<p>Malaria is one of the biggest current global health problems, and with the increasing occurance of drug resistant <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> strains, there is an urgent need for new antimalarial drugs. Given the important role of carbonic anhydrase in <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em> (PfCA), it is a potential novel drug target. Heterologous expression of malaria proteins is problematic due to the unusual codon usage of the <em>Plasmodium </em>genome, so to overcome this problem a synthetic PfCA gene was designed, optimized for expression in <em>Pichia pastoris</em>. This gene was also modified to avoid glycosylation, and cloned into the vector pPICZαA under the control of the methanol inducible promoter AOX1. To facilitate export of the protein into the growth medium, the gene was fused in-frame with the α-factor secretion signal from <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>. The construct was successfully integrated in the genome of <em>P. pastoris</em> GS115, and attempts were made to express the protein and purify it using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography.In this work, no expression of the PfCA protein could be detected, so further research should focus on optimization of expression conditions, or redesign of the expression vector.</p>

No description available.

Since the development of knockout and transgenic mouse models, mice have become the most widely used mammalian animal model to study bone. Despite the advances in knowledge of bone biology and function that have occurred from use of mouse models, many studies use primarily qualitative techniques, which may result in overlooking important subtle pathophysiologic changes. The hypothesis of this dissertation is that quantitative techniques to measure bone structure and function could identify the physiologic role of carbonic anhydrase II and calbindin-D28k in mouse bone, despite earlier qualitative studies indicating mice without these proteins have normal bone structure and function. Furthermore, a method to quantify bone function in vivo will be tested in a mouse model.Although carbonic anhydrase II deficient mice are less severely affected than patients, the mice demonstrate features of osteopetrosis including metaphyseal widening and a 50% increase in trabecular bone volume. The mice partially compensate for inhibited osteoclast function by increasing osteoclast number.Calbindin-D28k knockout mice demonstrated an increase in bone volume that results from additional bone at the endosteal surfaces. The higher bone volume results in increased stiffness and failure loads, highlighting the potential use of drugs that inhibit calbindin-D28k to treat diseases such as osteoporosis.Finally, calcium phosphate ceramic and hydroxyapatite particles used as strain gauge coatings demonstrated bone bonding to mouse femora after two months in vivo. The use of hydroxyapatite particles to coat strain gauges is the first time this method has been used with all commercially available materials, and will allow other research groups to use this technique. The major limitation to in vivo bone strain measurement in mice is the relatively large size of the sensors, which resulted in increased second moments of inertia in the implanted bones.Overall, this dissertation demonstrates that the use of quantitative techniques, including histology, histomorphometry, µCT imaging, and mechanical testing can measure subtle changes in bone properties that have been previously overlooked. Development of additional quantitative methods to study bone biomechanics in mouse models may encourage other research groups to quantify bone properties if no changes are noted using primarily qualitative methods.

Šio darbo tikslas – pirimidino junginių – potencialių karboanhidrazių (CA) slopiklių –kūrimas. Teoriniai 4-[N-(pirimidin-4-il)]aminobenzensulfonamidų, turinčių pakaitus 2-, 5- ir 6-oje pirimidino žiedo padėtyje, sąveikos su aktyviuoju hCA centru tyrimai parodė, kad šie junginiai gali įsiterpti į aktyvųjį baltymo centrą ir su hCA turėtų sąveikauti kaip tipiški klasikiniai CA slopikliai. Tiksliniai 4-[N-(2,5,6-pakeisti pirimidin-4-il)amino]benzensulfonamidai sintetinti 4,6-dichlorpirimidinuose, 5-oje padėtyje turinčiuose cian-, formil- arba nitrogrupes, chloro atomą keičiant 4-aminobenzensulfonamidu. Bendradarbiaujant su Biotechnologijos instituto mokslininkais, kurie atliko hCA slopinimo susintetintais junginiais tyrimus, tobulintos šių junginių hCA slopinimo savybės. Slopiklių struktūros modifikuotos keičiant jungtuko tarp benzensulfonamido ir pirimidino fragmentų ilgį ir įvedant naujus pakaitus pirimidino žiede, kai kuriais atvejais taip sudarant naujas heterociklines sistemas. Šiuo tikslu ištirta pirimidin-5-karbaldehidų kondensacija su indolin-2-tionais. Nustatyta, kad 4-[N-(pirimidin-4-il)amino](metil-,etil-)benzensulfonamidai, 5-oje pirimidino žiedo padėtyje turintys cian-, formil- arba nitrogrupes, o 6-oje pirimidino žiedo padėtyje turintys benzilamino-, chlor-, metoksi- arba oksogrupes, yra nano- – mikromolinės eilės hCA slopikliai, galintys atrankiai slopinti hCAI, II ar XIII. Jų hCA slopinimo aktyvumą lemia sulfonamido grupės sąveika su katalitiniu cinko jonu ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the work was design of pyrimidine derivatives – potent carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. Theoretical investigation of interaction of 4-[N-(pyrimidin-4-yl)]aminobenzenesulfonamides containing substituents at 2-, 5- and 6- positions of pyrimidine ring with an active site of hCAs suggested that these compounds can fit into an active site of the enzymes and should interact with them as typical hCA inhibitors. Synthesis of target compounds was carried out by substitution of chloro group at 4,6-dichloropyrimidines containing cyano-, formyl- or nitro groups at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring with 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide. Regarding inhibition of hCAs with the synthesized compounds data acquired by the scientists of Institute of Biotechnology, structures of inhibitors were modified in order to improve their binding properties to hCA. It was performed by variation of a linker length between benzenesulfonamide and pyrimidine fragments and by introduction of new substituents at position 6 of the pyrimidine ring. In some cases these modifications led to the formation of new heterocyclic systems. For this purpose condensation of indoline-2-thiones with pyrimidine-5-carbaldehydes was investigated. It was determined that 4-[N-(pyrimidin-4-yl)amino](methyl-,ethyl-)benzenesulfonamides containing cyano-, formyl- or nitro groups at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring and benzylamino-, chloro-, methoxy- or oxo groups at position 6 of the pyrimidine ring inhibit hCA in... [to full text]

