Smectite clay has been shown in studies over the past 20 years to sorb aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) in animal feed and thereby reduce its toxic influence on animals. In this study, 20 smectite samples were selected from industrial products or reference minerals. In the initial steps, it was shown that AfB1 entered the interlayer galleries of smectites and a 10-fold range in sorption ability was observed in a set of 20 smectite samples. Yet, it was not clear which clay properties (CEC, pH, base saturation) influenced this variation. In an effort to further explore properties that might influence the sorption of AfB1, three good sorbent samples were chosen from our set of 20 samples along with one sample of low sorption capacity. Those samples were fractionated into sand, silt, coarse clay (CC), and fine clay (FC) fractions. From all sample fractions, sorption isotherms and X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained. Additionally, a vermiculite and a palygorskite were examined with regard to sorption capacity. Concentration of smectite and their adsorption test suggest that differences in smectite composition are responsible for difference in sorption, not so much their relative abundance or other mineral phases. Initial infrared analysis indicates that weathered aluminous smectites, which have no octahedral iron or magnesium, belong to the poor AfB1 sorbents. Palygorskite and vermiculite are not effective sorbents. Based on the findings in this study, tentative quality criteria of sorbent selection for their use in animal feed were established. These criteria are: pH between 6.5 and 8.5, CEC > 75cmolc/kg, organic carbon < 2.5 g/kg, expression of XRD smectite peak and AlFeOHbending in FTIR and Langmuir adsorption capacity for AfB1 > 0.40 mol/kg.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a ingestão calórica e características fecais de cães adultos em manutenção e em atividade, dois grupos de animais foram utilizados, sendo o primeiro grupo composto por 4 cães ativos da raça Border Collie e o segundo composto por 14 cães de raças variadas. Foram fornecidos dois tipos de alimentos comerciais secos, um deles considerado superpremium (S) e o outro considerado popular (P). O experimento teve duração de 40 dias, e os resultados mostraram que o alimento S produz menor peso fecal e consistência mais firme, enquanto que o alimento P obteve peso fecal maior e consistência menos firme. Além disso, os animais ativos necessitam de maior demanda energética para o seu conforto metabólico do que os animais inativos, apesar de não terem perdido peso vivo e o escore corporal não ter sido modificado. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy comsumption and faecal characteristics of the adult dogs in maintenance and agility, two groups of animals have been used, first four active dogs Border Collie breed and the second 14 dogs of different breeds. Two tips of commercial dry feeds were offered, one of them superpremium (S) and the second usual (P). The experiment were carried out in 40 days, and the results should that feed S produced lower faecal weight and more consistent. Forthermore, the agility animals needed higher energetic demand for it metabolic comfort then inactive animals, otherwise had not lost body weight and score had not modified.

In recent years there has been pressure exerted on the feed industry in Southern Africa to produce enough animal feed to meet the region’s nutritional requirements. The increase in the cost of animal feed eventually affects the affordability and availability of high quality food to low income communities. However, the overall national production of protein feed can easily be surpassed by the amount of protein that could be extracted from sludge. For example, the amount of protein wasted through sludge in one province alone (Gauteng, South Africa) amounts to 106,763 metric tonnes/yr, and slightly lower than the national protein requirement of approximately 145,000 tonnes/yr. Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) from wastewater treatment plants treating domestic wastewater is shown to contain protein in a ratio of 2:1 against fishmeal. However, some of this protein content could be lost during processing. In this study, the protein content in sludge and fishmeal was evaluated in laboratory analyses conducted as a preliminary step towards designing a protein supplement substitute. A pilot test was conducted with 5 batches (10 chicken per batch), with fishmeal to sludge substitutions of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Metal content in the sludge was lowered by a rudimentary leaching process and its impact on the protein content was also evaluated. The initial mass gain rate, mortality rate, initial and operational costs analyses showed that protein from Waste Activated Sludge (WAS) could successfully replace the commercial feed supplements with a significant cost saving without adversely affecting the health of the animals. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Praveen V. Vadlani / Distillers Dried grain with Solubles (DDGS) is a co-product of grain-based ethanol and is primarily used as livestock feed. With increasing production of DDGS, it is imperative to produce value-added products and/or find new applications of DDGS to help sustain the biofuel industry. Carotenoids are expensive yet essential feed additives. Since animals cannot synthesize carotenoids and animal feeds including DDGS are generally poor in carotenoids, about 30-120 ppm of total carotenoids is added to animal feed to improve animal health. The objectives of this study were to 1) produce carotenoid (astaxanthin and β-carotene)-enriched DDGS by Phaffia rhodozyma and Sporobolomyces roseus monoculture and mixed culture submerged fermentation of whole stillage, 2) optimize fermentation media by response surface methodology (RSM) and mixture design followed by validation, 3) evaluate the nutritional profile of carotenoid-enriched DDGS, 4) improve carotenoid production by the use of precursors, and 5) develop carotenoid-enriched feeds namely, wheat bran, rice bran and soybean products. Carotenoid-enriched DDGS was produced from both monoculture and mixed culture fermentation with yields ranging from 17-233 µg/g. Upon media optimization, astaxanthin and β-carotene yields, especially in P. rhodozyma were enhanced by 177% and 164% to yield 98 and 275 µg/g respectively. Nutrition profiling of the carotenoid-enriched DDGS showed that the secondary fermentation resulted in low fiber, protein and %N and enhanced fat. Fiber was reduced by 77% and 66% by P. rhodozyma and S. roseus respectively, whereas the crude fat increased by 80% in mixed culture fermentation. Additionally, abundant vaccenic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid was seen in S. roseus and mixed culture fermented DDGS. Vaccenic acid is a precursor of conjugated linolenic acid which is known to confer numerous health benefits. Fermentation of milo DDGS, wheat bran, rice bran and soybean products also resulted in carotenoid enrichment, with the best astaxanthin yield of 80 µg/g in rice bran, and best β-carotene yield of 837 µg/ g in soy flour. Precursors like mevalonic acid, apple pomace and tomato pomace increased carotenoid yield in DDGS and other substrates, with the yield increment depending on the substrate. Mevalonic acid resulted in the best astaxanthin and β-carotene yield increment by 140% and 236% resulting in 220 µg/g and 904 µg/g respectively in corn DDGS. Apple pomace and tomato pomace resulted in 29% carotenoid yield increment. Numerous studies thus far have used cheap agricultural substrates to produce carotenoids especially astaxanthin using P. rhodozyma with the intent of extracting the carotenoids for use in animal feed. However, by fermenting the animal feed directly, carotenoid-enriched feed can be produced without the need for extraction. By this simple yet novel carotenoid value addition, premium feeds or feed blends can be developed. Apart from carotenoid enrichment, low-fiber DDGS can help expand the market base of DDGS for use in non-ruminant feeds. Carotenoid value addition of DDGS can not only help sustain the biofuel industry but can also capture the aquaculture feed base which heavily relies on astaxanthin supplementation.

Zygomycetes is a class of fungi living worldwide as saprobes, as part of mycorrhizae, and as parasites. Humans have used some zygomycetes for centuries in the production of traditional foods, e.g. Indonesian tempe. In the present thesis, the experimental focus was on two zygomycetes strains, Mucor indicus CCUG 22424 and Rhizopus sp. IT. One of the distinguishing features of M. indicus is its dimorphism. The different cell forms were influenced by the culturing conditions. After inoculation, when the initial spore concentration was high (6-8×106 spores/ml), yeast-like growth dominated under anaerobic conditions. With a smaller inoculum, yielding 1-2×105 spores/ml, and access to oxygen, filamentous forms dominated. Only negligible differences in ethanol yield (390-420 mg/g hexoses), productivity (3-5 g/l/h), and inhibitor tolerance were observed. Differential