In this paper, we develop a stochastic differential equation model to simulate the movement of a social/subsocial spider species, Anelosimus studiosus, during prey capture using experimental data collected in a structured environment. In a subsocial species, females and their maturing offspring share a web and cooperate in web maintenance and prey capture. Furthermore, observations indicate these colonies change their positioning throughout the day, clustered during certain times of the day while spaced out at other times. One key question was whether or not the spiders spaced out "optimally" to cooperate in prey capture. In this paper, we first show the derivation of the model where experimental data is used to determine key parameters within the model. We then use this model to test the success of prey capture under a variety of different spatial configurations for varying colony sizes to determine the best spatial configuration for prey capture.

Práticas de manejo afetam a estrutura do dossel forrageiro, podendo afetar os padrões de deslocamento, procura e ingestão de forragem pelos animais em pastejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de estratégias de pastejo rotacionado sobre o comportamento animal e padrões de ingestão de forragem de bovinos de corte em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. O experimento foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da USP/ESALQ, de novembro de 2005 a abril de 2006. Os tratamentos experimentais compreenderam a combinação entre duas intensidades (altura pós-pastejo de 10 e 15 cm) e dois intervalos entre pastejos (período de tempo necessário para se atingir 95 e 100% de interceptação luminosa pelo dossel durante a rebrotação - IL), e foram alocados às unidades experimentais (piquetes de 1.200 m²) segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, com 3 repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas de forma repetida em duas épocas do ano: (1) primavera (novembro e dezembro de 2005), e (2) verão (janeiro a abril de 2006). A densidade de lotação foi dimensionada para que a duração do período de ocupação fosse de 10 a 12 horas. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis-resposta: distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos da massa de forragem, dinâmica do rebaixamento dos pastos, padrões de ingestão (massa do bocado, taxa de bocados e taxa de consumo), comportamento (pastejo, ruminação e outras atividades), composição morfológica da forragem consumida; padrões de deslocamento e busca por alimento (número de estações alimentares por unidade de tempo e número de passos entre estações alimentares), e padrões de desfolhação de perfilhos individuais (profundidade de desfolhação e freqüência e intensidade de desfolhação de folhas em geral e nas categorias folhas em expansão e expandidas). As maiores taxas de rebaixamento foram registradas para os tratamentos 100/10 e 100/15, enquanto as menores para o tratamento 95/15. De modo geral, à medida que os animais permaneceram nos piquetes e ocorria depleção do estrato pastejável, a taxa de rebaixamento diminuiu em virtude da diminuição da altura do dossel e do aumento da presença de colmos e de material morto no horizonte de pastejo. Apesar de a intensidade de pastejo menos severa (altura pós-pastejo de 15 cm) resultar, no início do pastejo, em menor bocado, taxa de consumo e intensidade de desfolhação de folhas em expansão e expandidas, os animais acabaram consumindo uma forragem com maior proporção de folhas. Ao longo do rebaixamento, os tratamentos de 100% IL resultaram em bocados maiores, mas, no entanto, a taxa de consumo e a proporção de folhas na forragem consumida foram menores em relação aos tratamentos de 95% de IL. Os tratamentos 95/10 e 95/15 estiveram associados com maior atividade de pastejo e maior taxa de consumo, sugerindo maior consumo diário. Entretanto, o tratamento 95/15 foi o que resultou na maior proporção de folhas na forragem consumida, e foi o tratamento em que a intensidade e freqüência de desfolhação de folhas foram mais baixas, condicionadas pelas menores densidades de lotação empregadas. Esse padrão de desfolhação resultou em uma maior área foliar remanescente, favorecendo a rebrota seguinte e o rápido retorno dos pastos à utilização. A estratégia de pastejo que resultou em melhor utilização da forragem produzida, foi aquela em que os pastejos foram realizados com 95% de IL até uma altura pós-pastejo de 15 cm. / Management practices affect sward structure and may affect patterns of animal movement, search and forage ingestion during grazing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rotational grazing practices on animal behaviour and patterns of forage ingestion of beef cattle on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, USP/ESALQ, from November 2005 to April 2006. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two grazing intensities (post-grazing residues of 10 and 15 cm) and two grazing frequencies (equivalent to the period of time necessary for swards to reach 95 and 100% interception of the incident light during regrowth ? LI), and were allocated to experimental units (1200 m2 paddocks) according to a completely randomised design and a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 replications. Measurements were performed in two seasons of the year: (1) spring (November and December 2005), and (2) summer (January to April 2006). Stocking density was calculated aiming at an occupation period of paddocks of 10 to 12 hours. The following response variables were analysed: vertical distribution of morphological components of sward herbage mass, dynamics of the grazing down process, patterns of ingestion (bite mass, bite rate, and intake rate), animal behaviour (grazing, rumination and other activities), morphological composition of the consumed herbage, patterns of animal movement and search for forage (number of feeding stations per unit of time and number of steps between feeding stations), and patterns of defoliation of individual tillers (defoliation depth, frequency and intensity of defoliation of leaves ? expanding and expanded leaves). The highest rates of decrease in sward height were recorded for treatments 100/10 and 100/15, and the lowest for treatment 95/15. In general, as the occupation period progressed, the grazing stratum was depleted and there was a decrease in the rate swards were lowered, a result of lower sward heights and increased presence of stems and dead material in the stratum used by the animals for grazing. In spite of the lower grazing intensity (post-grazing height of 15 cm) has resulted, at the beginning of grazing, in smaller bites, intake rate and defoliation intensity of expanding and expanded leaves, the ingested herbage had a higher proportion of leaves compared to grazings at 10 cm residue. During the grazing down process, the 100% LI treatments resulted in heavier bites, but lower intake rate and proportion of leaves in the herbage consumed than the 95% LI treatments. Treatments 95/10 and 95/15 were associated with the largest grazing activity and highest intake rate, suggesting higher daily intake. However, 95/15 was the treatment that resulted in the largest proportion of leaves in the herbage consumed, and in the lowest values of frequency and intensity of defoliation of leaves, due to the lowest stocking density used. This pattern of defoliation resulted in a high residual leaf area after grazing, favouring regrowth and quick return of swards to grazing. The grazing strategy that allowed more efficient harvest of herbage was that where grazings were initiated with 95% LI and finished with a 15 cm post-grazing height.

ABSTRACT Research in GIScience has identified agent-based simulation methodologies as effective in the study of complex adaptive spatial systems (CASS). CASS are characterized by the emergent nature of their spatial expressions and by the changing relationships between their constituent variables and how those variables act on the system's spatial expression over time. Here, emergence refers to a CASS property where small-scale, individual action results in macroscopic or system-level patterns over time. This research develops and executes a spatially-explicit agent based model of Muscovy Duck home range behavior. Muscovy duck home range behavior is regarded as a complex adaptive spatial system for this research, where this process can be explained and studied with simulation techniques. The general animal movement model framework presented in this research explicitly considers spatial characteristics of the landscape in its formulation, as well as provides for spatial cognition in the behavior of its agents. Specification of the model followed a three-phase framework, including: behavioral data collection in the field, construction of a model substrate depicting land cover features found in the study area, and the informing of model agents with products derived from field observations. This framework was applied in the construction of a spatially-explicit agent-based model (SE-ABM) of Muscovy Duck home range behavior. The model was run 30 times to simulate point location distributions of an individual duck's daily activity. These simulated datasets were collected, and home ranges were constructed using Characteristic Hull Polygon (CHP) and Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) techniques. Descriptive statistics of the CHP and MCP polygons were calculated to characterize the home ranges produced and establish internal model validity. As a theoretical framework for the construction of animal movement SE-ABM's, and as a demonstration of the potential of geosimulation methodologies in support of animal home range estimator validation, the model represents an original contribution to the literature. Implications of model utility as a validation tool for home range extents as derived from GPS or radio telemetry positioning data are discussed.