The aim of the work was design of pyrimidine derivatives – potent carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors. Theoretical investigation of interaction of 4-[N-(pyrimidin-4-yl)]aminobenzenesulfonamides containing substituents at 2-, 5- and 6- positions of pyrimidine ring with an active site of hCAs suggested that these compounds can fit into an active site of the enzymes and should interact with them as typical hCA inhibitors. Synthesis of target compounds was carried out by substitution of chloro group at 4,6-dichloropyrimidines containing cyano-, formyl- or nitro groups at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring with 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide. Regarding inhibition of hCAs with the synthesized compounds data acquired by the scientists of Institute of Biotechnology, structures of inhibitors were modified in order to improve their binding properties to hCA. It was performed by variation of a linker length between benzenesulfonamide and pyrimidine fragments and by introduction of new substituents at position 6 of the pyrimidine ring. In some cases these modifications led to the formation of new heterocyclic systems. For this purpose condensation of indoline-2-thiones with pyrimidine-5-carbaldehydes was investigated. It was determined that 4-[N-(pyrimidin-4-yl)amino](methyl-,ethyl-)benzenesulfonamides containing cyano-, formyl- or nitro groups at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring and benzylamino-, chloro-, methoxy- or oxo groups at position 6 of the pyrimidine ring inhibit hCA in... [to full text] / Šio darbo tikslas – pirimidino junginių – potencialių karboanhidrazių (CA) slopiklių –kūrimas. Teoriniai 4-[N-(pirimidin-4-il)]aminobenzensulfonamidų, turinčių pakaitus 2-, 5- ir 6-oje pirimidino žiedo padėtyje, sąveikos su aktyviuoju hCA centru tyrimai parodė, kad šie junginiai gali įsiterpti į aktyvųjį baltymo centrą ir su hCA turėtų sąveikauti kaip tipiški klasikiniai CA slopikliai. Tiksliniai 4-[N-(2,5,6-pakeisti pirimidin-4-il)amino]benzensulfonamidai sintetinti 4,6-dichlorpirimidinuose, 5-oje padėtyje turinčiuose cian-, formil- arba nitrogrupes, chloro atomą keičiant 4-aminobenzensulfonamidu. Bendradarbiaujant su Biotechnologijos instituto mokslininkais, kurie atliko hCA slopinimo susintetintais junginiais tyrimus, tobulintos šių junginių hCA slopinimo savybės. Slopiklių struktūros modifikuotos keičiant jungtuko tarp benzensulfonamido ir pirimidino fragmentų ilgį ir įvedant naujus pakaitus pirimidino žiede, kai kuriais atvejais taip sudarant naujas heterociklines sistemas. Šiuo tikslu ištirta pirimidin-5-karbaldehidų kondensacija su indolin-2-tionais. Nustatyta, kad 4-[N-(pirimidin-4-il)amino](metil-,etil-)benzensulfonamidai, 5-oje pirimidino žiedo padėtyje turintys cian-, formil- arba nitrogrupes, o 6-oje pirimidino žiedo padėtyje turintys benzilamino-, chlor-, metoksi- arba oksogrupes, yra nano- – mikromolinės eilės hCA slopikliai, galintys atrankiai slopinti hCAI, II ar XIII. Jų hCA slopinimo aktyvumą lemia sulfonamido grupės sąveika su katalitiniu cinko jonu ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Karboanhidrazės (CA) yra metalofermentai, katalizuojantys virsmus tarp anglies dioksido ir bikarbonato. Jų slopinimas gali būti taikomas gydyti tokias skirtingas ligas kaip glaukoma, vėžys, nutukimas, epilepsija, osteoporozė ir kt. Šiuo metu yra beveik 30 mažamolekulinių junginių, kurie naudojami kaip vaistai, su padidėjusiu karboanhidrazių aktyvumu susijusioms ligoms gydyti. Darbe tirta rekombinantinių žmogaus karboanhidrazių I, II, VII, IX ir XIII sąveika su sulfonamidiniais ligandais. Įvertintas tirtų baltymų stabilumas skirtingomis eksperimentinėmis sąlygomis, nustatyta priešvėžinio taikinio CA IX oligomerinė būsena. Modeliniais baltymais naudojant karboanhidrazes, praplėstos terminio poslinkio metodo taikymo ribos. Išmatuoti 40 naujų susintetintų junginių sąveikos su karboanhidrazėmis termodinaminiai parametrai, išanalizuota CA XIII sąveikos su sulfonamidiniais slopikliais termodinamika, atskiriant tikruosius, nuo eksperimento sąlygų ir susijusių reakcijų nepriklausančius jungimosi parametrus. / Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes that catalyze the conversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Their inhibition can be applied for treatment of different diseases, such as glaucoma, cancer, obesity, epilepsy, osteoporosis, etc. There are nearly 30 small molecule ligands that are used as drugs for carbonic anhydrase related diseases. In this work interaction between recombinant human carbonic anhydrases I, II, VII, IX, XIII and sulfonamide ligands was analysed. Stability of selected carbonic anhydrases was evaluated in different experimental conditions. Oligomeric structure of anticancer target CA IX was determined. Using carbonic anhydrases as model proteins, the application range of thermal shift assay was extended. Binding parameters of 40 new compounds to human carbonic anhydrases were measured. The binding thermodynamics of sulfonamide ligands to CA XIII was analyzed and intrinsic binding parameters, independent of the experimental conditions and linked protonation reactions, were determined.

