Development of a PCI card for PCI bus based host systems, which allows for analysis of ATM data streams on ATM transmission links with a data rate of 622Mbit/s. Implementation and previous deliberations and therefrom and from given specifications arisen partial tasks Fields of application of the ATM-Analyzer board Depiction of particular development steps Functional description of the ATM-Analyzer Explanations on how to put the PCB and the employed test software into operation Assessment of test results / Entwicklung einer Einsteckkarte für PCI-Bus-basierte Hostsysteme zur Analyse von Datenströmen auf ATM-Übertragungsstrecken mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 622 Mbit/s. Realisierung und damit verbundene Vorüberlegungen und daraus und aus gegebenen Spezifikationen erwachsene Teilaufgaben Anwendungsgebiete der Analyzer-Karte Darstellung der einzelnen Entwicklungsschritte Funktionsbeschreibung des ATM-Analyzers Erläuterungen zur Inbetriebnahme der Leiterkarte und der verwendeten Testsoftware Bewertung der Testergebnisse

This thesis is a numerical study of fields within ion traps having segmented electrodes1. The focus is on two cylindrical ion trap structures, two Orbit rap structures and one planar structure which mimics the field of the Orbit rap. In all these geometries, the segments which comprise the electrodes are easily Machin able rings and plates. By applying suitable potential to the different segments, the fields within these geometries are made to mimic the fields in the respective ideal structures. This thesis is divided into 6 chapters. Chapter 1 presents introduction and background information relevant to this work. A brief description of the Quadrupole Ion Trap (QIT) and the Orbit rap is given. The role of numerical simulations in the design of an ion trap geometry is briefly outlined. The motivation of this thesis is presented. The chapter ends by describing the scope of the thesis. Chapter 2 presents a general description of computational methods used throughout this work. The Boundary Element Methods (BEM) is first described. Both 2D and 3D BEM are used in this work. The software for 3D BEM is newly developed and hence 3D BEM is described in more detail. A verification of 3D BEM is presented with a few examples. The Runge-Kutta method used to compute the trajectory of ion is presented. A brief overview of the Nelder-Mead method of function minimization is given. The computational techniques specifically used to obtain the results in Chapter 3, 4 and 5 are presented in the respective chapters. Chapter 3 presents segmented electrode geometries of the Cylindrical Ion Trap (CIT). In these geometries, the electrodes of the CIT are split into number of mini-electrodes and different voltages are applied to these segmented electrodes to achieve the desired field. Two geometries of the segmented electrode CIT will be investigated. In the first, we retain the flat end cap electrodes of the CIT but split the ring electrode into five mini-rings. In the second configuration, we split the ring electrode of the CIT into three mini-rings and 1The term ‘segmented electrode’ used in this thesis has the same connotation as the term ‘split-electrode’ used in Sonalikar and Mohanty (2013). also divide the end caps into two mini-discs. By applying different potentials to the mini-rings and mini-discs of these geometries we will show that the field within the trap can be optimized to desired values. Two different types of fields will be targeted. In the first, potentials are adjusted to obtain a linear electric field and, in the second, a controlled higher order even multipole field are obtained by adjusting the potential. It will be shown that the different potentials to the segmented electrodes can be derived from a single RF generator by connecting appropriate capacitor terminations to segmented electrodes. The field within the trap can be modified by changing the value of the external capacitors. Chapter 4 presents segmented electrode geometries which are possible alternatives for the Orbitrap. Two segmented-electrode structures, ORB1 and ORB2, to mimic the electric field of the Orbitrap, will be investigated. In the ORB1, the inner spindle-like electrode and the outer barrel-like electrode of the Orbitrap are replaced by rings and discs of fixed radii, respectively. In this structure two segmented end cap electrodes are added. In this geometry, different potentials are applied to the different electrodes keeping top-bottom symmetry intact. In the second geometry, ORB2, the inner and outer electrodes of the Orbitrap are replaced by an approximate step structure which follows the profile of the Orbitrap electrodes. For the purpose of comparing the performance of ORB1 and ORB2 with that of the Orbitrap, the following studies will be undertaken: (1) variation of electric potential, (2) computation of ion trajectories, (3) measurement of image currents. These studies will be carried out using both 2D and 3D Boundary Element Method (BEM), the 3D BEM is developed specifically for this study. It will be seen in these investigations that ORB1 and ORB2 have performance similar to that of the Orbitrap, with the performance of the ORB1 being seen to be marginally superior to that of the ORB2. It will be shown that with proper optimization, geometries containing far fewer electrodes can be used as mass analysers. A novel technique of optimization of the electric field is proposed with the objective of minimizing the dependence of axial frequency of ion motion on the initial position of an ion. The results on the optimization of 9 and 15 segmented-electrode trap having the same design as ORB1 show that it can provide accurate mass analysis. Chapter 5 presents a segmented electrode planar geometry named as PORB used to mimic the electric field of the Orbit rap. This geometry has two planes, each plane consisting of 30 concentric ring electrodes. Although the geometry of PORB does not have conventional inner and outer electrodes of the Orbit rap, it will be shown that by selecting appropriate geometry parameters and suitable potentials for the ring electrodes, this geometry can trap the ions into an orbital motion similar to that in the Orbit rap. The performance of the planar geometry is studied by comparing the variation of potential, ion trajectories and image current in this geometry with that in the Orbit rap. The optimization of applied potentials is performed to correct the errors in the electric field so that the variation of axial frequency of ions with their initial position is minimized. Chapter 6 presents the summary and a few concluding remarks