Large marine vertebrate species can exhibit vast movements, both horizontally and vertically, which challenges our ability to observe their behaviours at extended time-scales. There is a growing need to understand the intra- and inter-annual movements of mobile marine species of conservation concern in order to develop effective management strategies. The basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) is the world's second largest fish species, however, a comprehensive understanding of this species’ ecology, biology and spatial behaviour in the north-east Atlantic is currently lacking. This thesis seeks to investigate the movement ecology of basking sharks using a suite of technologies to integrate biologging, biotelemetry, remotely sensed data, and ecological modelling techniques. I use satellite telemetry data from basking sharks tracked in 2012, 2013 and 2014 to quantify movements in coastal waters off the west coast of Scotland within the Sea of the Hebrides proposed MPA. Sharks exhibited seasonal residency to the proposed MPA, with three long-term tracked basking sharks demonstrating inter-annual site fidelity, returning to the same coastal waters in the year following tag deployment (Chapter 2). I reveal that sharks tracked into winter months exhibit one of three migration strategies spanning nine geo-political zones and the High Seas, demonstrating the need for multi-national cooperation in the management of this species across its range (Chapter 3). I examine the vertical space-use of basking sharks to improve an understanding of the processes that influence movements in all dimensions. Basking sharks exhibit seasonality in depth-use, conduct deep dives to over 1000 m, and alter their depth-use behaviour in order to remain within thermal niche of between 8 and 16 oC (Chapter 4). Finally, I combine contemporaneous data recorded by deployed satellite tags with remotely sensed environmental data to employ novel ecological modelling techniques to predict suitable habitat for basking sharks throughout the Atlantic Ocean (Chapter 5).

Práticas de manejo afetam a estrutura do dossel forrageiro, podendo afetar os padrões de deslocamento, procura e ingestão de forragem pelos animais em pastejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de estratégias de pastejo rotacionado sobre o comportamento animal e padrões de ingestão de forragem de bovinos de corte em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. O experimento foi realizado no Departamento de Zootecnia da USP/ESALQ, de novembro de 2005 a abril de 2006. Os tratamentos experimentais compreenderam a combinação entre duas intensidades (altura pós-pastejo de 10 e 15 cm) e dois intervalos entre pastejos (período de tempo necessário para se atingir 95 e 100% de interceptação luminosa pelo dossel durante a rebrotação - IL), e foram alocados às unidades experimentais (piquetes de 1.200 m²) segundo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 2 x 2, com 3 repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas de forma repetida em duas épocas do ano: (1) primavera (novembro e dezembro de 2005), e (2) verão (janeiro a abril de 2006). A densidade de lotação foi dimensionada para que a duração do período de ocupação fosse de 10 a 12 horas. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis-resposta: distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos da massa de forragem, dinâmica do rebaixamento dos pastos, padrões de ingestão (massa do bocado, taxa de bocados e taxa de consumo), comportamento (pastejo, ruminação e outras atividades), composição morfológica da forragem consumida; padrões de deslocamento e busca por alimento (número de estações alimentares por unidade de tempo e número de passos entre estações alimentares), e padrões de desfolhação de perfilhos individuais (profundidade de desfolhação e freqüência e intensidade de desfolhação de folhas em geral e nas categorias folhas em expansão e expandidas). As maiores taxas de rebaixamento foram registradas para os tratamentos 100/10 e 100/15, enquanto as menores para o tratamento 95/15. De modo geral, à medida que os animais permaneceram nos piquetes e ocorria depleção do estrato pastejável, a taxa de rebaixamento diminuiu em virtude da diminuição da altura do dossel e do aumento da presença de colmos e de material morto no horizonte de pastejo. Apesar de a intensidade de pastejo menos severa (altura pós-pastejo de 15 cm) resultar, no