This Thesis is submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Surgery. The examination for this degree was completed in 1947. / The skull and mandible of the baboon. This is a morphological study of the skulls and mandibles of 102 specimens from known localities in Southern Africa. A detailed reference book on the anatomy of the baboon is particularly important because of the increasing use of this animal in medical science. The skulls and mandibles of captive animals are referred to but are not included in the comparative study since animals in captivity are subject to dietetic disturbances and other factors not yet fully understood. The cranium of an adult male skull is described in all normae. Comparisons are made with the crania of seven adult male baboons from widely separated known localities. This study shows that two main craniofacial types, with intermediate types, occur among the crania of South African baboons. Type 1. crania have small maxillary ridges, shallow maxillary fossae, ventrally directed zygomatic bones, large ventral orbital apertures, well developed superciliary ridges, high temporal lines and sagittal crests. Type 11. crania have large flared maxillary ridges, deep maxillary fossae, ventrolateral ly directed zygomatic bones, small ventral orbital apertures, large supraorbital tori, low temporal lines and no sagittal crests. This apparent1y supports the specific and subspecific claims of some observers. However, a critical examination of the crania of six adult female baboons from the same troop at Bindura, Rhodesia, shows that similar craniofacial types occur among female baboons. It is possible to associate mandibular types with the craniofacial types in adult male baboons. This is not the case with female baboon mandibles. / WHSLYP2017

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine Johannesburg, 2000 / During the academic year of 1997/98, two randomised groups of second year medical students at Universidade Eduardo Mondlane in Maputo learned gross anatomy of the limbs and the trunk by different teaching approaches. One group (A) dissected the thorax for 5 weeks according to an experimental programme, while the other (group B) worked on the same topic in the traditional way at UEM, which excluded dissection. The groups learned the abdomen by reversing the methods. For the study of the limbs, all the students learned the upper limbs by using the traditional approach while the lower limbs were dissected. Study guides were supplied to the Experimental Group and each of the practical classes started with a ten-minute preparatory tutorial when the structures to be studied were discussed. The same amount of time and the same background were given to both groups. At the end of the semester all students were examined by written and practical tests. The mean differences in the tests were statistically significant (p<0.001) only in the case of the practical test on the anatomy of the limbs, favouring the Experimental Group. Pre-questionnaires and post-questionnaires were completed before and after the experimentation. The combination of lectures, tutorials and dissection was the most preferred teaching approach. The students’ comments indicated that they felt that dissection enhanced the learning despite the short time devoted to it. On the other hand, students felt that dissection can enhance other skills which will be very useful later in pathology and surgery, for example in a way not possible to achieve by means of tutorials, or even prosections. Therefore, these results suggest that dissection could be a useful complementary teaching approach in addition to lectures and tutorials in Anatomy at UEM / IT2017

No description available.

The Postcentral gyrus of the brain of the cat has been studied with the technics of Nisel and Golgi. Qualitative data concerning packing densities and volumes of the nerve cells and of the glia, as welll as the distribution of the dendrites are reported. The existence of alternate dendritic and axonal layers has been demonstrated and the relationship of these layers to the stripes of Baillarger has been analyzed. / fr

A histological investigation was carried out on the esophagus and stomach of the following birds: kingfisher (Megacercyle alcyon caurina), California murre (Uria aalgae Californioa), screeoh owl (Otus asio kennicotti),Peale's faloon (Falco peregrinius pealei), and sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius sparverius). A number of stains was used to intensify the different structures present. In the kingfisher, murre and owl the esophagus was a thin walled highly expansible tube of generally even calibre, whereas in the Peak's falcon the anterior part was dilated into a sac. The wall of the esophagus possessed the usual structure characteristic of this region of the digestive tube. Three types of glands have been distinguished in these birds. In the kingfisher and owl simple oval glands were situated almost entirely within the epithelium. The glands and excretory duct were composed of similar cells with slight variations occuring in excretory duct lengths. In the California murre the glands were still simple but had sunken to the tunica propria with just the excretory ducts passing through the epithelium. The gland cells were narrower, and the duct cells resembled those observed in the owl and the kingfisher. These glands were all apocrine secretory. However, in the Peale’s falcon and sparrow hawk secretion was holocrine. These glands were deeply embedded within the tunica propria and resembled the esophageal glands of the chicken. The excretory ducts were lined by squamous epithial cells. Although the birds examined possessed a variety of food habits: fish, mammals, birds and crustaceans, the food was essentially meat. However, considerable variations in the structure of the esophagus were observed. The proventriculus was comprised of: a mucosa, indented with minute gastric pits, a muscularis externa of three layers of smooth muscle, and a lamina adventitia that surrounded the entire tube. Within the mucosa the deep glands were situated. These were composed of large lobes, enveloped in a dense capsule of connective tissue and internally consisted of simple tubules that radiated about a central excretory duct. The structure of the proventriculus was more or less uniform in the birds investigated, with only slight variations occuring in cellular arrangement and cellular size. The gizzards in the birds examined were large spherical structures that filled a majority of the abdominal cavity. In the kingfisher, owl, Peale's falcon, and sparrow hawk, the gizzard was lined by a thin keratinoid lining that was secreted by the glands present in the gizzard mucosa. The muscularis externa was of approximately equal thickness throughout. In the murre, the keratinoid layer was five or six times as thick as in the above birds and the muscles showed a heavy development on the dorsal and ventral sides. This development took place toward a grinding mechanism that was necessary for processing the hard shelled crustaceans eaten by this bird. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