Dentre as variações morfológicas possivelmente associadas ao potencial fisiológico das sementes está o tamanho do embrião. Uma das abordagens atuais da pesquisa sobre análise de imagens de sementes radiografadas é verificar até que ponto a relação entre o grau de desenvolvimento embrionário e o espaço disponível na cavidade interna da semente está associada ao desempenho da semente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a eficiência de diferentes testes na avaliação do vigor de sementes de algodão ao longo do armazenamento, verificar a possível relação entre o espaço livre na cavidade interna e o potencial fisiológico das sementes durante o armazenamento e verificar se há relação entre o espaço livre e o desempenho de sementes de algodão. Diferentes lotes de sementes de algodão, cultivares BRS 293 e FMT 709, foram armazenados em câmara fria e seca (10 °C e 30% de UR do ar) e em ambiente natural, durante oito meses. As avaliações da germinação e do vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, germinação a baixa temperatura, envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl, emergência de plântulas em campo e análise computadorizada de imagens de plântulas - SVIS®) foram realizadas a cada dois meses de armazenamento. Para avaliação do espaço livre, as sementes de cada lote foram radiografadas e analisadas por meio dos softwares Tomato Analyzer e Image-Pro® Plus. Os resultados indicaram que os testes de envelhecimento acelerado (tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl), emergência de plântulas em campo e SVIS® (comprimento de plântulas) são adequados para avaliação do vigor de sementes de algodão, sendo o envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e as análises SVIS® (comprimento de plântulas) sensíveis para detectar redução no potencial fisiológico das sementes durante o armazenamento. No entanto, a queda do vigor das sementes de algodão não está associada ao espaço livre na cavidade interna das sementes. Contudo, há indícios de uma relação inversamente proporcional entre o espaço livre e a germinação de sementes de algodão. / One of the morphological variations usually referred as associated to seed physiological potential is the embryo size. A primary interest of image analysis of Xrayed seeds is to identify whether the ratio between the degree of embryo development and the available space in the internal seed cavity is related to seed performance. The objectives of this research were to verify the accuracy of different tests to assess the vigor of cotton seeds during storage, to check the possible relationship between the free space and cotton seed physiological potential during storage and to verify if the relationship between the free space and cotton seed performance exist. Cotton seed lots of BRS 293 and FMT 709 cultivars were stored during eight months under two environments: cold and dry chamber (10 °C and 30% relative air humidity) and laboratory non-controlled condition. Evaluations of seed germination and vigor (germination first count, cool germination, traditional and saturated salt accelerated aging, field seedling emergence and seedling imaging automated analysis - SVIS®) were performed at two months intervals during storage. Free space was evaluated in radiographed seeds from each lot using Tomato Analyzer and Image-Pro® Plus softwares. Results showed that the accelerated aging tests (traditional and with saturated NaCl), field seedling emergence and SVIS® (seedling length) are suitable for evaluate the cotton seed vigor and the traditional accelerated aging and SVIS® (seedling length) are sensitive to detect reductions in seed physiological potential during storage. However, the reduction of cotton seed vigor is not associated with the free space in the internal cavity of the seed. Nevertheless, there is evidence of an inverse relationship between the free space and germination of cotton seed.

