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Interventionary alliances in civil conflicts.Fobanjong, John M. January 1989 (has links)
This study argues that foreign intervention is not a concept that could lend itself to any theoretical inquiry. It is a norm that is applicable mainly in juridical inquiries and in systems theory. It is a norm in systems theory in that the system is made up of two important elements: (1) the distribution of resources; and (2) the norms of conduct that accompany the resources. As a systemic norm, the norm of nonintervention seeks to guarantee stability and predictability in the international system. It is a juridical norm in that it calls either for the indictment or vindication for the violation of sovereign sanctity. It produces a dichotomous debate (such as legal/illegal; right/wrong; etc.) that has none of the operational ingredients of a theory. If foreign intervention is a norm and not a theoretical concept, it means therefore that social scientists have yet to come up with a theory for the study of the pervasive phenomenon of foreign involvement in civil conflicts. Conceptual tools such as 'power theory,' and the psychoanalysis of perceptions/misperceptions have been used by social scientists to study the Vietnam, Nicaragua and other wars simply for lack of more specific conceptual tools. While these concepts have been successful in describing and in explaining these conflicts, they still in a sense remain broad conceptual tools. Explaining the Soviet involvement in Afghanistan in terms of the power theory rationale of national security interest, or the U.S. involvement there in terms of the psychoanalysis of perceived Soviet expansionism only recreate a dichotomous, non-dialectic evaluation of "who's wrong/who's right" elements of the conflict. Crucial factors such as factionalization, escalation, and stalemate, remain unexplained and unaccounted for when these broad concepts are used to analyze such conflicts. It is for this reason that the present study tailors the concept of "Interventionary Alliance" in a manner that addresses both systemic as well as subsystemic properties, internal as well as external (f)actors; and provides explanations that account for the escalations and stalemates that are characteristic of the civil conflicts that proliferate our present international system.
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Les phénomènes de survivance de la colonisation: le cas de l'Angola portugaisBwendelele, A. M. January 1972 (has links)
Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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South Africa’s intervention in Angola: Before Cuito Cuanavale and thereafterLabuschagne, Bernice 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Since South Africa’s military intervention in the Angolan conflict twenty years ago, many
scholars have written various conflicting accounts on the subject. Why did South Africa
become involved in the first place, what made the SADF withdraw, and why did the country
decide to become involved once again in a conflict that seemingly did not concern them?
What happened at Cuito Cuanavale? These are the questions this study aims to address by
drawing on the work of several influential authors. But why the differing narratives? Internal
factors such as South Africa’s regional policies during apartheid as well as external factors
such as pressure on the Nationalist government from the international arena, all played
significant roles in the decision to become more deeply involved in Angola.
South African regional policies during apartheid have been regarded in very different ways by
various authors which this study will explore. SA’s policies during apartheid were
characterised by anti-communism and influenced mainly by the thought that if SA supported
a Western ideal, SA would be able to regain some international credit from Western powers.
In addition, pressure from international actors increased on SA to protect the southern African
region from communist domination. As a result, SA’s second intervention in Angola became
prolonged as the clashes between the SADF/UNITA and Angolan/Cuban/Soviet forces grew
in intensity. The battle/siege of Cuito Cuanavale is still considered to be the watershed
moment that ended the Angolan conflict. The outcome of this battle, however, is still a very
controversial subject to this day as some authors claim Cuba won, while others claim the
SADF won. At the time there was no surrender.
However, establishing exactly who the winner was is very difficult as every party to the
conflict has its own ideas about what really happened. The military outcome and political
consequences may have influenced this debate. For that reason it is imperative to remember
all important influence that various schools of thoughts have on different observers and
therefore accounts of the conflict as many of them were written in a time when Cold War and
liberation sentiments thrived. Twenty years later is a good time for better informed hindsight.
iv / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sedert Suid-Afrika se militêre betrokkenheid in Angola twintig jaar gelede, het verskeie
kontrasterende verhale van dié konflik die lig gesien. Hoekom het SA in die eerste plek
betrokke geraak, waarom het die SAW die eerste keer onttrek en hoekom het die land besluit
om weer ’n keer betrokke te raak by ’n konflik wat op die oog af niks met hulle te doen gehad
het nie? Wat het by Cuito Cuanavale gebeur? Dit is die vrae wat hierdie studie sal probeer
antwoord deur gebruik te maak van verskeie invloedryke outeurs. Maar hoekom die
uiteenlopende stories? Interne faktore soos SA se streeksbeleide tesame met eksterne faktore
soos internasionale druk op die NP regering, het almal deurslaggewende rolle gespeel in die
besluit om dieper betrokke te raak in Angola.
