Orientador: Luciano Hauschild / Banca: Paulo Henrique Reis Furtado Campos / Banca: Marcos Macari / Resumo: Esse estudo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da alimentação sequencial (Seq) com variação no nível de aminoácidos a cada 12 h comparados ao sistema convencional (uma única dieta) no desempenho, composição corporal e carcaças de suínos em crescimento e terminação. Foram utilizados 60 suínos machos castrados com 30 ± 2,8 kg de peso vivo (PV) inicial. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 4 tratamentos, sendo dois planos de Seq: 110-70: dieta com 110% das recomendações de aminoácidos (AAs) fornecida das 0000 até 1159 h e outra com 70% AAs ofertada das 1200 ás 2359 h; e 70-110: dieta com 70% AAs fornecida das 0000 até 1159 h e outra com 110% AAs ofertada das 1200 ás 2359 h, e dois planos convencionais: 100: dieta com 100% AAs e 70: dieta com 70% AAs. Nos dois tratamentos convencionais a mesma dieta foi fornecida aos animais ao longo do dia. O animal foi considerado a unidade experimental. Os suínos foram alojados em um único grupo, com água e ração ad libitum. Para atender o nível de AAs em cada tratamento foi realizado diariamente e dentro de cada período misturas proporcionais de duas dietas, A (alta densidade nutricional) e B (baixa densidade nutricional), utilizando alimentadores automáticos AIPF (Automatic and Intelligent Precision Feeder). Nos dias 0, 35 e 63 foram realizadas mensurações de desempenho e composição corporal e ao final do experimento os animais foram abatidos em frigorífico. Não houve interação (P > 0,05) entre trat... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of sequential feeding (Seq) with variation in amino acid level every 12 h compared to the conventional feed supply (a single diet) on performance, body composition and pigs growing-finishing carcasses. Sixty barrows in a completely randomized design with four treatments were distributed and two Seq: 110-70: a diet with 110% of the recommendations of amino acids (AAs) supplied from 0000 to 1159 h and another diet with 70% of AAs offered from 1200 to 2359 h; and 70-110: a diet with 70% AAs supplied from 0000 to 1159 h and another with 110% AAs offered from 1200 to 2359 h, and two conventional plans: 100: diet with 100% AAs and 70: diet with 70% AAs . In both conventional treatments, the same diet throughout the day was provided. The animal was considered the experimental unit. The pigs were housed in a single group, with water and feed ad libitum. To meet the level of AAs in each treatment, proportional mixtures of two diets, A (high nutritional density) and B (low nutrient density), using automatic and Intelligent Precision Feeder (AIPF) feeders were performed daily and within each period. On days 0, 35 and 63 measurements of performance and body composition were carried out and at the end of the experiment the animals were slaughtered and measurements of fat thickness and loin depth were taken. There was no interaction (P > 0.05) between treatment and experimental phase for the performance variables. The animals of treatments ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni / Coorientador: Sarah Sgavioli / Banca: Otto Mack Junqueira / Banca: Lizandra Amoroso / Banca: Douglas Emygdio de Faria / Banca: Ricardo de Albuquerque / Resumo: Foram avaliados os efeitos da nutrição in ovo com vitamina D3 e da dieta hídrica contendo alendronato de sódio sobre o desenvolvimento ósseo e parâmetros zootécnicos. O experimento foi constituído de duas fases (incubação e criação). No período de incubação, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (ovos não injetados, injetados somente com óleo de oliva, 1,2μg, 2,4 µg e 3,6 µg de vitamina D3 / 100 µL de óleo de oliva) de injeção de vitamina D3 em 600 ovos férteis de matrizes de frango de corte, favorecendo desafio para fase seguinte, ou seja, promovendo menor desenvolvimento embrionário ósseo, gerando o desafio para a fase de criação para testar os níveis de alendronato de sódio. Na fase de criação o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 (vitamina D3 durante o período de incubação e diferentes concentrações de AS no período de criação). A nutrição in ovo de vitamina D3 não afeta a eclodibilidade (P>0,05), no entanto, afeta de maneira negativa a densidade óssea de pintos pós-eclosão. O alendronato de sódio não apresentou dados significativos (P>0,05) para parâmetros de desenvolvimento ósseo. Portanto, conclui-se que se tornam necessárias novas pesquisas a fim de determinar níveis ideais deste fármaco com o intuito de melhorar a condição óssea de frangos de corte / Abstract: The effects of nutrition in ovo with vitamin D3 and hydro diet containing sodium alendronate on bone development and performance parameters were evaluated on this study. The experiment consisted in two stages (hatching and growing). The incubation period and the experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments (not injected eggs; injected only with olive oil; 1.2μg; 2.4 μg and 3.6 μg of vitamin D3 / 100 μL of olive oil) injection of vitamin D3 in 600 fertile eggs of matrices broilers, favoring a challenge to the next stage, ie, a lower bone promoting embryonic development, generating a challenge for the growing phase to test the levels of AS. The stage of growing design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 5 (vitamin D3 during the incubation period and different concentrations of AS in the growing period). The vitamin D3 nutrition in egg hatchability did not affect (P> 0.05), however, negatively affected the bone densitometry post-hatch chicks, as the sodium alendronate showed no significant data (P> 0.05) for bone development parameters. However, it is concluded that further studies are necessary to determine the levels of this drug in order to improve the bone condition of broilers / Doutor