Dentre as variações morfológicas possivelmente associadas ao potencial fisiológico das sementes está o tamanho do embrião. Uma das abordagens atuais da pesquisa sobre análise de imagens de sementes radiografadas é verificar até que ponto a relação entre o grau de desenvolvimento embrionário e o espaço disponível na cavidade interna da semente está associada ao desempenho da semente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a eficiência de diferentes testes na avaliação do vigor de sementes de algodão ao longo do armazenamento, verificar a possível relação entre o espaço livre na cavidade interna e o potencial fisiológico das sementes durante o armazenamento e verificar se há relação entre o espaço livre e o desempenho de sementes de algodão. Diferentes lotes de sementes de algodão, cultivares BRS 293 e FMT 709, foram armazenados em câmara fria e seca (10 °C e 30% de UR do ar) e em ambiente natural, durante oito meses. As avaliações da germinação e do vigor (primeira contagem de germinação, germinação a baixa temperatura, envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl, emergência de plântulas em campo e análise computadorizada de imagens de plântulas - SVIS®) foram realizadas a cada dois meses de armazenamento. Para avaliação do espaço livre, as sementes de cada lote foram radiografadas e analisadas por meio dos softwares Tomato Analyzer e Image-Pro® Plus. Os resultados indicaram que os testes de envelhecimento acelerado (tradicional e com solução saturada de NaCl), emergência de plântulas em campo e SVIS® (comprimento de plântulas) são adequados para avaliação do vigor de sementes de algodão, sendo o envelhecimento acelerado tradicional e as análises SVIS® (comprimento de plântulas) sensíveis para detectar redução no potencial fisiológico das sementes durante o armazenamento. No entanto, a queda do vigor das sementes de algodão não está associada ao espaço livre na cavidade interna das sementes. Contudo, há indícios de uma relação inversamente proporcional entre o espaço livre e a germinação de sementes de algodão. / One of the morphological variations usually referred as associated to seed physiological potential is the embryo size. A primary interest of image analysis of Xrayed seeds is to identify whether the ratio between the degree of embryo development and the available space in the internal seed cavity is related to seed performance. The objectives of this research were to verify the accuracy of different tests to assess the vigor of cotton seeds during storage, to check the possible relationship between the free space and cotton seed physiological potential during storage and to verify if the relationship between the free space and cotton seed performance exist. Cotton seed lots of BRS 293 and FMT 709 cultivars were stored during eight months under two environments: cold and dry chamber (10 °C and 30% relative air humidity) and laboratory non-controlled condition. Evaluations of seed germination and vigor (germination first count, cool germination, traditional and saturated salt accelerated aging, field seedling emergence and seedling imaging automated analysis - SVIS®) were performed at two months intervals during storage. Free space was evaluated in radiographed seeds from each lot using Tomato Analyzer and Image-Pro® Plus softwares. Results showed that the accelerated aging tests (traditional and with saturated NaCl), field seedling emergence and SVIS® (seedling length) are suitable for evaluate the cotton seed vigor and the traditional accelerated aging and SVIS® (seedling length) are sensitive to detect reductions in seed physiological potential during storage. However, the reduction of cotton seed vigor is not associated with the free space in the internal cavity of the seed. Nevertheless, there is evidence of an inverse relationship between the free space and germination of cotton seed.

This research was inspired by a need to discover more refined technologies for imaging growing joints to facilitate research in childhood arthritis, which is among the most common chronic conditions of childhood. The objective of this project was to develop and test a new technology for imaging growing joints using diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) combined with computed tomography (CT) using a synchrotron radiation source. DEI is a modality that derives contrast from x-ray refraction, extinction (an extreme form of scatter rejection), and absorption (as in conventional radiography). The ability to add to an image’s contrast from the refraction of x-rays, rather than that solely from absorption, generates more detailed visualization of soft tissue and of interfaces between tissues. Additionally, refraction-based imaging allows reduction of absorbed radiation dose by the sample tissue. For this research, stifle joints from four-week piglet joints were imaged by DEI-CT using the BioMedical Imaging and Therapy (BMIT) beamline at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) synchrotron facility. This new modality for imaging growing joints incorporated a novel feedback control to maintain precise alignment of the analyzer crystal, which is used to re- diffract the beam that passes through the object, throughout the scanning procedure. Results showed that high-resolution DEI-CT provided three-dimensional images of the bone and soft tissue of growing joints at a resolution on the order of microns. Fine detail within and between all joint structures and tissues, including striking detail of cartilage vasculature, a iii characteristic of growing but not mature joints, was demonstrated. This report documents for the first time that DEI combined with CT and using a synchrotron radiation source can generate more detailed images of intact, growing joints than is currently available from conventional imaging modalities. The development of this high resolution imaging system, which provides excellent contrast for both hard and soft tissues, fills an important gap in the suite of imaging modalities available for joint research, particularly during growth.