Suid-Afrikaanse streeksbeleide gedurende apartheid word anders geïnterpreteer deur
verskillende outeurs afhangende uit watter oogpunt hulle skryf, hetsy liberaal of realisties.
Streeksbeleide gedurende apartheid was gekenmerk deur anti-kommunistiese sentimente en is
hoofsaaklik beïnvloed deur die denke dat indien SA hierdie Westerse ideaal ondersteun het,
die land dalk ’n mate van sy reeds kwynende internasionale aansien sou herwin. Hoe dit ook
al sy, die druk op SA om Suider Afrika te beskerm teen die kommunistiese aanslag, het
geleidelik vergroot vanuit die internasionale arena. Dit is dan ook die rede waarom SA se
tweede inval in Angola ‘n meesleurende en uitgerekte saga geword het aangesien botsings
tussen die SAW/UNITA alliansie en die Angolese/Kubaanse/Russiese alliansies meer intens
en op ’n meer gereelde basis voorgekom het. Die laaste offensief by Cuito Cuanavale word
dus steeds gesien as die oomblik wat die einde van die Angolese oorlog ingelui het. Die
uitkoms van hierdie geveg/beleg word egter steeds in kontroversie gehul aangesien daar
steeds nie konsensus bereik kan word oor wie die eintlike wenners was nie. Sekere outeurs
voer aan dat die Kubane sonder twyfel gewen het, terwyl ander beweer dat die SAW gewen
het. Op daardie punt was daar egter geen militêre oorgawe nie.
Juis om daardie rede is dit baie moeilik om vas te stel wie die eintlike wenner was, aangesien
elke betrokke party sy eie idees gevorm het oor wat eintlik gebeur het. Dit is waarom dit
belangrik is om te let op die invloed wat verskeie outeurs kan hê op dié onderwerp aangesien
baie daarvan geskryf is gedurende ’n tyd toe die Koue Oorlog en bevrydingsoorloë aan die
orde van die dag was. Twintig jare later is dalk ’n goeie tyd vir ’n terugblik.
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The politics of memory and commemoration in the post-apartheid era: a case study of 32-BattalionHeywood, Julia January 2015 (has links)
A research report submitted by the Wits School of Arts, Film and Television Department, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Film and Television. Johannesburg 2015 / This research report looks at the politics of memory, commemoration and representation in the new South Africa with a focus on 32-Battalion. The research draws on interviews and testimonies of ex-SADF soldiers who were members of the unit and unpacks how when considering memory and remembering, a multitude of viewpoints emerge. Factors such as the impact of the ideological transition from apartheid to democracy and the resultant impact on ex-SADF soldiers as well as the reshaping of the country’s official history which has been shaped to suit the current political climate, are considered. The research reflects on how these political processes which include exclusions of unwanted histories have affected nation building in South Africa post 1994.
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Censorship of the press in South Africa during the Angolan War: a case study of news manipulation and suppressionAddison, Graeme January 1982 (has links)
During the Angolan War of 1975-6, whilst South African troops were actively engaged on the side of the Unita/FNLA alliance, news media in South Africa were prohibited from disclosing information about the country's role in the war. Under Section 118 of the Defence Amendment Act of 1967, no information about SA troop movements or plans could be published without the permission of the Minister of Defence or his nominees. This case study shows how the Government used the Defence Act to censor certain news while releasing other news which suited its political outlook and objectives. The study documents the history of the Defence Act and of the military-press liaison machinery which grew out of it. The introduction defines propaganda as a technique of ideological control designed to supplement the control of society by means of repression. The study sets in context the Government's propaganda strategy before, during and after the Angolan War, arguing that the structures of white domination, including the newspaper industry, are being drawn into the Government's scheme of total co-ordination to fight a total war.
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Mandume ya Ndemufayo's memorials in Namibia and AngolaShiweda, Napandulwe Tulyovapika January 2005 (has links)
Mandume has fought two colonial powers, Portugal and British-South Africa from the time he became king in 1911 to 1917. This thesis looked at the different ways in which Manume is remembered in Namibia and Angola after these countries had gained their independence from colonialism. His bravery in fighting the colonizers has awarded him hero status and he is considered a nationalist hero in both Namibia and Angola. However, he is memorialized differently in Namibia and Angola. The process of remembering Mandume in different ways is related to where his body and head are buried respectively. This is because there is a belief that his body was beheaded, and his head was buried in Windhoek while the rest of his body is buried in Angola. The monument that is alleged to host his head is claimed to belong to him to this day. However, this monument was erected for the fallen South African troops who died fighting him. The author argued that this belief was in response to the need to reclaim a monumental space to commemorate Mandume in the capital city.
