Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2003. / Title from title page screen (viewed Mar., 19, 2004). Thesis advisor: Robert T. Burns. Document formatted into pages (xiv, 148 p. : ill. (some col.)). Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Increased adoption of compost bedded pack dairy barns (CBP), a relatively new housing and manure handling strategy, warrants study to facilitate proper use of CBP waste as a soil amendment. This study: 1) characterized in situ nutrient content and availability of CBP waste in terms of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P); 2) examined the decomposition of surface-applied CBP waste compared to an alternative processed solid waste amendment; 3) examined nutrient dynamics of incorporated CBP waste in high and low soil test phosphorus (STP) environments. Quick anaerobic mineralization assays revealed that bed management affects nutrient content and availability of CBP waste. A Fall surface-applied litter bag study showed that different particle sizes of CBP waste and a biosolid decomposed at similar rates. The biosolid had greater nutrient density and availability, but the decomposition was similar to CBP waste in terms of mineralization dynamics. Aerobic mineralization of CBP waste in high and low STP soils amended on a uniform P basis was compared with fresh manure. In general, CBP increased STP more and yielded more plant available P than fresh manure. These studies provide recommendations for CBP management and further study to ensure the proper land application of CBP waste.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc.) (Hons) -- University of Western Sydney, 2005. / " A thesis presented to the School of Environment and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Honours)." Includes bibliography : leaves 165 -175, and appendices.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 121-124).

CAPES / No processo de compostagem da cama de aviário ocorre a emissão de gases, estes podem diminuir o valor nutricional do composto gerado. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes condicionadores químicos aplicados à cama de aviário durante o processo de maturação. Foram realizados dois experimentos distintos para avaliar o potencial do condicionador nas dependências da UTFPR - Dois Vizinhos. Os condicionadores utilizados foram o sulfato de alumínio e superfosfato simples, ambos aplicados nas doses de 0; 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 10%, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, avaliados em períodos diferentes. Realizou-se durante o processo de maturação da cama avaliações de pH, temperatura, emissão de NH3 e CO2. Além de coletas, durante o processo de compostagem da cama, para a quantificação das concentrações de cálcio, magnésio, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e carbono total. A adição de sulfato de alumínio na cama de aviário para o processo de compostagem, diminuiu a emissão de amônia e CO2 com o aumento das doses. Os maiores valores de pH foram encontrados na dose 0% durante todo o período de compostagem. Para o nitrogênio a dose 10% de sulfato de alumínio apresentou a maior concentração atingindo 27,9 g kg-1, enquanto a dose 0% obteve 22 g kg-1. A concentração de cálcio diminuiu nas doses 7,5 e 10% em relação a dose 0% aos 90 dias de compostagem. Para o magnésio aos 90 dias a dose 5% apresentou a maior concentração (9,1 g kg-1). A adição de sulfato de alumínio diminuiu as concentrações de fósforo e potássio no composto. Com a utilização de superfosfato simples como condicionador as menores emissões de amônia e CO2 foram observadas na dose 10%, com 0,08 g de N amoniacal m² dia-1 e 383,2 g de CO2 m2 dia-1. Os valores mais elevados de pH foram observados na dose 0%, com média de 8,6. A concentração de nitrogênio e cálcio teve comportamento linear crescente com o aumento da dose, enquanto que o magnésio teve sua concentração diminuída com o aumento da dose de superfosfato simples. A adição de sulfato de alumínio e superfosfato simples no processo de compostagem de cama de aviário diminuem a emissão de amônia e CO2 e contribuem para o aumento da concentração de nitrogênio no composto, promovendo melhorias na qualidade química do produto final para posterior utilização em culturas. / In poultry litter composting process takes place emission of gases, they can reduce the nutritional value of the generated compound.The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different chemical conditioners applied to poultry litter during the maturation process. Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential conditioner in the dependencies of UTFPR – Dois Vizinhos. Conditioners used were aluminum sulfate and single superphosphate, both applied at rates of 0; 2.5; 5; 7.5 and 10% in a randomized design with three replications, evaluated at different times. It was performed during the maturation process litter reviews pH, temperature, emission of NH3 and CO2. Besides collected during the composting process the litter, to quantify the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and total carbon. The addition of aluminum sulphate in poultry litter to the process of composting reduced the emissions ammonia and CO2 with increasing doses. The highest values of pH were found in the 0% doses during the composting period. For nitrogen doses 10% aluminum sulphate had the highest concentration reached 27.9 g kg-1, while the dose 0% obtained 22 g kg-1. Calcium concentration decreased at doses 7.5 and 10% compared to dose 0% at 90 days of composting. To magnesium at 90 days showed the highest concentration dose 5% (9.1 g kg-1). The addition of aluminum sulphate decreased phosphorus and potassium levels in the composite. With the use of superphosphate conditioner as lower emissions of ammonia and CO2 were observed at dose of 10%, with 0.08 g of N ammonia m² day-1 and 383.2 g of CO2 day-1 m2.The highest pH values were observed in the dose 0%, averaging 8.6. The concentration of nitrogen and calcium had linear increase with increasing dose, while the magnesium concentration was decreased with increased dose superphosphate. The addition of aluminum sulphate and superphosphate in poultry litter composting process reduce the emission of ammonia and CO2 and contribute to the increase of nitrogen concentration in the composite, providing improvements in chemical quality of the final product for subsequent use in cultures.