expressions of probably four genes were observed between the yeast-like and filamentous growth forms. Lignocelluloses are a suitable substrate for cultivating zygomycetes, as they occur in abundance, particularly since zygomycetes, unlike Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can utilise pentoses. Lignocelluloses require pretreatment to achieve efficient hydrolysis of the cellulose. N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) was tested for pretreatment of spruce and birch. Reducing wood chip size and/or prolonged pretreatment, promoted hydrolysis yield. Best yields were achieved from &lt;2 mm chips and 5 h pretreatment. The hydrolysate was used for fermentation with M. indicus, resulting in 195 and 175 mg ethanol/g wood, and 103 and 86 mg fungal biomass/g wood, from spruce and birch respectively. Orange peel is another potential substrate. However, the hydrolysate contained 0.6 % (v/v) D-limonene, ten times higher than the concentration inhibiting S. cerevisiae. M. indicus was more resistant and successfully fermented the hydrolysate, producing 400 mg ethanol/g hexoses and 75 mg fungal biomass/g sugars. Both M. indicus and Rhizopus sp. grew in 1.0 % and 2.0 % D-limonene, although the latter was unable to grow in the hydrolysate. A third substrate was also used, spent sulphite liquor (SSL), which is a by-product from sulphite paper pulp mills. The SSL was diluted to 50 % and used for airlift cultivations of Rhizopus sp. In 1.0 vvm aeration, up to 340 mg biomass/g sugars was produced. Prolonged cultivations generally decreased the protein (from 500 to 300 mg/g) and lipid (from 70 to 20 mg/g) contents. In contrast, the cell wall fraction, measured as alkali-insoluble material (AIM), increased (160-280 mg/g), as did the glucosamine (GlcN) content (220-320 mg GlcN/g AIM). The produced fungal biomass could serve as animal feed, e.g. for fish. / <p>Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen vid Chalmers tekniska högskola försvaras vid offentlig disputation den 9 februari 2012, klockan 10.00 i KS101, Kemigården 4, Göteborg.</p>

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Praveen V. Vadlani / Soy meal (SM) is the main protein source for monogastric animals. Anti-nutritional factors in SM limited its usage for young monogastric animals. Aspergillus was investigated to degrade these factors and to enhance its nutritional value via solid state fermentation. Galacto-oligosaccharides were totally degraded from the initial 9.48 mmol/100 g, and trypsin inhibitor decreased from 10.7 TIU/mg to a non-detectable level after 36 hr fermentation. Structural polysaccharides decreased by 59% (w/w) and the degree of hydrolysis of SM protein increased from 0.9% to 7% (w/w) through the 7 d fermentation. Fermentation also modified nutritional factors. Protein content increased from 50.47% (w/w) to 58.93% (w/w) after 36 hr fermentation. Amino acid profile was significantly enhanced. Two - stage temperature-induced fermentation protocol was developed to increase the degradation rate of phytic acid by A. oryzae (ATCC 9362) and by A. ficuum (ATCC 66876). The first stage maximized phytase production with fermentation parameters obtained by central composite design. The second stage achieved maximum enzymatic degradation with parameters obtained by studying the phytase temperature characteristics. While using A. oryzae, 57% of phytic acid in SM was degraded by the two stage protocol compared to 39% degradation from single stage fermentation. For A. ficuum, the two-stage temperature fermentation protocol achieved a 98% degradation level of phytic acid degradation compared with the single stage process. Two-stage temperature-induced co-fermentation of A. oryzae and A. ficuum was investigated to simultaneously degrade phytic acid and soy protein with high efficiency. Co-fermentation of A. oryzae and A. ficuum resulted in higher phytic acid degradation than A. oryzae fermentation and superior protein hydrolysis compared to A. ficuum fermentation. Sterilization distorted the results of fermentation effect on soy allergens and soy protein degradation. Virginiamycin is a kind of bacterisin. It was added to A. oryzae solid state fermentation, to exclude the necessity of SM sterilization. Nonsterile, solid state fermentation using A. oryzae and virginiamycin showed the complete degradation of α and α’ subunits of β-conglycinin and decreased immunoreactivity of soy protein. The modified SM after microbial bioprocessing created an innovative product with enhanced characteristics with potential wider applications for feed industry.

