With widespread of harmful attacks against enterprises¿ electronic services, information security readiness of these enterprises is becoming of increasing importance for establishing the required safe environment for such services. Various approaches are proposed to manage enterprise information security risks and to assess its information security readiness. These approaches are, however, not adequate to manage information security risks, as all required information security components of its structural and procedural dimensions have not considered. In addition, current assessment approaches lack numerical indicators in assessing enterprise information security readiness. Furthermore, there is no standard approach for analysing cost versus benefit in selecting recommended protection measures. This thesis aims at contributing to the knowledge by developing comprehensive Enterprise Information Security Risk Management (EISRM) framework that integrates typical approaches for information security risk management, and incorporates main components of key risk management methodologies. In addition, for supporting phases of the proposed EISRM framework, analytical models for enterprise information security readiness assessment and cost-benefit analysis are developed. The practical evaluation, using the proposed enterprise information security readiness assessment model has been performed depending on a developed investigation form that used to investigate nine enterprises inside Saudi Arabia. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in assessing and comparing enterprises information security readiness at all levels of the model, using numerical indicators and graphical representations. The EISRM framework and the analytical models presented in this research can be used by enterprises as single point of reference for assessing and cost effectively improving their information security readiness.

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Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjami santvarinių konstrukcijų iš kvadratinių vamzdžių tiesioginio jungimo mazgų skaičiavimo ir konstravimo ypatumai. Analizuojama konstrukcinių elementų elgsena mazge ir jos sąlygojamas jungties irties pobūdis. Nagrinėjamos takumo linijos teorijos taikymo galimybės sudarant analitinius modelius. Pateikiami analitiniai modeliai, taikomi mazgų ašinės laikomosios galios skaičiavimo algoritmams sudaryti, pateikiamiems projektavimo norminiuose dokumentuose. Aprašomas mazgą sudarančių konstrukcinių elementų projektavimas pagal STR 2.05.08:2005 ir EN 1993-1-1 reikalavimus, bei mazgų ašinės laikomosios galios nustatymas pagal STR 2.05.08:2005 8-tą priedą, bei EN 1993-1-8. Darbe atlikta skaitinė projektavimo normose pateikiamų santvarinių konstrukcijų tiesioginio jungimo mazgų ašinės laikomosios galios nustatymo lyginamoji analizė. Suprojektuota santvarinė konstrukcija, kurios skaičiuojamoji schema parinkta tokia, kad būtų išanalizuoti visi projektavimo normose pateikiami tiesioginio jungimo mazgų tipai. Įrąžoms konstrukciniuose elementuose nustatyti pasinaudota kompiuterine skaičiavimo programa Staad.pro. Konstrukcinių elementų elgsenos mazge analizei pasinaudota kompiuterine programa CosmosWorks. Ištirta pagrindinių skaičiavimo algoritmuose pateikiamų rodiklių įtaka mazgo laikomąjai galiai. Norint parinkti santvaros konstrukcinius elementus ir nustatyti mazgų skaičiuotinę ašinę laikomąją galią bei atlikti skaitinę analizę buvo pasinaudota... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This master thesis considers design and estimation of truss joints between square hollow sections. Behaviuor of joints and its failure modes analyzed. The posibility to apply the yield line theory for analytical models considered. Analytical models used for determining the design capacity of the joint formulae in design guids presented. Truss members design following STR 2.05.08:2005 and EN 1993-1-1 and joint design capacity calculation following STR 2.05.08:2008 8-th annex and EN 1993-1-8 presented. It was made numerical convergence analysis between diferent design guidilines for estimating design capacity of the joint in this study. Truss structure designed, including all most commonly known joint types. Truss member loiding estimated using structural design and analysis software Staad.Pro. The behaviuor of the joint designed using finite element analysis software Cosmos.Works. Also the influence of governing joint parameters for the design capacity equations analysed. For truss structure design, capacity of the joint calculations and numerical analysis the calculation program was made using Microsoft Office Exel software.