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Mandume ya Ndemufayo's memorials in Namibia and AngolaShiweda, Napandulwe Tulyovapika January 2005 (has links)
Mandume has fought two colonial powers, Portugal and British-South Africa from the time he became king in 1911 to 1917. This thesis looked at the different ways in which Manume is remembered in Namibia and Angola after these countries had gained their independence from colonialism. His bravery in fighting the colonizers has awarded him hero status and he is considered a nationalist hero in both Namibia and Angola. However, he is memorialized differently in Namibia and Angola. The process of remembering Mandume in different ways is related to where his body and head are buried respectively. This is because there is a belief that his body was beheaded, and his head was buried in Windhoek while the rest of his body is buried in Angola. The monument that is alleged to host his head is claimed to belong to him to this day. However, this monument was erected for the fallen South African troops who died fighting him. The author argued that this belief was in response to the need to reclaim a monumental space to commemorate Mandume in the capital city.
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Theorising African states : the case of Angola from a critical theory perspectiveSolli, Audun 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This thesis is a theoretical contribution to the debate about statehood in Sub-Saharan Africa.
My primary aims have been to interrogate the use of the state concept on the continent, and to
open up new theoretical avenues to analyse the state. My starting point has been that the state
is a key to solving socio-economic challenges. Yet the social theory that purports to make
sense of the state in Africa is poor. Mainstream scholars use prefixes such as ‘failed’, ‘weak’
and ‘quasi’ to make sense of existing African states. If they call for such labels, it is only
because an unhelpful ideal type based on the ‘modern’ European state is postulated. Such
scholarship is limited to theorising the distance between the ideal type and real states. This
approach gives a functionalist account of the state’s relationship with society and economy,
but fails to explain the state as a historical product and expression of the distribution of power
between social groups. As an alternative way to theorise states, I propose a synthesis between
Robert W. Cox and Mahmood Mamdani. Combining Mamdani’s and Cox’s theoretical
frameworks avoids the problems that arise when Eurocentric International Relations (IR)
theories are applied to an African context. The synthesis adds to both frameworks by
addressing a shortcoming in Cox by paying more attention to power struggles in the
periphery, and redresses the exclusive focus on Africa in Mamdani. Adding Cox to Mamdani
contextualises Mamdani’s African state in space as well as time, whereas adding Mamdani to
Cox shows how African states respond to outside pressures and in the process (re)constitute
the world order by adding an inside-out pressure.
I use a single case study of the Angolan state to illustrate how a Coxian / Mamdanian
synthesis contributes to the debate. This theoretical framework turns the attention to four
aspects. First, there is a close historical link between the economic structure and the form of
the state in the country, from the slave trade to today’s political economy of oil. Second, I
look at the attempts of the Angolan state elite to legitimise its own power. I posit that in the
context of social destitution and poverty, strategies to sustain consent based rule assumes
particular importance. Third, the Angolan state is an expression of internal powers struggles
between social groups in the country. The contemporary balance of power is volatile: recent
economic growth has the potential of unsettling old power structures, as the relative balance
of who has access to economic power changes. Lastly, the world order supports the current
structure of power in Angola, largely thanks to the political economy of oil. Oil gives the
Angolan regime ample economic resources, as well as crucial support from oil companies and
the states that import the oil. This foreign support underwrites the regime and constitutes an
important element in its support base
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A Comparison of United States Network Television News Coverage of Sub-Sahara Africa Before and After the 1975-76 Angola ConflictIlegbodu, Fred O. 05 1900 (has links)
The proposition that American network television news coverage of sub-Sahara Africa increased substantially after the 1975-76 Angola conflict is examined in this study of the responsiveness of television to changing news values at the international level. News coverage for two thirty-month periods before and after the Angola conflict is compared using data derived from the Television News Index and Abstracts. The study finds that network news coverage of sub-Sahara Africa increased from 0.36 per cent of total news time before the Angola conflict to 4.46 per cent after, indicating that network news coverage is a reflection of the intensity of United States government activity at the international level.