Idag produceras bioetanol från grödor som sockerrör, majs, vete osv. Det är ett etiskt dilemma att använda potentiell mat för produktion av bränsle när det samtidigt som det råder matbrist i många länder. En bättre lösning är att använda restprodukter istället. I projektet utnyttjades restprodukter som bröd.  Bröd innehåller stärkelse som består av glukosmonomerer. Idag finns många intressanta produkter som skulle kunna utnyttjas istället för att använda matprodukter som nämndes ovan. Två olika brödsorter användes i experimenten som kommer från lantmännen. De två olika brödsorterna var korvbröd och brödmix (blandade brödrester). Anledningen till varför olika sorter av bröd användes var för att kunna jämföra om det finns någon skillnad mellan produkten. För att kunna se det, behövdes bröd förberedas och med samma faktorer som temperatur, koncentration och alla steget som den måste gå igenom dvs förvätskning, sackarifering och fermentering.  För kunna produceras etanol från brödrester behövdes två steg av stärkelsehydrolys. Första steget kallas förvätskning och med hjälp av enzymet alfa-amylas kunde stärkelsens kedja klippas till kortare kedjor. Viskositet testades efter förvätskning för att kunna bestämma vilken eller vilka koncentrationer skulle process kunna utföras. Det visades sig att mellan 10 och 30 procent av bröd går att använda. Efter detta steg skedes en annan process som kallas sackarifiering som utfördes med enzymet gluko-amalys för att frigöra glukos. Detta steg användes framför allt för när jäst användes. Jäst har inte förmåga att produceras eller omvandlas kolhydraten till glukos.  Svamp- och jäst-mikroorganismer användes i processen. Efter sackarifiering tillfördes mikroorganismerna i processen som kallas jäsning eller fermentering för att producera etanol och djurfoder som är slutprodukter. I projektet användes olika former av mikroorganismer som pellet, filamentös och sporer som inokulat. Detta gjordes för att se om det finns någon skillnad mellan olika formerna.  Det spelade ingen roll vilken typ av bröd som användes. Högsta koncentration av etanol var ca 26 g/L.  I projektet utnyttjades även tunndrank som kommer också från lantmännen. Anledningen var att minska användnings av rent vatten vid etanolproduktion. / Today bioethanol is produced from crops such as sugar cane, corn, and wheat. It is an ethical dilemma to use potential food for fuel production when a lot of countries do not have enough food. There is a better solution for this case and that is to use waste products. In this project exploitation of bread waste was investigated. Bread is rich in starch which consist of glucose monomers. Two types of bread waste were used in the experiment: hotdog bread and mixed bread. The reason why two types of breads were used was to compare if there are any differences between the products. The bread was prepared via liquefaction and saccharification using different factors like temperature and solid concentration, and was then fermented.   In the first step, liquefication, alpha-amylase was used to cut the starch polymer to shorter oligomers. The viscosity was tested after liquefaction to determine which bread concentrations could be used. It turned out that between 10 and 30 percent of bread was usable. In the next step, saccharification, gluco-amylase was used to release glucose monomers. This step was used mainly when yeast was used.  Both fungi and yeast-microorganisms were used in the process. After saccharification the microorganisms were added to the process to carry out fermentation to produce ethanol and animal feed as final products. In the project different forms of fungi were used for inoculation like pellets, filamentous, and spores. This was done to see if there were any difference between the forms.   The type of bread that was used did not matter. The highest concentration of ethanol was ca 26 g/L.  In the project thin stillage from was also used. The reason was to reduce the amount of clean water for ethanol production.