Le bruit de bord de fuite à large bande est l’un des contributeurs principaux du bruit des soufflantes de turboréacteurs modernes. La double nécessité de mieux comprendre sa génération et de le réduire a suscité le présent travail, essentiellement expérimental. L’étude se focalise sur l’effet de grille provoqué par la diffraction des ondes acoustiques sur les aubes adjacentes. Une grille d’aubes linéaire de solidité 1,43 est instrumentée et adaptée à la mesure acoustique dans le secteur aval pour plusieurs vitesses d’écoulement et plusieurs angles d’attaque. Le bruit de bord de fuite de la grille d’aubes prédomine ainsi sur une large gamme de fréquence. L’effet de grille se manifeste à travers des résonnances dans la grille, des interférences dans le champ lointain et à travers la dépendance en vitesse des spectres acoustiques. Les données d’entrée de modèles analytiques décrivant statistiquement la turbulence des couches limites sont directement mesurées sur les aubages. Le modèle de bruit de profil isolé d’Amiet fournit une estimation convenable des niveaux de bruit suggérant que la déformation des spectres par l’effet de grille est de faible amplitude. Nous avons ensuite adapté à la configuration expérimentale le modèle de Glegg qui tient compte des interactions entre pales. Il fournit des estimations de spectres acoustiques s’écartant de 3 dB de la prédiction de profil isolé, confirmant la conclusion précédente. Cependant ce dernier modèle décrit mieux les interférences observées en champ lointain. La réduction du bruit de bord de fuite est ensuite abordée, dans un premier temps sur profil isolé au moyen de brosses insérées au bord de fuite. Une réduction de 4,5 dB est ainsi obtenue sur une large gamme de fréquences. Une étude de corrélation aérodynamique aux fils chauds dans le sillage des brosses montre qu’elles décorrèlent les structures turbulentes dans la direction de l’envergure ce qui peut expliquer partiellement la réduction du bruit observée. Dans un deuxième temps, des chevrons dessinant des dents de scie dans la direction de l’envergure sont appliqués aux bords de fuite de la grille d’aubes. Nous retrouvons alors les observations faites avec ces dispositifs sur les profils isolés. Aucun effet de couplage entre la réduction du bruit et l’effet de grille n’est observé. Des mesures de vélocimétrie par images de particules dans le sillage des chevrons montrent que la couche limite de l’extrados est éloignée de la surface du profil fournissant un mécanisme admissible de réduction du bruit. Un deuxième mécanisme crédible est la décorrélation dans la direction de l’envergure de la nappe de vorticité lâchée dans le sillage suite à la condition de Kutta. Enfin, nous étudions l’effet de l’inclinaison du bord de fuite par rapport à l’écoulement et montrons par une prise en compte de cette géométrie dans le modèle d’Amiet qu’il peut également aboutir à une réduction acoustique. / Broadband trailing edge noise is one of the main contributors to modern turbofan noise. The current need for both understanding and reducing those sources motivated the present work.This study focuses on the cascade effect which is produced by the scattering of acoustic waves on neighbouring blades. A seven blade linear cascade is set up for acoustic measurements in the downstream sector with varying speed and angle of attack. Broadband trailing edge noise is thus the main noise source in the facility on a wide frequency range. Acoustic resonances in the cascade and far field interferences as well as specific velocity dependence are proofs of the sought blade interactions. To give a more quantitative insight in the cascade effect, Amiet isolated airfoil trailing edge noise model is first used. Its input data which are a statistical description of the turbulent boundary layer are directly measured on the suction surface of the center blade. The noise levels are fairly well predicted suggesting that the cascade effect only moderately affects the far-field acoustic spectra. Glegg’s cascade model is then modified to fit the experimental set-up and used with the same input data. The estimates differ from the isolated airfoil predictions from ±3dB confirming the preceding conclusions. However far field interferences are well recovered by Glegg’s model. Noise reduction is then assessed in this study. First, brushes are inserted in an isolated airfoil trailing edge and a broadband noise reduction of 4,5 dB is obtained. A hot wire coherence study is carried out in the near wake of the brush showing that spanwise decorrelation could be partly responsible for the observed noise reduction. Trailing edge serrations are finally applied on the cascade trailing edges and the same reduction potential than on isolated airfoil with the same device is recovered. This shows that the cascade effet has little influence on the noise reduction process. This mechanism is more likely to be threefold. Particle image velocimetry measurements show that the suction side boundary layer is thrown out from the airfoil surface which could result in smaller induced surface pressure. Secondly, the vorticity sheet shed in the wake because of the Kutta condition is necessarily less coherent in the spanwise direction with the serrations than with the straightedge. Last, the reduced relative angle between the flow and the local trailing edge could also theorically reduce the far-field noise. This has been investigated analytically by means of a modification of Amiet’s model to account for the sweep angle of the blade.