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Representing history through film with reference to the documentary film Captor and Captive : perspectives on a 1978 Border War incidentJooste, Rina 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation is supplementing a documentary film entitled Captor and Captive – the
story of Danger Ashipala and Johan van der Mescht (2010), referred to as Captor and
Captive, with a duration of 52-minutes. The film follows the story of two soldiers caught
up in the disorganized machine of war. Johan van der Mescht, a South African Defence
Force (SADF) soldier was captured in 1978 by Danger Ashipala, a South West Africa
People’s Organisation (SWAPO) guerilla fighting for Namibian independence. Van der
Mescht was held as a prisoner of war (POW) in Angola before being exchanged for a
Russian spy, Aleksei Koslov, at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin in 1982.
The main focus of the dissertation is to provide an analysis of representing history
through film, with reference to Captor and Captive. It explores the manner in which
history can be represented through the medium of film and add value to historical text, as
well as historical text adding value to film, and how the two mediums can supplement
each other. In this instance, Captor and Captive was produced first and the research
conducted was used to inform the dissertation. It briefly discusses the history of
documentary film within South Africa; the reality of producing documentary films
reflecting on Captor and Captive and the theoretical principles involved in the craft of
documentary filmmaking.
The dissertation further provides details of the capture of Van der Mescht and his
experience as a POW in Angola, against the backdrop of the Border War that waged
between 1966 and 1989 in South West Africa (SWA) and Angola. The political
landscape and various forces at work within southern Africa during the period of Van der
Mescht’s capture are discussed. It also provides detail of the role of Van der Mescht’s
captor Ashipala, and the liberation movement SWAPO. With independence in 1990,
South West Africa became Namibia and will be referred to as such for the purpose of the
dissertation. Mention will be made of other POWs during the Border War, providing a
brief comparative analysis of their respective experiences. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verhandeling is aanvullend tot die dokumentêre rolprent Captor and Captive – the
story of Danger Ashipala and Johan van der Mescht (2010). Die rolprent het ‘n 52-
minute speeltyd, en daar word daarna verwys as Captor and Captive. Dit handel oor twee
soldate wat vasgevang is in die chaos van oorlog. Johan van der Mescht, lid van die Suid
Afrikaanse Weermag, is in 1978 gevange geneem deur Danger Ashipala, lid van die
Namibiese bevrydingsorganisasie SWAPO. Van der Mescht is as ‘n krygsgevangene in
Angola aangehou, en 1982 uitgeruil vir ‘n Russiese spioen, Aleksei Koslov. Die
uitruiling het by Checkpoint Charlie in Berlyn plaasgevind.
Die verhandeling gee hoofsaaklik ‘n uiteensetting van die manier waarop geskiedenis
aangebied word deur die visuele rolprentmedium, met verwysing na Captor and Captive.
Die wyse waarop ‘n rolprent waarde kan toevoeg tot historiese teks, en hoe historiese
teks op sy beurt weer waarde kan toevoeg tot ‘n rolprent word ondersoek, asook die wyse
waarop die twee mediums mekaar kan aanvul. Captor and Captive is vervaardig voor die
verhandeling aangepak is, en die navorsing is gebruik ter aanvulling van die
verhandeling. Verder word die agtergrond en geskiedenis van dokumentêre rolprente in
Suid Afrika kortliks bespreek; die realiteite rondom die vervaardiging van dokumentêre
rolprente, met verwysing na Captor and Captive, en teoretiese aspekte betrokke by die
vervaardiging daarvan.
Die verhandeling verskaf inligting omtrent die gevangeneming van Van der Mescht en sy
ondervinding as ‘n krygsgevangene in Angola. Dit word geskets teen die agtergrond van
die Grensoorlog (1966 tot 1989) in Suidwes Afrika en Angola. Die politieke omgewing
en groeperinge binne Suider Afrika gedurende Van der Mescht se gevangenisskap word
bespreek. Verder word inligting oor Ashipala, wat verantwoordelik was vir Van der
Mescht se gevangeneming bespreek. Die bevrydingsorganisasie SWAPO, waarvan hy ‘n
lid was, word ook bespreek. Suidwes Afrika verander sy naam met
onafhanklikheidswording in 1990 na Namibiё, en vir die doel van die verhandeling word
daar na Namibiё verwys. Daar word melding gemaak van ander krygsgevangenes
gedurende die tydperk van die Grensoorlog, en ‘n vergelyking tussen die ondervindinge
van die onderskeie krygsgevangenes word kortliks ondersoek.
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