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar fenos de valores nutritivos distintos na nutrição de ovinos quanto à capacidade de síntese microbiana e à cinética digestiva, através de ensaios in vitro, in situ e in vivo, baseados em metodologias convencionais e nucleares. Foram utilizados seis ovinos da raça Santa Inês com peso vivo médio de 40±5,7 kg e providos de cânulas no rúmen e no duodeno proximal. Fenos de alfafa (ALF), de braquiária (BRA) e de Tifton-85 (TIF) foram escolhidos devido a seus teores de proteína bruta (PB) (respectivamente, 191, 29 e 75 g.kg-1 MS). Dois delineamentos experimentais foram utilizados: quadrado latino amalgamado (3 tratamentos, 3 períodos e 6 animais) e fatorial completo (3 substratos e 3 inóculos). O primeiro delineamento foi utilizado para os ensaios de consumo voluntário (CVMS), degradabilidade ruminal in situ, parâmetros ruminais, digestibilidade aparente, balanço de nitrogênio, trânsito de digesta e trânsito e síntese de proteína microbiana in vivo. O segundo delineamento foi utilizado para os ensaios in vitro de degradabilidade ruminal, produção de gases e síntese de proteína microbiana. Os fenos apresentaram diferenças (P < 0,05) quanto à sua composição química (matéria seca, matéria orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro, hemicelulose, celulose e PB). O CVMS de ALF foi superior (P < 0,05) aos de BRA e TIF e refletiu a forte relação entre consumo e teor de PB na dieta. As degradabilidades ruminais in situ e in vitro demonstraram a baixa fermentabilidade de BRA, fato que foi comprovado pela técnica in vitro de produção de gases. Não houve diferenças (P > 0,05) entre os valores de pH ruminais dos animais alimentados com ALF, BRA ou TIF, porém a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal ilustrou bem a importância da proteína dietética para garantir um ambiente ruminal saudável. O tratamento BRA não forneceu proteína suficiente para suprir a quantidade mínima de nitrogênio amoniacal solúvel no rúmen, nem mesmo nas primeiras horas pós prandiais. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de matéria seca e matéria orgânica foram superiores (P < 0,05) para ALF. A digestibilidade aparente da PB apresentou diferenças (P < 0,05) entre os três tratamentos, sendo que a maior foi observada para ALF (0,694) e a segunda, para TIF (0,500). A digestibilidade aparente da PB de BRA foi praticamente nula (0,001), indicando déficit protéico intenso, o que pôde ser comprovado pelo balanço de nitrogênio. A técnica in vitro de incorporação de radiofósforo para estimativa da síntese microbiana mostrou que houve efeito do tipo de inóculo (P = 0,0089) mas não do período, do substrato ou da interação inóculo*substrato (P > 0,05). A técnica de derivados de purina, por outro lado, conseguiu representar as diferenças na capacidade de síntese microbiana, sendo que a maior produção microbiana foi observada para ALF. A análise geral dos resultados permitiu concluir que: i) o CVMS e a digestibilidade aparente dos fenos foram influenciados pela composição química dos alimentos, pela eficiência microbiana e pelas cinéticas de degradação, fermentação, passagem e digestão; ii) alimentos com baixo teor protéico tiveram efeito prejudicial no aproveitamento de nutrientes por ovinos e na manutenção de um ambiente ruminal saudável; iii) as técnicas in situ e in vitro para estimativa da cinética de degradação foram compatíveis; e iv) a cinética fermentativa (produção de gases) descreveu com maior fidelidade a degradação do alimento devido à ação microbiana. / The objective of this work was to evaluate hays of distinct nutritive values in sheep nutrition regarding to microbial synthesis capacity and digestive kinetics, through in vitro, in situ and in vivo assays, based in conventional and nuclear methodologies. Six Santa Inês sheep (LW = 40±5.7 kg) with rumen and duodenum cannulas were used. Alfalfa (ALF), signalgrass (BRA) and Tifton-85 (TIF) hays were chosen due to their crude protein (CP) content (respectively, 191, 29 and 75 g.kg-1 DM). Two experimental designs were used: Latin square (3 treatments, 3 periods and 6 animals) and complete factorial (3 substrata and 3 inocula). The first one was used for assays of voluntary intake (DMI), in situ rumen degradability, rumen parameters, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, digesta transit and in vivo microbial protein transit and synthesis. The second one was used for in vitro assays of rumen degradability, gas production and microbial protein synthesis. Treatments presented differences (P < 0.05) in their chemical composition (DM, OM, NDF, hemicellulose, cellulose and CP). DMI of ALF was superior (P < 0.05) to BRA and TIF DMI and it reflected the strong relationship between intake and CP content in the diet. In situ and in vitro rumen degradabilities showed the poor fermentability of BRA, fact demonstrated by in vitro gas production technique. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between rumen pH values for animals fed with ALF, BRA or TIF, however, ammonia nitrogen concentration illustrated the importance of the dietary protein to guarantee a healthful rumen environment. Treatment BRA did not supply protein enough to supply the minimum amount of rumen soluble ammonia nitrogen. DM and OM apparent digestibility coefficients were superior (P < 0.05) for ALF. CP apparent digestibility presented differences (P < 0.05) between the three treatments, being ALF (0.694) the highest observed followed by TIF (0.500). CP apparent digestibility of BRA was practically null (0.001), indicating intense protein deficit, what it could be proven by nitrogen balance. The in vitro radiophosphorous incorporation for estimating the microbial synthesis showed that there was effect of inoculum (P = 0.0089), but not of period, substratum or inoculum*substratum interaction (P > 0.05). Purine derivatives technique, on the other hand, showed the differences in microbial synthesis capacity, where the greatest microbial production was observed for ALF. The general analysis of the results allowed to conclude that: i) DMI and apparent digestibility of hays were influenced by chemical composition of feeds, by microbial efficiency and by degradation, fermentation, passage and digestion kinetics; ii) feeds with low protein content had negative effect in sheep nutrient availability and in the maintenance of a healthful rumen environment; iii) in situ and in vitro techniques for estimating the degradation kinetics were compatible; and iv) fermentative kinetics (gas production) described with higher fidelity the feed degradation due to microbial activity.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulino_Ricardo_Ribeiro_Santos.pdf: 1581213 bytes, checksum: 55039428998c42afde3167da08a712ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Sustainable development of agriculture is based on the reduction of production costs and adding value, which can be obtained through the use of dual-purpose wheat. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield and quality of forage components of grain yield and quality industrial flour of dual-purpose genotypes wheat submitted to cut. Assays were performed in the experimental area of the Centre for Development and Diffusion of Technology - . CEDETEC located in Cascavel , Paraná harvests in 2012 and 2013 to assess the handling of cut, as the production of forage, was used in a randomized block design with four replications in yield components and industrial quality of wheat flour the experimental randomized block design with four replications in a split plot layout was used. Each experimental plot consisted of eight genotypes (BARTT-108, BARTT-109, BARTT-111, BARTT-112, BARTT-115, BARTT-116, BARTT-118 and BRS Tarumã) and handling cut the subplot: without cut and a cut. The genotypes of dual purpose wheat were tested for production and forage quality: dry matter in both test acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose and crude protein in the second test, the components of yield grain were: size of spike, number of spikelet per spike, number of grains per spike, number of spike m-2, as well as the characteristic of plant height, thousand grain weight, hectoliter weight and grain yield ( kg ha-¹) for assessing the quality of wheat flour the color of flour, falling number and alveography was used. The results of production and forage quality in the first test, the results were significant for dry variable, since the variable second test showed no significant difference with the cut. For variables, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, crude protein and no significant difference was observed. Yield components in grain size variables of spike, number of spike m - 2, plant height, thousand grain weight and hectoliter weight all statistically differ as to genotype, cutting only influenced the variables size of spike, number of spike per m-2, plant height, thousand grain weight, hectoliter weight and grain yield. In the second trial the grain yield was not affected by the cut. In both tests the quality of wheat flour genotypes showed significant differences in the variables of color, falling number and alveography, as the genotype, the crop factor did not influence the first test the color a * and b *. Some components of grain yield and quality were influenced by cutting and productivity was higher than the regional average. The flour genotypes BARTT presents desirable characteristics of use for cakes, biscuits, fresh pasta industry and for domestic or mixed with flour of cultivars producing stronger gluten as BRS Tarumã / O desenvolvimento sustentável da agropecuária é baseado na redução dos custos de produção e na agregação de valores, o que pode ser obtida através do uso de trigo de duplo propósito. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e qualidade de forragem, os componentes de rendimento de grãos e a qualidade industrial da farinha de genótipos de trigo de duplo propósito submetidos ao corte. Os ensaios foram realizados na área experimental do Centro de Desenvolvimento e Difusão de Tecnologias - CEDETEC situado na cidade de Cascavel, Paraná nas safras 2012 e 2013. Para avaliar o manejo de corte, quanto à produção de forragem, foi utilizado delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, nos componentes de produtividade e qualidade industrial da farinha de trigo foi utilizado o delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Cada parcela experimental foi constituída de oito genótipos (BARTT-108, BARTT-109, BARTT-111, BARTT-112, BARTT-115, BARTT-116, BARTT-118 e BRS Tarumã) e o manejo do corte a subparcela: sem corte e um corte. Os genótipos de trigo de duplo propósito foram testados quanto produção e qualidade de forragem: matéria seca, em ambos ensaios, fibra em detergente ácido, fibra em detergente neutro, lignina, celulose, hemicelulose e proteína bruta no segundo ensaio, os componentes de rendimento de grão avaliados foram: tamanho da espiga, número de espigueta por espiga, número de grãos por espiga, número de espiga m-2, bem como a característica de altura de planta, massa de mil grãos, peso hectolitro e produtividade de grão (kg ha-¹) para a avaliação da qualidade da farinha de trigo foi utilizado a cor da farinha, número de queda e alveografia. Nos resultados de produção e qualidade de forragem, no primeiro ensaio, os resultados foram significativos para a variável matéria seca, já no segundo ensaio a variável não apresentou diferença significativa com o corte. Para as variáveis, fibra em detergente ácido, fibra em detergente neutro, lignina, celulose, hemicelulose e proteína bruta não se observou diferença significativa. Nos componentes de produtividade grãos as variáveis tamanho de espiga, número de espiga m-2, altura de planta, massa de mil grão e peso hectolitro todas diferiram estatisticamente quanto ao genótipo, o corte influenciou apenas as variáveis tamanho de espiga, número de espiga por m-², altura de plantas, massa de mil grãos, peso hectolitro e produtividade de grãos. No segundo ensaio a produtividade de grão não foi influenciada pelo corte. Em ambos os ensaios de qualidade da farinha de trigo os genótipos apresentaram diferenças significativas nas variáveis de cor, número de queda e alveografia, quanto o genótipo, o fator corte não influenciou no primeiro ensaio a cor a* e b*. Alguns componentes de produção de grãos e qualidade foram influenciados pelo corte e a produtividade foi superior à média regional. A farinha dos genótipos BARTT apresenta características desejáveis de uso para indústria de bolos, biscoitos, macarrão fresco e para uso doméstico ou em mistura com farinhas de cultivares que apresentem glúten mais forte como a BRS Tarumã

<p>Pravilna ishrana preživara je važna za održanje zdravstvenog stanja životinja, a takođe je i ključna za efikasnu i ekonomičnu proizvodnju mleka i mesa. Kod visokoproizvodnih preživara, kao &scaron;to su tovna junad i mlečne krave, energetske potrebe su velike kako bi se ostvario brz prirast telesne mase i visok prinos mleka. Termički tretmani se koriste za pobolj&scaron;anje hranljivih, higijenskih, fizičkih i hemijskih karakteristika hrane za životinje. Osnovni cilj istraživanja u okviru ove disertacije je analiza uticaja različitih termičkih tretmana na promene skrobne komponente i svarljivost kukuruza kod preživara. U tu svrhu primenjeni su tretmani peletiranja, parnog flekičenja, mikronizacije i ekstrudiranja na uzorcima kukuruza i potpune sme&scaron;e za krave muzare. Promene u strukturi skrobnih granula su praćene pomoću skening elektronske mikroskopije i diferencijalne skenirajuće kalorimetrije, dok su promene u hidrataciji i bubrenju uzoraka određene analizom kriva pastiranja, indeksa apsorpcije vode (WAI) i indeksa rastvorljivosti u vodi (WSI). In situ tehnikom je praćena promena brzine svarljivosti skroba i suve materije u buragu preživara i uticaj različitih termičkih tretmana na mesto varenja skroba kukuruza. Promene u svarljivosti organske materije (SOM) kroz ceo digestivni trakt preživara su određene in vitro multi-enzimskom metodom.