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The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effect of age and feeding length on phytase efficacy in broiler chickens during the starter phase. Two studies were carried out to evaluate this objective.<br>Study 1 was a randomized complete block design with 4 × 5 factorial arrangements of treatments. There were four diets; a positive control (PC), negative control (NC) and two phytase supplemented diets with inclusion levels of 1,000 and 2,000 phytase units/kg. There were five age and duration of feeding groups; Three 2-d feeding lengths terminated at d 8, 14, and 22 (d 6 to 8, d 12 to 14, and d 20 to 22), a 5-d feeding length terminated at d 14 (d 9 to 14) and a 16-d feeding length terminated on d 22 (d 6 to 22). Growth performance and sample collections were collected at the end of each phase i.e. d 8, 14 and 22. There was a difference (P < 0.01) in weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency between birds fed the PC diets and birds fed the NC diets across all groups as birds on the NC diets had lower performance (P < 0.05) than birds on the PC diet. However, birds fed the phytase supplemented diets had higher (P < 0.05) growth performance compared with birds fed the NC diet across all groups. Similarly, phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) digestibility and retention of birds fed the NC were lower (P < 0.05) as compared with birds fed the PC diet while birds fed the phytase supplemented diets had higher mineral digestibility and retention (P < 0.05) compared with birds on the NC diet. Age effect was evaluated by comparing the performance of birds fed the experimental diets for 2 d until d 8, 14, and 22. Birds fed until d 14 had the highest impact of the NC diet on mineral utilization, and the largest improvement of phytase on mineral utilization as compared with birds fed until d 8 and 22. Similarly, when feeding length effect was considered, birds fed for a shorter period had greater response to phytase (P < 0.05) on nutrient utilization than birds fed for a longer period at d 14 and 22. Tibia ash was higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed phytase supplemented diets for a longer period (i.e. 16 d) compared with birds fed or 2 or 5 d. The results from this study observed that age and duration of feeding influenced phytase efficacy especially in younger birds fed for a short period. However, it could not be determined if feeding birds for a short period at different ages in the starter phase would have a similar effect.<br>In study 2, the effects of age and feeding low P diets to birds for a short period of time on phytase efficacy and super dosing were evaluated at two critical points in the starter phase. This study had 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangements of treatments comprising 3 diets; a PC, NC, and a NC with phytase supplemented at 2,000 phytase units/kg; and 2 ages (i.e d 14 and 22) and 2 feeding lengths (i.e 2-d and 5-d). Thus, birds were fed the experimental diets from d 12 to 14, 9 to 14, 20 to 22, and 17 to 22 respectively. Results observed were similar to the first study. Birds fed the NC diet had lower (P < 0.01) performance as compared with birds fed the PC diets across all age and feeding length groups. Similarly, birds fed diets with the super dose level of phytase had greater growth performance (P < 0.01) compared with birds fed the NC diets. When age effect was considered, birds fed for 2 or 5 d until d 14 had the greatest improvements of phytase on nutrient utilization and bone mineralization compared with birds fed for both periods until d 22. When effect of feeding was considered, birds fed for 2-d at both ages had greater responses to phytase in performance and nutrient utilization compared with birds fed for 5-d at both ages. Plasma myo-inositol was higher (P < 0.01) in birds fed the super dose level of phytase compared with birds fed the NC diet.<br>In summary, we could conclude that the efficacy of phytase both at 1,000 and 2,000 FTU/kg was higher in birds fed for 2 d until d 14 as compared with the other groups. This could potentially help in designing studies to evaluate new phytase products or for comparing the efficacy of phytase from various sources. Feeding broiler chickens during the suggested time phase would potentially reveal the maximum efficacy of the phytase product.<br>

