numerical perforation study is extended to high velocities and high strain rates (100 - 1000m/s, strain rate < 100 000 s-1) in order to identify different well-known transitions of perforation (Petalisation, petals' fragmentation, total plate's fragmentation).

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