CAPES / No processo de compostagem da cama de aviário ocorre a emissão de gases, estes podem diminuir o valor nutricional do composto gerado. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de diferentes condicionadores químicos aplicados à cama de aviário durante o processo de maturação. Foram realizados dois experimentos distintos para avaliar o potencial do condicionador nas dependências da UTFPR - Dois Vizinhos. Os condicionadores utilizados foram o sulfato de alumínio e superfosfato simples, ambos aplicados nas doses de 0; 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 10%, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições, avaliados em períodos diferentes. Realizou-se durante o processo de maturação da cama avaliações de pH, temperatura, emissão de NH3 e CO2. Além de coletas, durante o processo de compostagem da cama, para a quantificação das concentrações de cálcio, magnésio, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e carbono total. A adição de sulfato de alumínio na cama de aviário para o processo de compostagem, diminuiu a emissão de amônia e CO2 com o aumento das doses. Os maiores valores de pH foram encontrados na dose 0% durante todo o período de compostagem. Para o nitrogênio a dose 10% de sulfato de alumínio apresentou a maior concentração atingindo 27,9 g kg-1, enquanto a dose 0% obteve 22 g kg-1. A concentração de cálcio diminuiu nas doses 7,5 e 10% em relação a dose 0% aos 90 dias de compostagem. Para o magnésio aos 90 dias a dose 5% apresentou a maior concentração (9,1 g kg-1). A adição de sulfato de alumínio diminuiu as concentrações de fósforo e potássio no composto. Com a utilização de superfosfato simples como condicionador as menores emissões de amônia e CO2 foram observadas na dose 10%, com 0,08 g de N amoniacal m² dia-1 e 383,2 g de CO2 m2 dia-1. Os valores mais elevados de pH foram observados na dose 0%, com média de 8,6. A concentração de nitrogênio e cálcio teve comportamento linear crescente com o aumento da dose, enquanto que o magnésio teve sua concentração diminuída com o aumento da dose de superfosfato simples. A adição de sulfato de alumínio e superfosfato simples no processo de compostagem de cama de aviário diminuem a emissão de amônia e CO2 e contribuem para o aumento da concentração de nitrogênio no composto, promovendo melhorias na qualidade química do produto final para posterior utilização em culturas. / In poultry litter composting process takes place emission of gases, they can reduce the nutritional value of the generated compound.The study aimed to evaluate the effect of different chemical conditioners applied to poultry litter during the maturation process. Two separate experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential conditioner in the dependencies of UTFPR – Dois Vizinhos. Conditioners used were aluminum sulfate and single superphosphate, both applied at rates of 0; 2.5; 5; 7.5 and 10% in a randomized design with three replications, evaluated at different times. It was performed during the maturation process litter reviews pH, temperature, emission of NH3 and CO2. Besides collected during the composting process the litter, to quantify the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and total carbon. The addition of aluminum sulphate in poultry litter to the process of composting reduced the emissions ammonia and CO2 with increasing doses. The highest values of pH were found in the 0% doses during the composting period. For nitrogen doses 10% aluminum sulphate had the highest concentration reached 27.9 g kg-1, while the dose 0% obtained 22 g kg-1. Calcium concentration decreased at doses 7.5 and 10% compared to dose 0% at 90 days of composting. To magnesium at 90 days showed the highest concentration dose 5% (9.1 g kg-1). The addition of aluminum sulphate decreased phosphorus and potassium levels in the composite. With the use of superphosphate conditioner as lower emissions of ammonia and CO2 were observed at dose of 10%, with 0.08 g of N ammonia m² day-1 and 383.2 g of CO2 day-1 m2.The highest pH values were observed in the dose 0%, averaging 8.6. The concentration of nitrogen and calcium had linear increase with increasing dose, while the magnesium concentration was decreased with increased dose superphosphate. The addition of aluminum sulphate and superphosphate in poultry litter composting process reduce the emission of ammonia and CO2 and contribute to the increase of nitrogen concentration in the composite, providing improvements in chemical quality of the final product for subsequent use in cultures.