<div><p>The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of type and level of digestibility index marker (DIM) and dietary characteristics including dietary fiber type, dietary protein sources, and inclusion of xylanase in pigs and broiler chickens.</p><p> An experiment was conducted to investigate if (i) the apparent digestibility of gross energy (GE) and nitrogen (N) were influenced by the type of DIM and dietary fiber; (ii) the concentration pattern of DIM was influenced by dietary fiber, ileal digesta collection day (Day), and time period (TP). Eighteen barrows (initial BW = 24.2 ± 0.3 kg) fitted with a T-cannula at the end of the ileum were used in a 2-period study. Three corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated with corn starch, corn bran or oat bran at 100 g/kg. Acid insoluble ash (AIA), chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃), and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) were included as DIM in each diet. Each period consisted of a 7-d adjustment period followed by a 3-d total fecal collection period and a 3-d ileal digesta collection period, where ileal digesta was collected every 3 h between 09:00 to 21:00 h with 4 TP on each of the 3 day. The DIM had similar effect on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of GE and N within each diet, but different effects among the 3 diets. However, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE or N of corn starch and the ATTD of N of corn bran determined by the 3 DIM were not different. The recovery of TiO₂in feces of pigs fed the oat bran was 78.3%, which was the least among the 3 diets (<i>P</i>< 0.05). The distribution of Cr concentration in ileal digesta of pigs fed cornstarch, corn bran, and oat bran was similar to that of Tiand AIA irrespective of TP. In conclusion, the AID of GE or N was more influenced by the choice of DIM compared with ATTD; the recovery of TiO₂in pigs fed oat bran was less than corn starch or corn bran; the Day had limited effect on DIM concentration; and the three DIM moved synchronously in diets irrespective of TP.</p><p> Another study was conducted to investigate if the AID of GE or N was influenced by inclusion level and type of DIM and inclusion level of OB, and if the ATTD of GE or DIM recovery was influenced by the three aforementioned factors and duration of feces collection. Six diets were formulated as a 2 ´3 factorial arrangement with two levels of OB (0 or 100 g/kg) and three levels of DIM (2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 g/kg). BothCr₂O₃and TiO₂were added to the same diet as DIM and their inclusion levels were consistent in each experimental diet.<b></b>In Exp. 1, eighteen barrows (initial BW = 24.2 ± 0.3 kg) fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were used in a triplicate 6 × 2 incomplete Latin Square design with 6 dietary treatments and 2 periods. The ileal digesta were collected for 3 d after 5-d adaptation. In Exp. 2, a total of 72 barrows (initial BW = 26.9 ± 0.5 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design, and the feces were collected for either 3 or 5 d after a 7-d adaptation according to the assignment. Experimental diets were same as Exp. 1. The AID of GE and N determined by TiO₂were greater (<i>P</i>< 0.05) than Cr₂O₃regardless of the OB level and DIM level. Neither the OB level nor the DIM level affected the AID of GE or N. The DIM level and duration of feces collection had no effect on ATTD of GE and DIM recovery. The ATTD of GE were greater (<i>P</i>< 0.05) determined by TiO₂than that determined by Cr₂O₃. Similarly, the recovery of TiO₂was greater (<i>P</i>= 0.007) than Cr₂O₃. Inclusion of 100 g/kg OB did not affect the recovery of DIM. In conclusion, the AID of GE and N, the ATTD of GE, and the recovery of Cr₂O₃or TiO₂were affected by DIM type, but not DIM level; the inclusion of OB had no effect on AID of GE and N, and DIM recovery; and the duration of feces collection had no effect on ATTD of GE, and DIM recovery.<b></b></p><p> The additivity of AID and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in mixed diets containing wheat, canola meal (CM), meat and bone meal (MBM), and sorghum distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to pigs with Cr₂O₃and TiO₂as DIM was investigated in the third study. Four diets were prepared to contain wheat, CM, MBM, or DDGS as a sole source of N; three mixed diets were prepared to contain wheat, CM, and MBM; wheat, MBM, and DDGS; or wheat, CM, MBM, and DDGS; and a N-free diet was prepared to estimate the BEL of CP and AA. Both Cr₂O₃and TiO₂, each at 5 g/kg were incorporated into each diet. Sixteen barrows (initial BW = 34.7 ± 0.6 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were allotted to a duplicate 8 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 8 experimental diets and 4 periods. Chromic oxide and TiO₂determined similar BEL, AID, and SID of CP and AA. In wheat-CM-MBM diet, the measured AID of CP and most AA determined with Cr₂O₃or TiO₂were not different from the predicted values. The results indicated that the determination of BEL, AID, and SID of CP and AA were not affected by DIM type;the additivity of AID and SID of CP and most indispensable AA in mixed diets was not affected by DIM type; and more accurate prediction of ileal digestibility of AA was achieved using SID rather than AID in mixed diets containing wheat, CM, MBM, and DDGS.