Cette thèse de doctorat s'inscrit dans un projet pour le développement du véhicule électrique piloté par la société Renault. Il répond aux prévisions d’exploitation de véhicules électriques pour des déplacements interurbains et urbains afin d’améliorer les aspects environnementaux. L'objectif de nos travaux a été de développer un outil capable de prédire le bruit d'origine électromagnétique produit par des machines à rotor passifs : machine à réluctance variable, sur une large plage de vitesse. Pour cela, le développement d’un modèle vibro-acoustique reposant sur les équations aux dérivées partielles permet d’obtenir une bonne estimation des vibrations et du bruit de la machine pour une force donnée. Cette modélisation analytique couplée à un outil éléments finis, permettant ainsi d’estimer précisément les pressions radiales d’origine magnétique, fournit sous forme de sonagramme le bruit de la machine sur une large plage de vitesse. Cette approche dite hybride « numérique et analytique » offre l’avantage d’un très bon compromis temps de calcul – précision afin de concevoir des machines peu bruyantes. Enfin une analyse des effets de la saturation de ces machines ainsi qu’une analyse harmonique par produit de convolution sont fournis. / This thesis is related to the development of an electric car by Renault. This vehicle respects the constraints in order to improve environmental aspects. The aim of this work is to develop a tool capable of predicting electromagnetic noise generated by motors with passive rotor: switched reluctance machine, for a large range of speed.For that, a vibro-acoustic model based on an analytical approach was developed. It gives a good estimation of the vibrations and noise of the machine for a given force. This analytical model is coupled with Finite Element models which allows accurate estimation of radial Maxwell pressure and gives the sonogram of the radiated noise regarding a large range of speed.The advantage of this “hybrid” approach (Finite Element and analytical) is the very good compromise accuracy/computational time in order to design less noisy motors. Finally, an analysis of the saturation effect and harmonic analysis using convolution were performed.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] Las averías inesperadas en las máquinas eléctricas rotativas pueden provocar tiempos de inactividad no programados, que pueden tener como consecuencia grandes pérdidas económicas. Esto aplica a las máquinas eléctricas rotativas en general y en particular a los aerogeneradores eólicos, cuya instalación y necesidades de mantenimiento han experimentado un gran crecimiento en los últimos años. Su mantenimiento predictivo evitaría las averías inesperadas y el aumento de costes que se pueden derivar de un mantenimiento preventivo, mediante la medida continua, on-line, de las variables que indican el estado del aerogenerador. Junto con ello, es necesario el desarrollo de técnicas de diagnóstico fiables que necesitan del testeo en aerogeneradores trabajando bajo diferentes condiciones de fallo. Como los ensayos destructivos para el estudio de defectos o fallos no es económicamente factible, se han desarrollado modelos de máquinas eléctricas rotativas trabajando en condiciones de fallo. Así, estos modelos permiten extraer las características de las corrientes de las máquinas bajo condiciones de fallo reduciendo el número de pruebas destructivas. A partir del compendio de artículos científicos y presentaciones en congreso de esta tesis doctoral se han desarrollado las diferentes etapas de implementación del banco de ensayos. En primer lugar, se exploran las diferentes técnicas de modelado de las máquinas eléctricas rotativas mediante una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura técnica disponible hasta el momento. Por otro lado, se pretenden desarrollar técnicas de modelado para ser implementadas en sistemas de prototipado rápido para realizar el diagnóstico online de la máquina. Sin embargo, los modelos analíticos como el presentado, debido a las simplificaciones que se asumen, no pueden modelar con precisión las no idealidades y las no idealidades propias de las máquinas de inducción defectuosas. Los modelos basados en métodos numéricos son más completos, pero requieren una gran capacidad computacional y largos tiempos de simulación. Además, su implementación en sistemas de prototipado rápido, resulta en una tarea muy compleja hasta el momento. Por esta razón, se opta por desarrollar un método de modelado basado en un enfoque híbrido analítico-numérico, que puede ayudar en el desarrollo de pruebas de técnicas de diagnóstico de fallos para ser implementados en dispositivos embebidos, así como para entrenar a sistemas expertos para evaluar la condición de la máquina. No obstante, este modelo desarrollado todavía requiere de importantes capacidades de memoria y tiempos de cómputo, por lo que se aporta un método para optimizar el cálculo de las inductancias de la máquina eléctrica. El estudio de esta técnica, además de una publicación en