I ett modernt industrisammanhang spelar kommunikation mellan inbyggda komponenter en viktig roll. Svetsmaskins företaget ESAB (Elektriska Svetsar AB) producerar och utvecklar svetsmaskiner med ett flertal olika inbyggda komponenter som kommunicerar sinsemellan för att konfigurera operationen för svetsning. Inom ramen för projektet på ESAB analyseras nätverkspaketen som skickas inom svetsmaskiner och som hämtas ut med hjälp av Wireshark. Nätverkspaketen används för systemkommunikations analys och hämtas ut i Pcapng-filformatet. Pcapng-filernagranskats manuellt med hjälp av Wireshark och deras skräddarsydda plugin, vilket kräver att varje paket inspekteras för att identifiera innehåll och potentiella felmeddelanden. Pcapng Analysatorn är ett program för att automatisera denna process och framhäva enbart de meddelanden och data som är av relevans för företaget. Denna rapport fokuserar på tekniker för manipulering och hantering av Pcapng-filer, samt metoder för extrahering av felmeddelanden från specialanpassade Pcapng-filer. Projektet representerar ett viktigt steg mot att effektivisera analysen av Pcapng-filer och att förse ESAB med en mer automatiserad och produktiv lösning för dataanalys inom sina verksamheter. / In a modern industrial context, communication between embedded components plays a crucial role. The welding machine company ESAB (Electric Welders AB) produces and develops welding machines with various embedded components that communicate with each other to configure the welding operation. Within the framework of the project at ESAB, network packets sent within welding machines are analysed and retrieved using Wireshark. These network packets are used for system communication analysis and extracted in Pcapng file format. The Pcapng files have been manually reviewed using Wireshark and a custom-built plugin, requiring each packet to be inspected to identify content and potential error messages. The Pcapng Analyzer is a program designed to automate this process and highlight only the messages and data relevant to the company. This report focuses on techniques for manipulating and managing Pcapng files, as well as methods for extracting error messages from customized Pcapng files. The project represents a significant step towards streamlining the analysis of Pcapng files and providing ESAB with a more automated and productive solution for data analysis in its operations.

<p>Space-based global navigation and precision timing systems are critical for modern infrastructure. Atomic clock technology has increased the precision of these systems so that they are viable for military operations, navigation, telecommunications, and finance. Advances in optical atomic clocks, based on optical frequencies, provide an opportunity for even more precise timing. Therefore, developments in chip-scale optical atomic clock technologies could lead to increased and more wide-spread application of this precision timing. One component of the optical atomic clock is the optical frequency comb which serves as an interface between optical and microwave frequencies. This thesis will cover experiments related to these optical frequency combs. A 2$\mu$m fiber laser was developed in order to test second harmonic devices required to stabilize an optical frequency comb. The laser was then employed to measure the operating wavelengths and efficiencies of non-linear devices. In addition, an analysis of the radio frequency instruments used to evaluate microwave outputs was conducted to determine whether a digital signal analyzer (oscilloscope) or an analog electronic spectrum analyzer provides more accurate results for optical frequency comb based experiments.</p>

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 27-30, 1997 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / To support the processing of International Space Station (ISS) Payloads, the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) had the need to develop specialized test and validation equipment to quickly identify interface problems between the payload or experiment under test and the communication and telemetry downlink systems. To meet this need, the Payload Data Analyzer (PDA) System was developed by the Data Systems Technology Division (DSTD) of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to provide a suite of troubleshooting tools and data snapshot features allowing for diagnosis and validation of payload interfaces. The PDA System, in conjunction with the Payload Data Generator (PDG) System, allow for a full set of programmable payload validation tools which can quickly be deployed to solve crucial interface problems. This paper describes the architecture and tools built in the PDA which help facilitate Space Station Payload Processing.