</p><p> The aim of the last study was to investigate the growth performance and nutrient utilization responses of broiler chickens and the nutrient utilization of pigs to xylanase, experimental diet formulation method for energy (FME), and DIM. In Exp. 1, a total of 448 male broiler chickens were used in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Seven dietary treatments were prepared in a 3 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement with inclusion of sand, diatomaceous earth (DAE), or wheat bran (WB) as FME and without or with xylanase (26,400 unit/kg of diet) plus positive control, which contained sufficient energy content for animals. Each of Cr₂O₃and TiO₂were incorporated at 5 g/kg in diets. In Exp. 2, twenty-one barrows (initial BW = 33.0 ± 0.3 kg), fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum, were used in a triplicate 7 × 2 incomplete Latin Square design with 7 dietary treatments, which were prepared by the same arrangement as in broilers. In Exp. 1, the growth performance of birds was not affected by xylanase, but was affected by the choice of FME. There were interactions (<i>P</i>< 0.05) between xylanase and FME for AID of CP, His, Met, Thr, and Trp. In Exp. 2, there were interactions (<i>P</i>< 0.05) between xylanase and FME for AID of dry matter, GE, Arg, and Lys. The DIM type had no effect on responses in pigs. In conclusion, the efficacy of xylanase on ileal energy and AA digestibility depends on the choice of FME in broilers and pigs, and DIM affects ileal digestibility in broilers.</p><p> In summary, the AID of GE or N was more influenced by the DIM type compared with ATTD, and the three DIM moved synchronously in diets irrespective of TP. The AID of GE and N, the ATTD of GE, and the recovery of Cr₂O₃or TiO₂were affected by DIM type, but not DIM level. However, the choice of DIM had no effect on the determination of BEL, AID, and SID of CP and AA, and additivity of AID and SID of CP and most indispensable AA in mixed diets. In addition, more accurate prediction of ileal digestibility of AA was achieved using SID rather than AID in mixed diets containing wheat, CM, MBM, and DDGS. Finally, the efficacy of xylanase on ileal energy and AA digestibility depends on the choice of FME in broilers and pigs, and DIM affects ileal digestibility in broilers.</p></div><p></p>

Orientador: Luciano Hauschild / Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto / Banca: Maria Cristina Thomaz / Resumo: O objetivo dessa dissertação foi estudar níveis de energia líquida (EL) para suínos pesados em dietas com proteína bruta (PB) reduzida. O primeiro passo foi realizar uma revisão de literatura para compreender as características e demandas do suíno pesado, e como o uso da formulação com base em EL e PB reduzida contribui para uma nutrição de maior precisão. Um estudo foi realizado para investigar o efeito de diferentes níveis de EL em dietas com PB reduzida, suplementada com aminoácidos, sobre comportamento alimentar, desempenho e características de carcaça de suínos pesados (100 a 130 kg). Os suínos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em blocos ao acaso, utilizando o peso inicial como critério, com 5 tratamentos (níveis EL: 2300, 2388, 2475, 2563 e 2650 kcal EL/kg) e 13 animais por tratamento, sendo o animal a unidade experimental. As dietas foram à base de milho, farelo de soja e farelo de trigo. Os níveis de PB foram semelhantes entre as dietas e aproximadamente 2% abaixo da exigência (13,9%). Os suínos foram pesados no início e no final do experimento. Os sistemas de alimentação automáticos registraram as visitas aos comedouros, a duração das refeições e a quantidade de alimento consumido por refeição. Com base nestes registros, calcularam-se os parâmetros de desempenho e de comportamento alimentar. No final do experimento, os suínos foram abatidos para avaliação da carcaça. Os níveis de energia líquida não afetaram o consumo médio diário de ração (P>0,05), contudo, influenc... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this dissertation was to study net energy levels for heavy pigs in diets with reduced crude protein. The first step was to perform a literature review to understand the characteristics and demands of heavy pig and how the use of the formulation based on liquid energy and reduced crude protein contributes to a more accurate nutrition. A study was carried out to investigate the effect of different net energy (NE) levels on diets with reduced crude protein (CP), supplemented with amino acids, on feed behavior, performance and carcass characteristics of heavy pigs (100 to 130 kg). Pigs were randomly allotted to a randomized complete block, using initial body weight as the blocking criterion, with 5 treatments (NE levels: 2300, 2388, 2475, 2563 and 2650 Kcal NE/kg), and 13 pigs per treatment, being the animal the experimental unit. The diets were based on corn, soybean meal and wheat bran. CP levels were similar between diets and approximately 2% below the requirement (13.9%). Pigs were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment. Electronic feeder systems automatically recorded the visits to the feeder, the time of the meals, and the amount of feed consumed per meal. Based on these recorded, data daily feed intake and feeding behavior were calculated. At the end of the experiment, the pigs were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Net energy levels did not affect the average daily feed intake (P> 0.05), but they influenced the feeding behavior of the pigs. The pigs fed the 2388, 2475 and 2563 kcal NE/ kg diets had less (P <0.05) daily meals than those fed the 2300 and 2650 kcal NE/kg diets. Thus, these animals occupied the feeders less time daily (P <0.05) compared to those fed the 2300 and 2650 kcal NE/kg diets. Average daily NE intake increased linearly (P <0.01)... ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

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