revista, ha resultado en dos presentaciones en congreso. Por otro lado, se ha optimizado el modelo analítico, aportando un nuevo método basado en el álgebra tensorial que además permite adaptar el modelo híbrido a diferentes tipos de defectos. Finalmente, como alternativa a las técnicas de diagnóstico tradicionales que se basan en el análisis de corriente a través de la transformada de Fourier (FFT), cuyo uso está limitado al diagnóstico en régimen estacionario, así como a las técnicas tiempo-frecuencia que permiten el diagnóstico de fallos bajo condiciones de régimen transitorio pero a un elevado coste computacional, este trabajo presenta una combinación de técnicas de diagnóstico que proporciona alta resolución espectral en todo el rango de carga de la máquina a bajo coste computacional y requisitos de memoria. Para la validación de las técnicas de modelado y la técnica de diagnóstico presentadas se ha implementado un banco de ensayos versátil con la capacidad de reproducir cualquier condición de funcionamiento. / [CA] Les averies inesperades de les màquines elèctriques rotatives poden provocar temps no programats de inactivitat, que esdevindrien en greus pèrdues econòmiques. Aquest raonament és cert per a màquines elèctriques rotatives en general i per als aerogeneradors en particular, la instal·lació dels quals i necessitats de manteniment han experimentat un gran creixement al llarg dels últims anys. El manteniment predictiu evitaria les averies inesperades i el augment de costos derivats de un manteniment preventiu, mitjançant el anàlisi continu i en línia de les magnituds que indiquen l'estat de l'aerogenerador. A més, seria necessari desenvolupar tècniques de diagnosi fiables a través de proves realitzades en aerogeneradors treballant amb distintes condicions de fallada. La realització d'assajos destructius per a l'estudi de defectes o averies no és econòmicament factible. Per tant, s'han desenvolupat models de màquines elèctriques rotatives treballant en condicions de fallada. D'aquesta manera, aquest model permeten extraure les característiques de les corrents absorbides/generades per les màquines en condicions de fallada i permeten reduir el nombre de proves destructives. A partir d'un compendi d'articles científics i presentacions en congrés d'aquesta tesi doctoral s'han desenvolupat les diferents etapes de implementació del banc de proves. En primer lloc s'exploren les diferents tècniques de modelat de màquines elèctriques rotatives mitjançant una revisió exhaustiva de la literatura tècnica disponible fins a la data. D'altra banda, es pretén desenvolupar tècniques de modelat per se implementades en sistemes de prototipat ràpid per realitzar la diagnosi en línia de la màquina. En aquest cas, la primera tècnica de modelat desenvolupada en la tesis es basa en mètodes analítics, obtinguin-se un model molt ràpid que simplifica el procés de càlcul dels paràmetres del model de la màquina elèctrica i és capaç de representar qualsevols tipus i nombre de fallades de simetria del rotor. No obstant això, els models analítics, como el presentat, no poden modelar amb precisió les no idealitats i no linealitats pròpies de les màquines de inducció amb fallada. El models basats en mètodes numèrics son més complets però requereixen una gran capacitat computacional i llargs temps de simulació. A més, la seua implantació en sistemes de prototipat ràpid resulta una tasca complexa i en molts casos inassolible. Per aquesta raó s'ha optat per desenvolupar un mètode de modelat basat en un plantejament híbrid analític-numèric, que pot ajudar al desenvolupament de sistemes per provar tècniques de diagnosi de fallades per se implantats en dispositius embeguts així com per entrenar a sistemes experts per avaluar la condició de la màquina. No obstant això, aquest model encara requereix de importants capacitats de memòria i temps de computació, per tant, en aquesta tesis, s'aporta un mètode per optimitzar el càlcul de les inductàncies de la màquina elèctrica. L'estudi d'aquesta tècnica, a més d'una publicació en revista, ha resultat en dos presentacions en congres. En altra publicació s'ha optimitzat el model analític mitjançant un mètode basat en l'àlgebra tensorial que permet adaptar el model híbrid a altres tipus de fallada. Finalment, com alternativa a les tècniques de diagnòstic tradicionals basades en el anàlisi de la corrent amb la transformada ràpida de Fourier (FFT) limitades al diagnòstic en règim estacionari, així como a les tècniques basades en l'anàlisi temps-freqüència que permeten la diagnosis en règim transitori per a un elevat cost computacional, aquest treball presenta una combinació de tècniques de diagnosi que proporciona alta resolució espectral en totes les zones de treball de la màquina amb un baix cost computacional i de memòria. Per a la validació d'aquestes tècniques de modelat i la tècnica de diagnosi presentada s'ha implementat un banc d'assajos versàtil i amb la capacitat de reproduir qualsevols condició de funcionament. / [EN] Unexpected breakdowns in rotating electrical machines