início do pastejo, em menor bocado, taxa de consumo e intensidade de desfolhação de folhas em expansão e expandidas, os animais acabaram consumindo uma forragem com maior proporção de folhas. Ao longo do rebaixamento, os tratamentos de 100% IL resultaram em bocados maiores, mas, no entanto, a taxa de consumo e a proporção de folhas na forragem consumida foram menores em relação aos tratamentos de 95% de IL. Os tratamentos 95/10 e 95/15 estiveram associados com maior atividade de pastejo e maior taxa de consumo, sugerindo maior consumo diário. Entretanto, o tratamento 95/15 foi o que resultou na maior proporção de folhas na forragem consumida, e foi o tratamento em que a intensidade e freqüência de desfolhação de folhas foram mais baixas, condicionadas pelas menores densidades de lotação empregadas. Esse padrão de desfolhação resultou em uma maior área foliar remanescente, favorecendo a rebrota seguinte e o rápido retorno dos pastos à utilização. A estratégia de pastejo que resultou em melhor utilização da forragem produzida, foi aquela em que os pastejos foram realizados com 95% de IL até uma altura pós-pastejo de 15 cm. / Management practices affect sward structure and may affect patterns of animal movement, search and forage ingestion during grazing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of rotational grazing practices on animal behaviour and patterns of forage ingestion of beef cattle on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. The experiment was carried out at Departamento de Zootecnia, USP/ESALQ, from November 2005 to April 2006. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two grazing intensities (post-grazing residues of 10 and 15 cm) and two grazing frequencies (equivalent to the period of time necessary for swards to reach 95 and 100% interception of the incident light during regrowth ? LI), and were allocated to experimental units (1200 m2 paddocks) according to a completely randomised design and a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 3 replications. Measurements were performed in two seasons of the year: (1) spring (November and December 2005), and (2) summer (January to April 2006). Stocking density was calculated aiming at an occupation period of paddocks of 10 to 12 hours. The following response variables were analysed: vertical distribution of morphological components of sward herbage mass, dynamics of the grazing down process, patterns of ingestion (bite mass, bite rate, and intake rate), animal behaviour (grazing, rumination and other activities), morphological composition of the consumed herbage, patterns of animal movement and search for forage (number of feeding stations per unit of time and number of steps between feeding stations), and patterns of defoliation of individual tillers (defoliation depth, frequency and intensity of defoliation of leaves ? expanding and expanded leaves). The highest rates of decrease in sward height were recorded for treatments 100/10 and 100/15, and the lowest for treatment 95/15. In general, as the occupation period progressed, the grazing stratum was depleted and there was a decrease in the rate swards were lowered, a result of lower sward heights and increased presence of stems and dead material in the stratum used by the animals for grazing. In spite of the lower grazing intensity (post-grazing height of 15 cm) has resulted, at the beginning of grazing, in smaller bites, intake rate and defoliation intensity of expanding and expanded leaves, the ingested herbage had a higher proportion of leaves compared to grazings at 10 cm residue. During the grazing down process, the 100% LI treatments resulted in heavier bites, but lower intake rate and proportion of leaves in the herbage consumed than the 95% LI treatments. Treatments 95/10 and 95/15 were associated with the largest grazing activity and highest intake rate, suggesting higher daily intake. However, 95/15 was the treatment that resulted in the largest proportion of leaves in the herbage consumed, and in the lowest values of frequency and intensity of defoliation of leaves, due to the lowest stocking density used. This pattern of defoliation resulted in a high residual leaf area after grazing, favouring regrowth and quick return of swards to grazing. The grazing strategy that allowed more efficient harvest of herbage was that where grazings were initiated with 95% LI and finished with a 15 cm post-grazing height.