<p>In this work the objective was to develop a method that would make it easier to quantitatively evaluate different quality parameters in pasta. This was done with the assistant of a texture analyzer from TexVol Instruments. The quality parameters that were investigated were hardness, resilience, elasticity and adhesiveness. Two different types of measurements were used to measure three different pasta brands. These were single cycle and hold until time. Before this was done the main parameters in the texture analyzer were tested and adjusted to suite the method. Most of the steps in the developed method worked satisfactorily but more studies have to be done to make the method useful in the daily work with pasta production and pasta development. With all tests in mind it could be said that the De Cecco pasta was the one with the best texture parameters. It had the highest hardness, elasticity and resilience and the lowest adhesiveness. The other two brands, Kungsörnen and Tomadini had lower but similar results. Further important studies to look into is if there`s a possibility to get a computer software that are more targeted on pasta measurement. Another important thing is if these pasta measurements can be done in a different way, perhaps just using a few spaghetti straws. It would also be interesting to study the protein network in an electron microscope because then it´s easier to understand what´s happening when pasta is prepared. Last but not least I think it´s important to do a organoleptic test to see if it´s possible to taste the measured results.</p> / <p>Detta examensarbete gick ut på att ta fram en metod med hjälp av en texturmätare där olika kvalitetsparametrar såsom hårdhet, elasticitet och spänst kunde mätas på pasta. Dessa mätningar gjordes på tre olika spaghettimärken. Dessa var Kungsörnen, Tomadini samt De Cecco. Mätningarna på de olika pastamärkena gjordes med hjälp av en texturmätare från TexVol som är ett svenskt företag. Deras olika instrument är främst framtagna för att fungera inom bageribranchen och köttindustrin. Detta gjorde att det var spännande att se om detta instrument även kunde användas med framgång för att mäta olika kvalitetsegenskaper på kokt pasta. Först gjordes mätningar på Kungsörnens spaghetti vid olika koktider. Dessa var mellan 5 och 14 minuter. Dessa mätningar gjordes främst för att se vad som händer med de olika kvalitetsegenskaperna från det att pastan är underkokt till kraftigt överkokt. Utifrån resultaten från dessa mätningar är det svårt att dra några tydliga slutsatser då de varierade kraftigt. Därefter gjordes mätningar på de tre olika pastamärkena med två olika mätmetoder, dels single cycle och dels hold until time. Med single cycle menas att proben(mätstången) går ner i pastan och sen direkt upp igen medan vid hold until time metoden så går proben ner för att sen stanna nere tills en förinställd tid passerat innan den går upp igen. På detta sätt kan olika kvalitetsegenskaper mätas med de olika mätmetoderna. För att dessa mätmetoder ska fungerar har olika parametrar på texturmätaren utvärderats och på detta sätt har en metod/tillvägagångssätt tagits fram. De flesta av stegen i denna metod verkar fungera bra men ett stort problem är att mätningarna skiljer sig mycket åt. Detta beror troligtvis på att pastan lägger sig olika inför varje mätning vilket gör att mätningarna blir långt ifrån identiska vilket leder till att resultaten blir svårtolkade. Vissa tendenser kan dock ändå ses. Om alla mätningar tags i beaktande kan det sägas att De Cecco pastan är den pasta av högst kvalité. De Cecco pastan är den som är mest "al dente", mest elastisk, mest spänst samt lägst klibbighet. Vad detta beror på är svårt att säga då det kan finnas många förklaringar som är mer eller mindre relevanta. En trolig förklaring kan vara att De Cecco pastan har ett högre proteininnehåll än de båda andra märkena. I litteraturen står det att ett högre proteininnehåll ger en bättre kokt pasta och detta verkar rimligt då protein nätverket blir starkare vilket håller ihop pastan på ett bättre sätt. En annan möjlig orsak kan vara att fördelningen av de olika proteinerna är bättre i De Cecco pastan än i de andra märkena vilket leder till en bättre kvalitet. De två andra, Kungsörnen och Tomadini hade snarlika resultat.</p><p>Vad som behöver göras för att denna metod eventuellt ska kunna användas i den dagliga produktionen av pasta och utveckling av ny pasta är att ta bort så många felkällor som möjligt så att standardavvikelsen i alla mätningar blir avsevärt mindre. Detta kan kanske avhjälpas av att ha en mjukvara som är mer anpassad till pastamätningar än den som var används nu som är anpassad till bageribranchen. En annan viktig sak kan vara att mäta på bara några få pasta strå till skillnad mot nuvarande "spaghettinystan". Ytterligare en intressant sak är att göra en organoleptisk undersökning av de olika pastamärkena för att se om de uppmätta resultaten är smakbara. Även att titta i elektronmikroskåp för att se de olika spaghettis proteinnätverk kan vara intressant för att få en förståelse för hur pastan ändrar sig under kokning.</p>

Whether caused by trauma, internal diseases, or spontaneously; pneumothorax and hemothorax are potentially life threatening illnesses. They are currently primarily diagnosed with x-rays, CT scans, and ultrasound imaging. While these methods are generally reliable, they are not always available to the injured patient. Life threatening pneumothoraces, such as tension pneumothorax, must be treated quickly. When diagnosed correctly, pneumothorax and hemothorax can be quickly mended through insertion of chest tubes. X-rays, CT scans, and ultrasound imaging require large scale equipment and are not always dependable. There is a more reliable, portable, and faster result producing method to diagnose pneumothorax. Vibro-acoustic waves can be sent through the chest and the resulting wave can be measured. By analyzing attenuation characteristics determined by the geometry of the chest structures, it can be determined if the patient's pleural space is healthy, contains air (pneumothrax), or contains fluid (hemothorax).