components can lead to unscheduled downtimes and consequently to large economic losses. This relates to electrical machines in general and particularly to wind turbines, whose installation and maintenance needs have raised significantly in recent years. Predictive maintenance would avoid unexpected breakdowns and the associated increased costs from preventive maintenance, by online condition monitoring of the machine. In addition, the development of reliable diagnostic techniques is needed, which requires the testing of wind turbines working under various fault conditions. As destructive testing for fault research purposes is not economically feasible, several rotating electrical machines models running under fault conditions have been developed to investigate the characteristics of faulty machines and have allowed reducing the number of destructive tests. The different stages of the implementation of the test bench have been developed from the compendium of scientific papers and conference presentations of this doctoral thesis. Firstly, the different modeling techniques for rotating electrical machines are explored through an exhaustive review of the technical literature available so far. Moreover, it is aimed at developing modeling techniques valid to be implemented in rapid prototyping systems to perform online diagnosis of the machine. The first modeling technique developed in this thesis is based on analytical methods, obtaining a very fast model which greatly simplifies the process of calculating the parameters of the electrical induction machine model. This model can reproduce any kind and number of rotor asymmetry faults. However, analytical models as the presented one, due to the simplifications assumed, cannot accurately model the inherent non-idealities and non-idealities within faulty induction machines. Models based on numerical methods are more complete but require high computational effort and long simulation times. Moreover, their implementation in rapid prototyping systems is challenging so far. For this reason, a modeling method based on a hybrid analytical- numerical approach is developed, which can contribute to the development of testing fault diagnosis techniques to be implemented in embedded devices, as well as to train expert systems to evaluate the state of the machine. However, this model still requires a significant memory capacity and computation time, so it is provided a method to optimize the computation of the coupling para- meters of the machine. The study of this technique has resulted in a journal publication and two conference presentations. Particularly, it is studied the correct implementation of the modelling technique to obtain a reliable fault diagnosis and it is compared with another method of parameter reduction pro- posed in the technical literature. Besides that, the analytical model has been optimized, providing a new method based on tensor algebra, which also allows the hybrid model to be adapted to different types of defects. Finally, this work shows a combination of diagnostic techniques providing high spectral resolution over the entire machine load range at low computational cost and with negligible memory requirements. This provides an alternative to the traditional diagnostic techniques based on current analysis using Fourier transform (FFT), whose implementation is limited to the diagnosis in the steady state, as well as time-frequency techniques, which allow fault diagnosis under transient regime conditions at high computational cost. For the validation of the presented modeling techniques and diagnostic technique, a versatile test bench has been implemented. This test bench allows to reproduce any operating condition of the machine. / Terrón Santiago, C. (2022). Desarrollo e implementación de un banco de ensayos virtual de aerogeneradores para diferentes regímenes de funcionamiento y condiciones de fallo [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183782 / TESIS / Compendio

Forecasts are important to decision-making and risk assessment in many domains. Since current database systems do not provide integrated support for forecasting, it is usually done outside the database system by specially trained experts using forecast models. However, integrating model-based forecasting as a first-class citizen inside a DBMS speeds up the forecasting process by avoiding exporting the data and by applying database-related optimizations like reusing created forecast models. It especially allows subsequent processing of forecast results inside the database. In this demo, we present our prototype F2DB based on PostgreSQL, which allows for transparent processing of forecast queries. Our system automatically takes care of model maintenance when the underlying dataset changes. In addition, we offer optimizations to save maintenance costs and increase accuracy by using derivation schemes for multidimensional data. Our approach reduces the required expert knowledge by enabling arbitrary users to apply forecasting in a declarative way.