En augmentant la distribution des ressources dans l'espace, la fragmentation du paysage contraint le mouvement des organismes. Deux types de stratégies adaptatives antagonistes ont été mises en évidence en réponse à cette pression : une diminution ou une augmentation de la propension et de la capacité des organismes à se déplacer. La majorité de la littérature traite de la diminution des mouvements en réponse à la fragmentation du paysage. En étudiant un organisme contraint de traverser la matrice pour achever son cycle de vie (i.e. Bufo bufo), je me suis intéressée à la stratégie d'augmentation et d'optimisation des mouvements en réponse à la fragmentation. Peu d'études permettent de conclure sur l'existence de plasticité phénotypique, d'effets maternels ou d'évolution des traits liés au mouvement en réponse à la fragmentation. J'ai ainsi inclus dans ma démarche expérimentale des élevages en conditions standardisées afin d'étudier l'évolution des caractéristiques du mouvement en réponse à la fragmentation. Plus précisément, j'ai étudié l'évolution des capacités de navigation en m'intéressant à la vitesse dévolution, à la base magnétique et à l'influence de l'orientation vectorielle sur la dispersion. Je me suis également intéressée à l'évolution du comportement exploratoire en réponse à la fragmentation / Landscape fragmentation increases resource distribution and constrains animal movements. Two kinds of adaptive strategy have been revealed in response to this selective pressure: an increase or a decrease of animal capacity and propensity to move. I studied the resistance strategy (i.e. increase of movements) which is poorly documented in the literature. To do so I focused on an organism facing the need to cross the matrix to achieve its life cycle (Bufo bufo). Only a few studies enable to disentangle phenotypic plasticity, maternal effect and evolution of movement characteristics. I used common garden rearing and cross-breeding experiments in order to focus on the evolutionary dimension of movement characteristics changes induced by landscape fragmentation. More precisely, I studied the evolution of navigation capacities by focusing on vector orientation, its evolutionary rate, its genetic basis, its magnetic basis and its influence on dispersal. I also studied the evolution of the exploratory behaviour in response to landscape fragmentation and searched for convergent evolution of this behaviour

No description available.

Ecological inquiry is rooted fundamentally in understanding population abundance, both to develop theory and improve conservation outcomes. Despite this importance, estimating abundance is difficult due to the imperfect detection of individuals in a sample population. Further, accounting for space can provide more biologically realistic inference, shifting the focus from abundance to density and encouraging the exploration of spatial processes. To address these challenges, Spatial Capture-Recapture (“SCR”) has emerged as the most prominent method for estimating density reliably. The SCR model is conceptually straightforward: it combines a spatial model of detection with a point process model of the spatial distribution of individuals, using data collected on individuals within a spatially referenced sampling design. These data are often coarse in spatial and temporal resolution, though, motivating research into improving the quality of the data available for analysis. Here I explore two related approaches to improve inference from SCR: sampling design and data integration. Chapter 1 describes the context of this thesis in more detail. Chapter 2 presents a framework to improve sampling design for SCR through the development of an algorithmic optimization approach. Compared to pre-existing recommendations, these optimized designs perform just as well but with far more flexibility to account for available resources and challenging sampling scenarios. Chapter 3 presents one of the first methods of integrating an explicit movement model into the SCR model using telemetry data, which provides information at a much finer spatial scale. The integrated model shows significant improvements over the standard model to achieve a specific inferential objective, in this case: the estimation of landscape connectivity. In Chapter 4, I close by providing two broader conclusions about developing statistical methods for ecological inference. First, simulation-based evaluation is integral to this process, but the circularity of its use can, unfortunately, be understated. Second, and often underappreciated: statistical solutions should be as intuitive as possible to facilitate their adoption by a diverse pool of potential users. These novel approaches to sampling design and data integration represent essential steps in advancing SCR and offer intuitive opportunities to advance ecological learning about spatial processes.