<br />Na osnovu rezultata DSC analize uzoraka kukuruza i sme&scaron;a utvrđeno je da su parno flekičenje, mikronizacija i peletiranje blagi tretmani, dok je ekstrudiranje o&scaron;triji tretman koji dovodi do potpunije želatinizacije skroba. U uzorku parno flekičanog kukuruza do&scaron;lo je do interakcije degradiranih komponenti (skroba, proteina i lipida) na molekularnom nivou i nastanak jedinjenja sa većom molekulskom masom i smanjenom rastvorljivo&scaron;ću. U dva uzorka ekstrudiranog kukuruza zbog većih sila smicanja i dužeg vremena zadržavanja materijala u ekstruderu do&scaron;lo je do delimične želatinizacije koja je bila praćena dekstrinizacijom skroba. In situ metodom su za uzorak netretirane sme&scaron;e određene najniže vrednosti nestajanja SM i skroba u buragu, dok su svi primenjeni termički tretmani doveli do značajnog povećanja razgradnje SM i skroba. Najmanje povećanje razgradnje skroba u poređenju sa netretiranom sme&scaron;om je zabeleženo kod sme&scaron;e koja je sadržala parno flekičan kukuruz, dok je u svim uzorcima ekstrudiranih sme&scaron;a do&scaron;lo do razgradnje velike količine skroba već tokom prva 3h inkubacije. U poređenju sa netretiranom sme&scaron;om, svi primenjeni termički tretmani su doveli do povećanja brzine razgradnje skroba u manjoj ili većoj meri a u zavisnosti od vrste i intenziteta tretmana. Značajne razlike u karakteristikama razgradnje skroba su zabeležene nakon variranja procesnih parametara ekstrudiranja, dok su uočene razlike između sme&scaron;a koje su sadržale mikronizirani kukuruz bile mnogo manje izražene. Mobile bag metodom određena je svarljivost skroba u crevima koja je u netretiranoj i svim termički tretiranih sme&scaron;ama iznosila 100%. Statističkom obradom rezultata nije utvrđeno značajno povećanje SOM kukuruza i sme&scaron;e nakon primenjenih termičkih tretmana u poređenju sa netretiranim uzorcima.</p> / <p>Proper ruminant nutrition is important for maintaining the health of animals, and it is also crucial for the efficient and economical production of milk and meat. In high-yielding ruminants, such as fattening cattle and dairy cows, energy needs are high in order to achieve rapid weight gain and high milk yield. Thermal treatments are used to improve nutritional, hygienic, physical and chemical characteristics of animal feed. The main objective of this research is the analysis of the influence of various thermal treatments on changes in the starch component and the digestibility of corn in ruminants. For this purpose pelleting, steam flashing, micronization and extrusion of maize samples and complete mixture for dairy cows were applied. Changes in the structure of starch granules were monitored by scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), while changes in the hydration and swelling of samples were determined by analyzing pasting properties, water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) of samples. In situ technique was used to determine the changes in the rate of digestibility of starch and dry matter in rumen and the influence of various thermal treatments on the site of digestion of corn starch. Changes in the organic matter digestibility (OMD) through the entire digestive tract of the ruminants are determined by the in vitro multi-enzymatic method.<br />Based on the results of DSC analysis of corn and complete feed samples, it has been found that steam flaking, micronization and pelleting are mild treatments, while the extrusion is more severe treatment that leads to a more complete starch gelatinization. In steam flaked corn interaction of degraded components (starch, proteins and lipids) at the molecular level resulted in the formation of compounds with higher molecular weight and reduced solubility. In two samples of extruded corn, due to the higher shear rate and longer retention time of the material in the extruder, there was partial gelatinization followed by dextrinisation of starch. In untreated complete feed, the lowest values of DM and starch disappearance in rumen were determined using in situ method, while all the applied thermal treatments led to a significant increase in the degradation of DM and starch. The smallest increase in degradation of starch in comparison to untreated mixture was observed in a mixture containing steam flaked corn, while in all extruded mixtures large amount of starch was degraded during the first 3 hours of incubation. Compared to the untreated mixture, all applied thermal treatments resulted in an increase in the degradation rate of starch to a lesser or greater extent depending on the type and intensity of the treatment. Significant differences in the degradation characteristics of the starch were observed after variation of the extrusion processing parameters, while the observed differences between the mixtures containing micronized corn were much less pronounced. Digestibility of starch in the intestine was determined with mobile bag method, which was 100% in untreated and all thermally treated mixtures. Statistical analysis of the results did not show a significant increase in OMD of maize and mixtures after the applied thermal treatments compared to the untreated samples.</p>