Use of an induced blanket reactor (IBR) to break down organic matter into methane is a financially attractive method to reduce the environmental impact of animal or industrial waste. In order to better understand the biological processes involved with the conversion of waste to biogas by an IBR, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of the microorganisms and their roles in the reactor. Molecular techniques based on the isolation of 16S rDNA were used in order to avoid the limitations posed by conventional culture-based techniques. Total DNA was extracted and amplified using universal primers specific to eubacteria and archaea with the purpose of identifying the dominant microorganisms in the IBR. The amplified DNA was separated based on its sequence composition by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Several bands were then excised, cloned, and sequenced, in order to characterize the phylogenetic affiliation of many of the microorganisms and create a useful molecular fingerprint. By using this approach, close relatives of several microorganisms that are typical in anaerobic digestion have been identified, including species of Clostridium, Flavobacterium, Bacteroides, Spirochaeta, Methanobrevibacter, and Methanosarcina. Several species were also identified whose role in the reactor is not completely understood, consisting of relatives of Dehalococcoides, Planctomyces, Aequorivita, and Sedimentibacter species. The information obtained in this project may enable refinements that promote desirable reactions and enhance reactor efficiency.

No description available.

Two experiments were conducted to study: 1) the different methods of processing broiler litter for use as a feed ingredient; and 2) preservation, fermentation and nutrient utilization of rumen contents and blood. Broiler litter was deep stacked in 1.2 x 1.2 x 1.2 m bins at 15, 25 and 35% moisture, and ensiled at 40% moisture, alone or with 5% added molasses. Litter was also ensiled with rumen contents at ratios of 60:40 and 50:50, wet basis. For digestion and palatability trials, wethers were allotted to five diets: 1) basal alone, or basal and broiler litter (1:1, dry basis) processed by; 2) deep stacking at 15% moisture; 3) ensiling; 4) ensiling with 5% molasses; and 5) basal and ensiled rumen contents and litter (50:50, wet basis). Freshly collected rumen contents and blood, mixed in proportions of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1, wet basis, were ensiled with wheat straw (60:40) untreated or treated with 5% urea, with or without 7.5% molasses. Formic/propionic acid (1% w/w) and 10% dried sugar cane molasses were tested as preservatives for blood and rumen contents. Formic/propionic acids preserved rumen contents and blood were ensiled with wheat straw (45:15:40, wet basis) for use in a metabolism trial with sheep. Sheep were fed a basal diet and the silage at ratios of 100:0, 75:25, and 50:50, dry basis. Litter deep stacked at 15% moisture showed a lower rise in temperature than litter stacked at 25 and 35% moisture. Desirable fermentation was achieved for litter ensiled alone or with molasses or rumen contents. Deep stacked broiler litter and silages were devoid of coliforms. Apparent digestibilities of OM and CP were lowest for the deep stacked broiler litter diets. Dry matter intake was similar among waste-containing diets. Formic/propionic acids were the only preservatives which were effective for both blood and rumen contents. Desirable fermentation was achieved in rumen contents-blood-straw in Silages containing untreated wheat straw. Apparent digestibility of CP of the ensiled slaughterhouse wastestraw was similar to that of the basal. The calculated digestibilities of OM and DM of the silage were 46% and that of CP was 69%. The results indicated that fresh rumen contents and blood can be ensiled successfully with wheat straw for use as roughage and protein source for ruminants. / Ph. D.