The movements of two vervet monkey troops were studied to determine whether they optimize their rate of food intake in relation to seasonal energy availability. The effect of variation in habitat structure on the troops’ foraging strategies while utilizing temporally and spatially distributed resources was determined. Troop home range boundaries were delineated, the various plant communities and species utilised by the troops identified and classified, and variations in home range and vegetation structure were reported. The diets of the troops were determined and compared. Effects of coexistence on competition were assessed. Vervet food trees were randomly selected, marked and seasonal phenological data collected. Samples of food items constituting the two troops diets were collected for energy analysis. Using geostatistical interpolation techniques, monthly energy values were extrapolated onto home range grids for the two vervet monkey troops. Grids were stored as database files that were interrogated through GIS simulation models. Using the stochastic processes inherent in Markov chain theory, a series of non-returning random walks were simulated for comparison to original routes taken by the two troops. Results from comparisons of home range energy, day range lengths and areas, shortest route energy to actual route energy, time spent in high energy areas, and energy utilisation from actual and randomly generated routes indicated that the two troops optimize resource energy available to them by adopting flexible foraging strategies. In environments where temporal and spatial variations in habitat structure affect the distribution of resources, it is essential that animals develop optimal foraging strategies to survive. For the two troops investigated, foraging strategies fluctuate between being time minimizers in more heterogeneous environments where resources are abundant, and energy maximisers in homogeneous environments where resources are constrained by low diversity and seasonality. / Environmental Sciences (Department) / D.Litt et Phil (Environmental Management)

Le déplacement animal joue un rôle déterminant dans la structuration spatiale et la dynamique des populations biologiques, en particulier des espèces fortement mobiles. L’espace et l’environnement font ainsi partie intégrante du cycle de vie des tortues marines. Ce travail de thèse propose de caractériser l’écologie spatiale des tortues marines, du stade juvénile au stade adulte, dans le Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien, principalement par l’usage de deux méthodes : la télémétrie satellitaire et la modélisation individu-centrée. Il montre en premier lieu que la phénologie de la reproduction de la tortue verte à travers la région est principalement liée à la température de surface de la mer au voisinage des sites de reproduction. Sont ensuite étudiés les patrons de dérive des nouveau-nés générés par les courants océaniques qui impacteraient inégalement leurs traits d’histoire de vie selon l’emplacement du site de naissance. Concernant le stade immature, les résultats suggèrent un cycle de développement trans-équatorial pour la tortue caouanne dans l’océan Indien. Pour le stade adulte, cette étude caractérise les couloirs et la connectivité migratoires de la tortue verte dans la région. Enfin, l’intégration de ces résultats permet de comprendre la structuration des patrons migratoires régionaux et leur influence sur la dynamique des populations. L’ensemble des connaissances acquises fournit un support concret d’aide à la décision pour la mise en place de plans de gestion et de conservation des tortues marines dans le Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien. Cela souligne l’importance d’une approche à grande échelle pour la protection d’un patrimoine biologique partagé par plusieurs nations. / Animal movement is crucial to the ecology of spatially structured population, particularly for highly mobile species. Marine turtles’ life cycle is indeed closely related to spatial and environmental factors. This work analyses the spatial ecology of marine turtles, from early juvenile to adult stages, in the Southwest Indian Ocean, primarily through the use of two methods: satellite tracking and individual-based modeling. Firstly, this analysis argues that green turtle’s reproductive phenology across the region is mainly related to the sea surface temperature in the vicinity of the nesting site. Then, it shows how drifting trajectories of hatchlings in oceanic currents unevenly influence their life history traits depending on the position of the natal site. By tracking late juvenile stage, this work also suggests a trans-equatorial developmental cycle for loggerhead turtle in the Indian Ocean. At adult stage, it describes migratory corridors and connectivity for green turtle across the region. Finally, an integrative approach considering all these results allows for an understanding of the regional migratory patterns and their influence on population dynamics. The results of this work provide a practical policy decision tool for management and conservation of marine turtles in the Southwest Indian Ocean and highlight the need for a large-scale approach in the protection of biological resources and heritage shared by multiple nations.