Fresh and prepared museum specimens of the white shark Carcharodon carcharias, bull shark Carcharhinus leucas, and salmon shark Lamna ditropis were measured and compared with respect to tooth position and anterior buccal cavity dimensions. Coordinates of functional tooth position were defined by 1) deviation from the midline and 2) degree of erection. Tooth positions were not unique in any region of the mouth/ but demonstrated less variablity within 30° of the midline, particularly for male specimens of all three species (71.48° +- 10° erect) and all Carcharhinus leucas specimens (46.58° +-.96° erect). Analysis of high-speed videotape of white shark feeding indicated a 15.7° reduction in tooth cutting angle with jaw adduction following upper jaw protraction. It is suggested that such changes in tooth cutting angles during feeding are principally the result of jaw flexure, and may make the teeth more effective by angling them inward towards the gullet. Values for tooth removal from fresh-frozen white shark material using a tensile testing apparatus ranged from 12 kg (for a 110° erect tooth) to 70 kg (for a 59° erect tooth). Removal load was applied directly outward from the mouth to simulate a resistant prey item, and was not significantly different for degree of erection or tooth position on the jaw margin. Tooth position is seen to change with jaw protraction, however this change does not enhance tooth functionality by increasing the load required to remove the tooth. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Dentistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 1993 / Three-dimensional forensic facial reconstruction involves the building up in clay of the soft tissues of the human face onto an unidentified skull to suggest the identity of its owner. Early researchers physically punctured the facial tissues of cadavers at known anthropological to measure their depth. Later workers used radiography, ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging for collecting both depth and surface data on the head and face. / GR 2016

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Eighteen adult human skulls with "normal occlusion" were examined with oriented lateral, 15, 25, 45, 75, and 90 degree cephalograms from which the mesio-distal axial inclinations of the teeth were measured. This study indicates that a large variation of the mesio-distal axial inclinations of the teeth may occur and still have a "normal occlusion". The standard deviations varied from a maximum of 11.0 degrees for the maxillary third molar to a minimum of 3.4 degrees for the maxillary cuspid. Rotation of the midsagittal plane of the head with the film effected the measurements of the maxillary first molars and cuspids, and the mandibular bicuspids by producing divergence of their roots on the film image. No relationship was found between measurements of this sample and measurements of mandibular plane, A-B plane, Y-axis, facial angle, angle of convexity, Down's occlusal plane, lower incisor - A-Pg, and interincisal angle. A positive relationship was found between the measurements of this sample and the posterior one-half of nasal floor, posterior occlusal plane, and the labiolingual axial inclination of the lower incisor.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine in the branch of Haematology. Johannesburg, March 2015 / The incidence of leukaemia in South Africa is 2.5 per 100 000 and has increased due to HIV. Accurate and timeous diagnosis of leukaemia directly impacts success of patient treatment and consequent survival. Usually the Full Blood count (FBC), white blood cell (WBC) differential count and review of the peripheral blood smear alerts the clinician to the possibility of leukaemia. However the number of qualified and skilled technologists in peripheral and central laboratories is on a continual decline making the performance of the critical function of peripheral blood review a challenge. The Advia 2120 haematology analyser performs a WBC and differential count using principles of flow cytometry and the cytograms generated can be used to classify haematological malignancies through the Peroxidase and nuclear density analysis (PANDA) classification system. The presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in 3% or more leukaemic blasts confirms acute myeloid leukaemia, and enzyme activity can be detected by immunophenotypic analysis or conventional cytochemistry . Research on the comparison of the Advia 2120 and manual morphologic assessment in the classification of leukaemias is limited in the South African setting, where leukaemia often coincides with infection. The aim of this study was to determine if the FBC, differential count and cytogram assessment by the Advia 2120 using the PANDA classification is as reliable as morphologic assessment in the initial classification of haematological malignancies from peripheral blood samples when using flow cytometry as the gold standard.. 150 cases of confirmed leukaemia were collected. The diagnosis obtained from either PANDA analysis and/or morphological assessment was compared to the diagnosis obtained by immunophenotypic analysis. Secondly, the MPO activity obtained by the Advia peroxidase cytogram was compared to the MPO obtained by conventional methods of immunophenotypic analysis and/or cytochemistry. Using the PANDA analysis system, only 48% (72/150) of cases overall were accurately classified. The inaccuracy was 9.3% (14/150) and 42.7% of cases could not be classified. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 88%. The most significant finding was all of the acute Page | iv promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) cases (8/8) had a distinct pattern and were accurately classified on cytogram analysis alone. Accurate sub-classification of other types of acute myeloid leukaemia using PANDA analysis alone was inconsistent. However, the accuracy in classifying leukaemia was improved when the Advia cytogram was used in conjunction with morphological analysis, as 90% (135/150) of cases were accurately classified. The sensitivity and specificity of the peroxidase cytogram in evaluating myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was 85% and 88.6% respectively. The agreement between cytogram peroxidase activity and the reference methods was 89.1% and the Cohen’s kappa was 76.9%. To the best of our knowledge, there is no data comparing peroxidase activity on the cytogram to other methods. In conclusion, it was shown that the routine use of the Advia cytograms in conjunction with the morphology findings provides invaluable information in the initial screening of leukaemia. In cases with indistinct morphology, the cytograms have the potential to aid in a provisional classification. The peroxidase activity from the cytogram could be used as a surrogate marker for myeloperoxidase activity in leukaemia. Moreover, a tentative diagnosis of an APL is possible by simple analysis of the cytogram resulting in earlier diagnosis which could be life-saving.