further development of the simple and promising analytical probabilistic approach / Urban stormwater management aims at mitigating the adverse impacts of urbanization. Hydrological models are used in support of stormwater management planning and design. There are three main approaches that can be applied for this modeling purpose: (1) continuous simulation approach which is accurate but time-consuming; (2) design storm approach, which is widely used and its accuracy highly depends on the selected antecedent moisture conditions and temporal distribution of design storms; and (3) the analytical probabilistic approach which is recently developed and still not used in practice. Although it is time-effective and it can produce results as accurate as the other two approaches; the analytical probabilistic approach requires further developments in order to make it more reliable and accurate. For this purpose, three subtopics are investigated in this thesis. (1) Rainfall data analysis as required by the analytical probabilistic approach with emphasis on testing the exponentiality of rainfall event duration, volume and interevent time (i.e., time separating it from its preceding rainfall event). A goodness-of-fit testing procedure that is suitable for this kind of data analysis was proposed. (2) Derivation of new analytical probabilistic models for peak discharge rate incorporating trapezoidal and triangular hydrograph shapes in order to include all possible catchment’s responses. And (3) the infiltration process is assumed to continue until the end of the rainfall event; however, the soil may get saturated earlier and the excess amount would contribute to the runoff volume which may have adverse impact if not taken into consideration. Thus, in addition to the infiltration process, the saturation excess runoff is also included and new models for flood frequencies are developed. All the models developed in this thesis are tested and compared to methods used in practice, reasonable results were obtained. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Urban stormwater management aims at mitigating the adverse impacts of urbanization. Hydrological models are used in support of stormwater management planning and design. The analytical probabilistic stormwater management model (APSWM) is a promising tool for planning and design analysis. The purpose of this thesis is to further develop APSWM in order to make it more reliable and accurate. First, a clear procedure for rainfall data analysis as required by APSWM is provided. Second, a new APSWM is derived incorporating other runoff temporal-distribution patterns. Finally, the possibility of soil layer saturation while it is still raining is added to the model. All the models developed in this thesis are tested and compared to methods used in engineering practice, reasonable results were obtained.

Dans l’étude de tout nouveau réacteur nucléaire, la conception de son cœur est une étape décisive. Or il s’agit d’un problème complexe, qui couple fortement la neutronique, la thermomécanique du combustible et la thermo-hydraulique. Actuellement cette conception se fait par longues itérations successives entre les différentes spécialités. Afin d’optimiser de façon plus globale et complète la conception d’un cœur, une nouvelle démarche appelée FARM (FAst Reactor Methodology) a été développée dans le cadre de la thèse. Elle consiste à établir des modèles simplifiés de neutronique, mécanique et thermo-hydraulique, sous forme analytique ou d’interpolation de calculs de codes de référence, puis à les coupler, de manière à pré-dimensionner automatiquement un cœur à partir de variables d’optimisation. Une fois ce modèle établi, on peut explorer et optimiser directement de nombreux cœurs, à partir d’algorithmes génétiques de façon à améliorer leurs performances (inventaire Plutonium en cycle, …) et leur sûreté (estimateurs de sûreté pour accidents protégés et non-protégés). Une réflexion a également due être menée pour déterminer les performances d’un cœur, ainsi que la façon de prendre en compte la sûreté. Cette nouvelle approche a été utilisée pour optimiser la conception de trois concepts de cœurs de Réacteur à Neutrons Rapides refroidi au Gaz (RNR-G). Tout d’abord, la conception du RNR-G à combustible carbure et à aiguilles en SiC a pu être optimisée. Les résultats ont permis d’une part de démontrer que le cœur de référence issu de la méthode itérative était optimal (c'est-à-dire sur le front de Pareto). D’autre part, l’optimisation a également permis de proposer de nombreux autres cœurs, où en dégradant un estimateur de sûreté ou une performance (sur lesquels des marges étaient disponibles), on améliore les autres performances. Une évolution de ce concept utilisant la nouvelle technologie du buffer, a également été modélisée dans FARM et optimisée. FARM a ainsi permis de proposer les premières images de cœur GFR carbure gainé en SiC utilisant la technologie buffer, et d’estimer leurs performances. Les résultats obtenus montrent que cette innovation permet d’atteindre des cœurs beaucoup plus performants et/ou beaucoup plus « sûrs » (plusieurs profils de cœurs étant proposés). Une troisième application de FARM a été réalisée sur un concept de GFR carbure gainé en Vanadium, où là aussi FARM a proposé les premières images de cœur. Toutefois les grandes incertitudes en jeu ne permettent pas véritablement de conclure sur les performances de ce concept, qui semble prometteur.Ainsi, la faisabilité d’une optimisation globale, couplant les différentes physiques d’un cœur de réacteur nucléaire a été démontrée. Si la méthode ainsi obtenue (FARM) est moins précise que la méthode classique, elle