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes that catalyze the conversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Their inhibition can be applied for treatment of different diseases, such as glaucoma, cancer, obesity, epilepsy, osteoporosis, etc. There are nearly 30 small molecule ligands that are used as drugs for carbonic anhydrase related diseases. In this work interaction between recombinant human carbonic anhydrases I, II, VII, IX, XIII and sulfonamide ligands was analysed. Stability of selected carbonic anhydrases was evaluated in different experimental conditions. Oligomeric structure of anticancer target CA IX was determined. Using carbonic anhydrases as model proteins, the application range of thermal shift assay was extended. Binding parameters of 40 new compounds to human carbonic anhydrases were measured. The binding thermodynamics of sulfonamide ligands to CA XIII was analyzed and intrinsic binding parameters, independent of the experimental conditions and linked protonation reactions, were determined. / Karboanhidrazės (CA) yra metalofermentai, katalizuojantys virsmus tarp anglies dioksido ir bikarbonato. Jų slopinimas gali būti taikomas gydyti tokias skirtingas ligas kaip glaukoma, vėžys, nutukimas, epilepsija, osteoporozė ir kt. Šiuo metu yra beveik 30 mažamolekulinių junginių, kurie naudojami kaip vaistai, su padidėjusiu karboanhidrazių aktyvumu susijusioms ligoms gydyti. Darbe tirta rekombinantinių žmogaus karboanhidrazių I, II, VII, IX ir XIII sąveika su sulfonamidiniais ligandais. Įvertintas tirtų baltymų stabilumas skirtingomis eksperimentinėmis sąlygomis, nustatyta priešvėžinio taikinio CA IX oligomerinė būsena. Modeliniais baltymais naudojant karboanhidrazes, praplėstos terminio poslinkio metodo taikymo ribos. Išmatuoti 40 naujų susintetintų junginių sąveikos su karboanhidrazėmis termodinaminiai parametrai, išanalizuota CA XIII sąveikos su sulfonamidiniais slopikliais termodinamika, atskiriant tikruosius, nuo eksperimento sąlygų ir susijusių reakcijų nepriklausančius jungimosi parametrus.

No description available.

The enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) contributes to multiple physiological processes by catalysing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. However, regulation of CA activity in response to homeostatic challenges remains poorly understood. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate whether CA is transcriptionally regulated by cortisol in fish and whether post-translational modification (PTM) of CA occurs in fish. The results of an in vivo reporter assay used to investigate potential transcriptional regulation of zebrafish, Danio rerio, cytoplasmic CA (CAc) were inconsistent, and it remains unclear whether zebrafish CAc is regulated transcriptionally by cortisol. Phosphorylation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, CAc was predicted from in silico analysis of the putative amino acid sequence and confirmed by Western analysis of phosphoprotein levels following in vitro incubation of CA, purified from trout gill, under conditions designed to potentiate endogenous kinases. Again using in vitro incubations designed to potentiate endogenous kinases and phosphatases, changes to the phosphorylation state of CAc were found to modulate its enzymatic properties. These findings suggest that CA activity may be regulated by signalling pathways that activate cellular protein kinases, and future work should focus on identifying these pathways.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. / Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed April 18, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.