permet d’explorer et d’optimiser beaucoup plus rapidement (en quelques semaines au lieu de quelques mois) un grand nombre de cœurs et est parfaitement adaptée pour l’étape de préconception des cœurs de réacteurs ; d’autres études détaillées permettant ensuite d’affiner l’image de cœur retenue. / In the study of any new nuclear reactor, the design of the core is an important step. However designing and optimising a reactor core is quite complex as it involves neutronics, thermal-hydraulics and fuel thermomechanics and usually design of such a system is achieved through an iterative process, involving several different disciplines. In order to solve quickly such a multi-disciplinary system, while observing the appropriate constraints, a new approach has been developed to optimise both the core performance (in-cycle Pu inventory, fuel burn-up, etc…) and the core safety characteristics (safety estimators) of a Fast Neutron Reactor. This new approach, called FARM (FAst Reactor Methodology) uses analytical models and interpolations (Metamodels) from CEA reference codes for neutronics, thermal-hydraulics and fuel behaviour, which are coupled to automatically design a core based on several optimization variables. This global core model is then linked to a genetic algorithm and used to explore and optimise new core designs with improved performance. Consideration has also been given to which parameters can be best used to define the core performance and how safety can be taken into account.This new approach has been used to optimize the design of three concepts of Gas cooled Fast Reactor (GFR). For the first one, using a SiC/SiCf-cladded carbide-fuelled helium-bonded pin, the results demonstrate that the CEA reference core obtained with the traditional iterative method was an optimal core, but among many other possibilities (that is to say on the Pareto front). The optimization also found several other cores which exhibit some improved features at the expense of other safety or performance estimators. An evolution of this concept using a “buffer”, a new technology being developed at CEA, has hence been introduced in FARM. The FARM optimisation produced several core designs using this technology, and estimated their performance. The results obtained show that this innovative feature leads to much higher performing and/or safer cores. The FARM approach has also been applied to a GFR concept using a vanadium cladding. However the large uncertainties involved do not really enable one to evaluate the performance of this promising concept.In summary, the feasibility of a global multi-disciplinary optimization has been demonstrated. Although the resulting method (FARM) is less accurate than the conventional method, it allows fast optimization and permits a large number of cores to be explored quickly, and is ideally suited for the preliminary designs studies before further refinement of the core design.

Saskatchewan is the only province in Canada to have routinely tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of all provincially reported human cases of campylobacteriosis. From 1999 to 2006, 1378 human Campylobacter species infections were tested for susceptibility at the Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory using the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance panel and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints. Of these, 1200 were C. jejuni, 129 were C. coli, with the remaining made up of C. lari, C. laridis, C. upsaliensis and undifferentiated Campylobacter species. Campylobacter coli had significantly higher prevalences of ciprofloxacin resistance (CIPr), erythromycin resistance (ERYr), combined CIPr-ERYr resistance and multidrug resistance (to three or greater drug classes) than C. jejuni. Logistic regression models indicated that CIPr in C. jejuni decreased from 1999 to 2004 and subsequently increased in 2005 and 2006. The risk of CIPr was significantly increased in the winter months (January to March) compared to other seasons. A comparison of logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard survival models found that the latter were better able to detect significant temporal trends in CIPr and tetracycline resistance by directly modeling MICs, but that these trends were more difficult to interpret. Scan statistics detected significant spatial clusters of CIPr C. jejuni infections in urban centers (Saskatoon and Regina) and temporal clusters in the winter months; the space-time permutation model did not detect any space-time clusters. Bernoulli scan tests were computationally the fastest for cluster detection, compared to ordinal MIC and multinomial antibiogram models. eBURST analysis of antibiogram patterns showed a marked distinction between case and non-case isolates from the scan statistic clusters. Multilevel logistic regression models detected significant individual and regional contextual risk factors for infection with CIPr C. jejuni. Patients infected in the winter, that were between the ages of 40-45 years of age, that lived in urban regions and that lived in regions of moderately high poultry density had higher risks of a resistant infection. These results advance the epidemiologic knowledge of CIPr C. jejuni in Saskatchewan and provide novel analytical methods for antimicrobial resistance surveillance data in Canada. / Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory (Saskatchewan Ministry of Health); Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses (Public Health Agency of Canada); Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (Public Health Agency of Canada); Ontario Veterinary College Blake Graham Fellowship